Design technology to address the new and vast problem of heterogeneous embedded systems design while remaining compatible with standard "More Moore" flows, i.e. capable of simultaneously handling both silicon complexity and system complexity, represents one of the most important challenges facing the semiconductor industry today and will be for several years to come. While the micro-electronics industry, over the years and with its spectacular and unique evolution, has built its own specific design methods to focus mainly on the management of complexity through the establishment of abstraction levels, the emergence of device heterogeneity requires new approaches enabling the satisfactory design of physically heterogeneous embedded systems for the widespread deployment of such systems.

Heterogeneous Embedded Systems, compiled largely from a set of contributions from participants of past editions of the Winter School on Heterogeneous Embedded Systems Design Technology (FETCH), proposes a necessarily broad and holistic overview of design techniques used to tackle the various facets of heterogeneity in terms of technology and opportunities at the physical level, signal representations and different abstraction levels, architectures and components based on hardware and software, in all the main phases of design (modeling, validation with multiple models of computation, synthesis and optimization). It concentrates on the specific issues at the interfaces, and is divided into two main parts. The first part examines mainly theoretical issues and focuses on the modeling, validation and design techniques themselves. The second part illustrates the use of these methods in various design contexts at the forefront of new technology and architectural developments.

On any advanced integrated circuit or "system-on-chip" there is a need for security. In many applications the actual implementation has become the weakest link in security rather than the algorithms or protocols. The purpose of the book is to give the integrated circuits and systems designer an insight into the basics of security and cryptography from the implementation point of view. As a designer of integrated circuits and systems it is important to know both the state-of-the-art attacks as well as the countermeasures. Optimizing for security is different from optimizations for speed, area, or power consumption. It is therefore difficult to attain the delicate balance between the extra cost of security measures and the added benefits.

This book will introduce various power management integrated circuits (IC) design techniques to build future energy-efficient "green" electronics. The goal is to achieve high efficiency, which is essential to meet consumers' growing need for longer battery lives. The focus is to study topologies amiable for full on-chip implementation (few external components) in the mainstream CMOS technology, which will reduce the physical size and the manufacturing cost of the devices.

This book provides readers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art reference to the design automation aspects of quantum computers. Given roadmaps calling for quantum computers with 2000 qubits in a few years, readers will benefit from the practical implementation aspects covered in this book. The authors discuss real hardware to the extent possible. Provides an up-to-date, single-source reference to design automation aspects of quantum computers; Presentation is not just theoretical, but substantiated with real quantum hardware; Covers multi-faceted aspects of quantum computers, providing readers with valuable information, no matter the direction in which technology moves.

This book describes ultra low power capacitive sensor interfaces, and presents the realization of a very low power generic sensor interface chip that is adaptable to a broad range of capacitive sensors. The book opens by reviewing important design aspects for autonomous sensor systems, discusses different building blocks, and presents the modular architecture for the generic sensor interface chip. Finally, the generic sensor interface chip is shown in state-of-the-art applications.

This book covers recent advances in the field of logic synthesis and design, including Boolean Matching, Logic Decomposition, Boolean satisfiability, Advanced Synthesis Techniques and Applications of Logic Design. All of these topics are valuable to CAD engineers working in Logic Design, Logic Optimization, and Verification. Engineers seeking opportunities for optimizing VLSI integrated circuits will find this book as an invaluable reference, since there is no existing book that covers this material in a systematic fashion.

A silicon compiler is a software system which can automatically generate an integrated circuit from a user's specification. Anatomy of a Silicon Compiler examines one such compiler in detail, covering the basic framework and design entry, the actual algorithms and libraries which are used, the approach to verification and testing, behavioral synthesis tools and several applications which demonstrate the system's capabilities.

This thesis outlines the principles, device physics, and technological applications of electronics based on the ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor aluminum nitride. It discusses the basic principles of electrostatics and transport properties of polarization-induced two-dimensional electron and hole channels in semiconductor heterostructures based on aluminum nitride. It explains the discovery of high-density two-dimensional hole gases in undoped heterojunctions, and shows how these high conductivity n- and p-type channels are used for high performance nFETs and pFETs, along with wide bandgap RF, mm-wave, and CMOS applications. The thesis goes on to discuss how the several material advantages of aluminum nitride, such as its high thermal conductivity and piezoelectric coefficient, enable not just high performance of transistors, but also monolithic integration of passive elements such as high frequency filters, enabling a new form factor for integrated RF electronics.

This reference is for anyone involved with microwave design. It tackles the practical aspects of microwave statistical design and introduces statistical design techniques that encompass many different applications. This presentation focuses on two main example areas - microwave circuits and systems - but any application with a complex relation between design variables and performance and design variable uncertainty can benefit from statistical design.

