Intended for a wide range of readers, this book covers the main ideas of convex analysis and approximation theory. The author discusses the sources of these two trends in mathematical analysis, develops the main concepts and results, and mentions some beautiful theorems. The relationship of convex analysis to optimization problems, to the calculus of variations, to optimal control and to geometry is considered, and the evolution of the ideas underlying approximation theory, from its origins to the present day, is discussed. The book is addressed both to students who want to acquaint themselves with these trends and to lecturers in mathematical analysis, optimization and numerical methods, as well as to researchers in these fields who would like to tackle the topic as a whole and seek inspiration for its further development.

The main contents and character of the monograph did not change with respect to the first edition. However, within most chapters we incorporated quite a number of modifications which take into account the recent development of the field, the very valuable suggestions and comments that we received from numerous colleagues and students as well as our own experience while using the book. Some errors and misprints in the first edition are also corrected. Reiner Horst May 1992 Hoang Tuy PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The enormous practical need for solving global optimization problems coupled with a rapidly advancing computer technology has allowed one to consider problems which a few years aga would have been considered computationally intractable. As a consequence, we are seeing the creation of a large and increasing number of diverse algorithms for solving a wide variety of multiextremal global optimization problems. The goal of this book is to systematically clarify and unify these diverse approaches in order to provide insight into the underlying concepts and their pro perties. Aside from a coherent view of the field much new material is presented."

There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world. - Nikolai Ivanovich Lobatchevsky This book is an extensively-revised and expanded version of "The Theory of Semirings, with Applicationsin Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science" [Golan, 1992], first published by Longman. When that book went out of print, it became clear - in light of the significant advances in semiring theory over the past years and its new important applications in such areas as idempotent analysis and the theory of discrete-event dynamical systems - that a second edition incorporating minor changes would not be sufficient and that a major revision of the book was in order. Therefore, though the structure of the first "dition was preserved, the text was extensively rewritten and substantially expanded. In particular, references to many interesting and applications of semiring theory, developed in the past few years, had to be added. Unfortunately, I find that it is best not to go into these applications in detail, for that would entail long digressions into various domains of pure and applied mathematics which would only detract from the unity of the volume and increase its length considerably. However, I have tried to provide an extensive collection of examples to arouse the reader's interest in applications, as well as sufficient citations to allow the interested reader to locate them. For the reader's convenience, an index to these citations is given at the end of the book .

Few people outside of mathematics are aware of the varieties of mathemat ical experience - the degree to which different mathematical subjects have different and distinctive flavors, often attractive to some mathematicians and repellant to others. The particular flavor of the subject of minimal surfaces seems to lie in a combination of the concreteness of the objects being studied, their origin and relation to the physical world, and the way they lie at the intersection of so many different parts of mathematics. In the past fifteen years a new component has been added: the availability of computer graphics to provide illustrations that are both mathematically instructive and esthetically pleas ing. During the course of the twentieth century, two major thrusts have played a seminal role in the evolution of minimal surface theory. The first is the work on the Plateau Problem, whose initial phase culminated in the solution for which Jesse Douglas was awarded one of the first two Fields Medals in 1936. (The other Fields Medal that year went to Lars V. Ahlfors for his contributions to complex analysis, including his important new insights in Nevanlinna Theory.) The second was the innovative approach to partial differential equations by Serge Bernstein, which led to the celebrated Bernstein's Theorem, stating that the only solution to the minimal surface equation over the whole plane is the trivial solution: a linear function."

This book presents the mathematical foundations of systems theory in a self-contained, comprehensive, detailed and mathematically rigorous way. It is devoted to the analysis of dynamical systems and combines features of a detailed introductory textbook with that of a reference source. The book contains many examples and figures illustrating the text which help to bring out the intuitive ideas behind the mathematical constructions.

Comprehensive and state-of-the art study of the basic concepts and principles of variational analysis and generalized differentiation in both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional spaces

Presents numerous applications to problems in the optimization, equilibria, stability and sensitivity, control theory, economics, mechanics, etc.

This monograph is mostly devoted to the problem of the geome- trizing of Lagrangians which depend on higher order accelerations. It naturally prolongs the theme of the monograph "The Geometry of La- grange spaces: Theory and Applications", written together with M. Anastasiei and published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994. The existence of Lagrangians of order k > 1 has been contemplated by mechanicists and physicists for a long time. Einstein had grasped their presence in connection with the Brownian motion. They are also present in relativistic theories based on metrics which depend on speeds and accelerations of particles or in the Hamiltonian formulation of non- linear systems given by Korteweg-de Vries equations. There resulted from here the methods to be adopted in their theoretical treatment. One is based on the variational problem involving the integral action of the Lagrangian. A second one is derived from the axioms of Analytical Mechanics involving the Poincare-Cartan forms. The geometrical methods based on the study of the geometries of higher order could invigorate the whole theory. This is the way adopted by us in defining and studying the Lagrange spaces of higher order. The problems raised by the geometrization of Lagrangians of order k > 1 investigated by many scholars: Ch. Ehresmann, P. Libermann, J. Pommaret; J.T. Synge, M. Crampin, P. Saunders; G.S. Asanov, P.Aringazin; I. Kolar, D. Krupka; M. de Leon, W. Sarlet, P. Cantrjin, H. Rund, W.M. Tulczyjew, A. Kawaguchi, K. Yano, K. Kondo, D.