It is a great honor to provide an introduction for Dr. Frank Op 't Eynde's and Dr. Willy Sansen's book "Analog Interfaces for Digital Signal Processing Systems." The field of analog integrated circuit design is undergoing rapid evolution. The pervasiveness of digital processing has considerably modified the micro-system architectures: the analog part of complex mixed systems is more and more pushed at the boundary limits of the processing chain. Moreover, the increased performance of digital circuits, in terms of accuracy and speed, are making the specification requirements of analog circuits very strict. In addition to this, the technology, supply voltage and power consumption of analog circuits must be compatible with those, typical for digital circuits. Therefore, in a few words, analog circuits are becoming complex and specialised interfaces between the real world and digital signal processing domains. This technological evolution should be accompanied by an equivalently fast evolution in designer competencies. Knowledge of complicated signal handling should be quickly replaced by know-how of simple but very accurate and very fast signal processing and a solid background in data conversion techniques. All of this through the use of the CMOS (and possibly BiCMOS) technology.

This book describes the design of optical receivers that use the most economical integration technology, while enabling performance that is typically only found in very expensive devices. To achieve this, all necessary functionality, from light detection to digital output, is integrated on a single piece of silicon. All building blocks are thoroughly discussed, including photodiodes, transimpedance amplifiers, equalizers and post amplifiers.

From the Foreword..... Modern digital signal processing applications provide a large challenge to the system designer. Algorithms are becoming increasingly complex, and yet they must be realized with tight performance constraints. Nevertheless, these DSP algorithms are often built from many constituent canonical subtasks (e.g., IIR and FIR filters, FFTs) that can be reused in other subtasks. Design is then a problem of composing these core entities into a cohesive whole to provide both the intended functionality and the required performance. In order to organize the design process, there have been two major approaches. The top-down approach starts with an abstract, concise, functional description which can be quickly generated. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach starts from a detailed low-level design where performance can be directly assessed, but where the requisite design and interface detail take a long time to generate. In this book, the authors show a way to effectively resolve this tension by retaining the high-level conciseness of VHDL while parameterizing it to get good fit to specific applications through reuse of core library components. Since they build on a pre-designed set of core elements, accurate area, speed and power estimates can be percolated to high- level design routines which explore the design space. Results are impressive, and the cost model provided will prove to be very useful. Overall, the authors have provided an up-to-date approach, doing a good job at getting performance out of high-level design. The methodology provided makes good use of extant design tools, and is realistic in terms of the industrial design process. The approach is interesting in its own right, but is also of direct utility, and it will give the existing DSP CAD tools a highly competitive alternative. The techniques described have been developed within ARPAs RASSP (Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal Processors) project, and should be of great interest there, as well as to many industrial designers. Professor Jonathan Allen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Optimum envelope-constrained filter design is concerned with time-domain synthesis of a filter such that its response to a specific input signal stays within prescribed upper and lower bounds, while minimizing the impact of input noise on the filter output or the impact of the shaped signal on other systems depending on the application. In many practical applications, such as in TV channel equalization, digital transmission, and pulse compression applied to radar, sonar and detection, the soft least square approach, which attempts to match the output waveform with a specific desired pulse, is not the most suitable one. Instead, it becomes necessary to ensure that the response stays within the hard envelope constraints defined by a set of continuous inequality constraints. The main advantage of using the hard envelope-constrained filter formulation is that it admits a whole set of allowable outputs. From this set one can then choose the one which results in the minimization of a cost function appropriate to the application at hand. The signal shaping problems so formulated are semi-infinite optimization problems. This monograph presents in a unified manner results that have been generated over the past several years and are scattered in the research literature. The material covered in the monograph includes problem formulation, numerical optimization algorithms, filter robustness issues and practical examples of the application of envelope constrained filter design. Audience: Postgraduate students, researchers in optimization and telecommunications engineering, and applied mathematicians.

This Book discusses machine learning for model order reduction, which can be used in modern VLSI design to predict the behavior of an electronic circuit, via mathematical models that predict behavior. The author describes techniques to reduce significantly the time required for simulations involving large-scale ordinary differential equations, which sometimes take several days or even weeks. This method is called model order reduction (MOR), which reduces the complexity of the original large system and generates a reduced-order model (ROM) to represent the original one. Readers will gain in-depth knowledge of machine learning and model order reduction concepts, the tradeoffs involved with using various algorithms, and how to apply the techniques presented to circuit simulations and numerical analysis. Introduces machine learning algorithms at the architecture level and the algorithm levels of abstraction; Describes new, hybrid solutions for model order reduction; Presents machine learning algorithms in depth, but simply; Uses real, industrial applications to verify algorithms.