The material of the present book is an extension of a graduate course given by the author at the University "Al.I. Cuza" Iasi and is intended for stu dents and researchers interested in the applications of optimal control and in mathematical biology. Age is one of the most important parameters in the evolution of a bi ological population. Even if for a very long period age structure has been considered only in demography, nowadays it is fundamental in epidemiology and ecology too. This is the first book devoted to the control of continuous age structured populationdynamics.It focuses on the basic properties ofthe solutions and on the control of age structured population dynamics with or without diffusion. The main goal of this work is to familiarize the reader with the most important problems, approaches and results in the mathematical theory of age-dependent models. Special attention is given to optimal harvesting and to exact controllability problems, which are very important from the econom ical or ecological points of view. We use some new concepts and techniques in modern control theory such as Clarke's generalized gradient, Ekeland's variational principle, and Carleman estimates. The methods and techniques we use can be applied to other control problems."

There has been much excitement over the emergence of new mathematical techniques for the analysis and control of nonlinear systems. In addition, great technological advances have bolstered the impact of analytic advances and produced many new problems and applications which are nonlinear in an essential way. This book lays out in a concise mathematical framework the tools and methods of analysis which underlie this diversity of applications.

Basics of Software Engineering Experimentation is a practical guide to experimentation in a field which has long been underpinned by suppositions, assumptions, speculations and beliefs. It demonstrates to software engineers how Experimental Design and Analysis can be used to validate their beliefs and ideas. The book does not assume its readers have an in-depth knowledge of mathematics, specifying the conceptual essence of the techniques to use in the design and analysis of experiments and keeping the mathematical calculations clear and simple. Basics of Software Engineering Experimentation is practically oriented and is specially written for software engineers, all the examples being based on real and fictitious software engineering experiments.

Estimating unknown parameters based on observation data conta- ing information about the parameters is ubiquitous in diverse areas of both theory and application. For example, in system identification the unknown system coefficients are estimated on the basis of input-output data of the control system; in adaptive control systems the adaptive control gain should be defined based on observation data in such a way that the gain asymptotically tends to the optimal one; in blind ch- nel identification the channel coefficients are estimated using the output data obtained at the receiver; in signal processing the optimal weighting matrix is estimated on the basis of observations; in pattern classifi- tion the parameters specifying the partition hyperplane are searched by learning, and more examples may be added to this list. All these parameter estimation problems can be transformed to a root-seeking problem for an unknown function. To see this, let - note the observation at time i. e. , the information available about the unknown parameters at time It can be assumed that the parameter under estimation denoted by is a root of some unknown function This is not a restriction, because, for example, may serve as such a function.

In t.lw fHll of !!)!)2, Professor Dr. M. Alt.ar, chairman of tIw newly established dppartnwnt or Managenwnt. wit.h Comput.er Science at thp Homanian -American Univprsity in Bucharest (a private univprsil.y), inl.roducod in t.he curriculum a course on DiffenHltial Equations and Optimal Cont.rol, asking lIS to teach such course. It was an inter8sting challengo, since for t.Iw first tim8 wo had to t8ach such mathemaLical course for st.udents with economic background and interosts. It was a natural idea to sl.m't by looking at pconomic models which were described by differpntial equations and for which problems in (\pcision making dir! ariso. Since many or such models were r!escribed in discret.e timp, wp eleculed to elpvolop in parallel t.he theory of differential equations anel thaI, of discrete-timo systpms aur! also control theory in continuous and discrete time. Tlw jll'eSPlu book is t.he result of our tpaehing px!wripnce wit.h this courge. It is an enlargud version of t.he actllal lectuf(~s where, depending on t.he background of tho St.lI(\('Ilts, not all proofs could be given in detail. We would like to express our grat.itude to tlw Board of the Romanian - American University, personally 1. 0 the Rector, Professor Dr. Ion Smedpscu, for support, encouragement and readinpss to accept advancnd ideas in tho curriculum. fhe authors express t.heir warmest thanks 1.0 Mrs. Monica Stan . Necula for tho oxcellent procC'ssing of t.he manuscript.

This volume summarizes and synthesizes an aspect of research work that has been done in the area of Generalized Convexity over the past few decades. Specifically, the book focuses on V-invex functions in vector optimization that have grown out of the work of Jeyakumar and Mond in the 1990 s. The authors integrate related research into the book and demonstrate the wide context from which the area has grown and continues to grow.

A collection of five surveys on dynamical systems, indispensable for graduate students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical physics. Written in the modern language of differential geometry, the book covers all the new differential geometric and Lie-algebraic methods currently used in the theory of integrable systems.

Search Theory is one of the original disciplines within the field of Operations Research. It deals with the problem faced by a Searcher who wishes to minimize the time required to find a hidden object, or "target. " The Searcher chooses a path in the "search space" and finds the target when he is sufficiently close to it. Traditionally, the target is assumed to have no motives of its own regarding when it is found; it is simply stationary and hidden according to a known distribution (e. g. , oil), or its motion is determined stochastically by known rules (e. g. , a fox in a forest). The problems dealt with in this book assume, on the contrary, that the "target" is an independent player of equal status to the Searcher, who cares about when he is found. We consider two possible motives of the target, and divide the book accordingly. Book I considers the zero-sum game that results when the target (here called the Hider) does not want to be found. Such problems have been called Search Games (with the "ze- sum" qualifier understood). Book II considers the opposite motive of the target, namely, that he wants to be found. In this case the Searcher and the Hider can be thought of as a team of agents (simply called Player I and Player II) with identical aims, and the coordination problem they jointly face is called the Rendezvous Search Problem.

This volume contains several surveys focused on the ideas of approximate solutions, well-posedness and stability of problems in scalar and vector optimization, game theory and calculus of variations. These concepts are of particular interest in many fields of mathematics. The idea of stability goes back at least to J. Hadamard who introduced it in the setting of differential equations; the concept of well-posedness for minimum problems is more recent (the mid-sixties) and originates with A.N. Tykhonov. It turns out that there are connections between the two properties in the sense that a well-posed problem which, at least in principle, is "easy to solve," has a solution set that does not vary too much under perturbation of the data of the problem, i.e. it is "stable." These themes have been studied in depth for minimum problems and now we have a general picture of the related phenomena in this case. But, of course, the same concepts can be studied in other more complicated situations as, e.g. vector optimization, game theory and variational inequalities. Let us mention that in several of these new areas there is not even a unique idea of what should be called approximate solution, and the latter is at the basis of the definition of well posed problem."

Conjugate direction methods were proposed in the early 1950s. When high speed digital computing machines were developed, attempts were made to lay the fo- dations for the mathematical aspects of computations which could take advantage of the ef?ciency of digital computers. The National Bureau of Standards sponsored the Institute for Numerical Analysis, which was established at the University of California in Los Angeles. A seminar held there on numerical methods for linear equationswasattendedbyMagnusHestenes, EduardStiefel andCorneliusLanczos. This led to the ?rst communication between Lanczos and Hestenes (researchers of the NBS) and Stiefel (of the ETH in Zurich) on the conjugate direction algorithm. The method is attributed to Hestenes and Stiefel who published their joint paper in 1952 [101] in which they presented both the method of conjugate gradient and the conjugate direction methods including conjugate Gram-Schmidt processes. A closelyrelatedalgorithmwasproposedbyLanczos[114]whoworkedonalgorithms for determiningeigenvalues of a matrix. His iterative algorithm yields the similarity transformation of a matrix into the tridiagonal form from which eigenvalues can be well approximated.Thethree-termrecurrencerelationofthe Lanczosprocedurecan be obtained by eliminating a vector from the conjugate direction algorithm scheme. Initially the conjugate gradient algorithm was called the Hestenes-Stiefel-Lanczos method [86].

This is a unique collection of papers, all written by leading specialists, that presents the most recent results and advances in stability theory as it relates to fluid flows. The stability property is of great interest for researchers in many fields, including mathematical analysis, theory of partial differential equations, optimal control, numerical analysis, and fluid mechanics. This text will be essential reading for many researchers working in these fields.

PMThis is the first of two books on methods and techniques in the calculus of variations. Contemporary arguments are used throughout the text to streamline and present in a unified way classical results, and to provide novel contributions at the forefront of the theory. This book addresses fundamental questions related to lower semicontinuity and relaxation of functionals within the unconstrained setting, mainly in L p spaces. It prepares the ground for the second volume where the variational treatment of functionals involving fields and their derivatives will be undertaken within the framework of Sobolev spaces. This book is self-contained. All the statements are fully justified and proved, with the exception of basic results in measure theory, which may be found in any good textbook on the subject. It also contains several exercises. Therefore,it may be used both as a graduate textbook as well as a reference text for researchers in the field. Irene Fonseca is the Mellon College of Science Professor of Mathematics and is currently the Director of the Center for Nonlinear Analysis in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research interests lie in the areas of continuum mechanics, calculus of variations, geometric measure theory and partial differential equations. Giovanni Leoni is also a professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University. He focuses his research on calculus of variations, partial differential equations and geometric measure theory with special emphasis on applications to problems in continuum mechanics and in materials scienc

This book is devoted to the study of variational methods in imaging. The presentation is mathematically rigorous and covers a detailed treatment of the approach from an inverse problems point of view. Many numerical examples accompany the theory throughout the text. It is geared towards graduate students and researchers in applied mathematics. Researchers in the area of imaging science will also find this book appealing. It can serve as a main text in courses in image processing or as a supplemental text for courses on regularization and inverse problems at the graduate level.

This book deals mainly with the study of convex functions and their behavior from the point of view of stability with respect to perturbations. We shall consider convex functions from the most modern point of view: a function is de?ned to be convex whenever its epigraph, the set of the points lying above the graph, is a convex set. Thus many of its properties can be seen also as properties of a certain convex set related to it. Moreover, we shall consider extended real valued functions, i. e. , functions taking possibly the values?? and +?. The reason for considering the value +? is the powerful device of including the constraint set of a constrained minimum problem into the objective function itself (by rede?ning it as +? outside the constraint set). Except for trivial cases, the minimum value must be taken at a point where the function is not +?, hence at a point in the constraint set. And the value ?? is allowed because useful operations, such as the inf-convolution, can give rise to functions valued?? even when the primitive objects are real valued. Observe that de?ning the objective function to be +? outside the closed constraint set preserves lower semicontinuity, which is the pivotal and mi- mal continuity assumption one needs when dealing with minimum problems. Variational calculus is usually based on derivatives.

Comprehensive and state-of-the art study of the basic concepts and principles of variational analysis and generalized differentiation in both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional spaces

Presents numerous applications to problems in the optimization, equilibria, stability and sensitivity, control theory, economics, mechanics, etc.

This book offers a systematic presentation of up-to-date material scattered throughout the literature from the methodology point of view. It reviews the basic theories and methods, with many interesting problems in partial and ordinary differential equations, differential geometry and mathematical physics as applications, and provides the necessary preparation for almost all important aspects in contemporary studies. All methods are illustrated by carefully chosen examples from mechanics, physics, engineering and geometry.

Gas turbines play an important role in power generation and aeroengines. An extended survey of methods associated with the control and systems identification in these engines, Dynamic Modelling of Gas Turbines reviews current methods and presents a number of new perspectives.

Describes a total modelling and identification program for various classes of aeroengine, allowing you to deal with the engine s behaviour over its complete life cycle.

Shows how the above regime can be applied to a real engine balancing the theory with practical use.

Follows a comparative approach to the study of existing and newly derived techniques thus offering an informed choice of controllers and models from the tried-and trusted to the most up-to-date evolutionary optimisation models.

Presents entirely novel work in modelling, optimal control and systems identification to help you get the most from your engine designs.

Dynamic Modelling of Gas Turbines represents the latest research of three groups of internationally recognised experts in gas turbine studies. It will be of interest to academics working in aeroengine control and to industrial practitioners in companies concerned with their design. The work presented here is easily extendible to be relevant in other areas in which gas turbines play a role such as power engineering.

In a typical mathematical model of a controlled distributed parameter process one usually ?nds either boundary or internal locally distributed controls to serve as the means to describe the effect of external actuators on the process at hand. H- ever, these classical controls, enteringthe modelequationsas additive terms, are not suitable to deal with a vast array of processes that can change their principal intr- sic properties due to the control actions. Important examples here include (but not limitedto)thechainreaction-typeprocessesinbiomedical, nuclear, chemicalan- nancial applications, which can changetheir (reaction)rate when certain "catalysts" are applied, and the so-called "smart materials," which can, for instance, alter their frequency response. The goal of this monograph is to address the issue of global controllability of partial differential equations in the context of multiplicative (or bilinear) c- trols, which enter the model equations as coef?cients. The mathematical models of our interest include the linear and nonlinear parabolic and hyperbolic PDE's, the Schrodi ] nger equation, and coupled hybrid nonlinear distributed parameter systems associated with the swimming phenomenon. Pullman, WA, USA Alexander Khapalov January 2010 vii Preface This monograph developed from the research conducted in 2001-2009 in the area of controllability theory of partial differential equations. The concept of control- bility is a principal component of Control Theory which was brought to life in the 1950's by numerous applications in engineering, and has received the most sign- icant attention both from the engineering and the mathematical communities since then."