For the first time in book form, this comprehensive and systematic monograph presents the methods for the reversible synthesis of logic functions and circuits. This methodology offers designers the capability to solve major problems in system design now and in the future, such as the high rate of power consumption, and the emergence of quantum effects for highly dense ICs. The challenge addressed here is to design reliable systems that consume as little power as possible and in which the signals are processed and transmitted at very high speeds with very high signal integrity. Researchers in academia or industry and graduate students, who work in logic synthesis, computer design, computer-aided design tools, and low power VLSI circuit design, will find this book a valuable resource.

This book discusses topics related to power electronics, especially electromagnetic transient analysis and control of high-power electronics conversion. It focuses on the re-evaluation of power electronics, transient analysis and modeling, device-based system-safe operating area, and energy balance-based control methods, and presenting, for the first time, numerous experimental results for the transient process of various real-world converters. The book systematically presents both theoretical analysis and practical applications. The first chapter discusses the structure and attributes of power electronics systems, highlighting the analysis and synthesis, while the second chapter explores the transient process and modeling for power electronics systems. The transient features of power devices at switching-on/off, transient conversion circuit with stray parameters and device-based system-safe operating area are described in the subsequent three chapters. The book also examines the measurement of transient processes, electromagnetic pulses and their series, as well as high-performance, closed-loop control, and expounds the basic principles and method of the energy-balanced control strategy. Lastly, it introduces the applications of transient analysis of typical power electronics systems. The book is valuable as a textbook for college students, and as a reference resource for electrical engineers as well as anyone working in the field of high-power electronics system.

This book enables readers to design effective ESD protection solutions for all mainstream RF fabrication processes (GaAs pHEMT, SiGe HBT, CMOS). The new techniques introduced by the authors have much higher protection levels and much lower parasitic effects than those of existing ESD protection devices. The authors describe in detail the ESD phenomenon, as well as ESD protection fundamentals, standards, test equipment, and basic design strategies. Readers will benefit from realistic case studies of ESD protection for RFICs and will learn to increase significantly modern RFICs' ESD safety level, while maximizing RF performance.

This book on advanced optoisolation circuits for nonlinearity applications in engineering addresses two separate engineering and scientific areas, and presents advanced analysis methods for optoisolation circuits that cover a broad range of engineering applications. The book analyzes optoisolation circuits as linear and nonlinear dynamical systems and their limit cycles, bifurcation, and limit cycle stability by using Floquet theory. Further, it discusses a broad range of bifurcations related to optoisolation systems: cusp-catastrophe, Bautin bifurcation, Andronov-Hopf bifurcation, Bogdanov-Takens (BT) bifurcation, fold Hopf bifurcation, Hopf-Hopf bifurcation, Torus bifurcation (Neimark-Sacker bifurcation), and Saddle-loop or Homoclinic bifurcation. Floquet theory helps as to analyze advance optoisolation systems. Floquet theory is the study of the stability of linear periodic systems in continuous time. Another way to describe Floquet theory, it is the study of linear systems of differential equations with periodic coefficients. The optoisolation system displays a rich variety of dynamical behaviors including simple oscillations, quasi-periodicity, bi-stability between periodic states, complex periodic oscillations (including the mixed-mode type), and chaos. The route to chaos in this optoisolation system involves a torus attractor which becomes destabilized and breaks up into a fractal object, a strange attractor. The book is unique in its emphasis on practical and innovative engineering applications. These include optocouplers in a variety of topological structures, passive components, conservative elements, dissipative elements, active devices, etc. In each chapter, the concept is developed from the basic assumptions up to the final engineering outcomes. The scientific background is explained at basic and advanced levels and closely integrated with mathematical theory. The book is primarily intended for newcomers to linear and nonlinear dynamics and advanced optoisolation circuits, as well as electrical and electronic engineers, students and researchers in physics who read the first book "Optoisolation Circuits Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering". It is ideally suited for engineers who have had no formal instruction in nonlinear dynamics, but who now desire to bridge the gap between innovative optoisolation circuits and advanced mathematical analysis methods.

Until the 1990s, the reduction of the minimum feature sizes used to fabricate in- grated circuits, called "scaling," has highlighted serious advantages as integration density, speed, power consumption, functionality and cost. Direct consequence was the decrease of cost-per-function, so the electronic productivity has largely progressed in this period. Another usually cited trend is the evolution of the in- gration density as expressed by the well-know Moore's Law in 1975: the number of devices per chip doubles every 2 years. This evolution has allowed improving signi?cantly the circuit complexity, offering a great computing power in the case of microprocessor, for example. However, since few years, signi?cant issues appeared such as the increase of the circuit heating, device complexity, variability and dif?culties to improve the integration density. These new trends generate an important growth in development and production costs. Though is it, since 40 years, the evolution of the microelectronics always f- lowed the Moore's law and each dif?culty has found a solution.

Nineteen experts from the electronics industry, research institutes and universities have joined forces to prepare this book. Vacuum Electronics covers the electrophysical fundamentals, the present state of the art and applications, as well as the future prospects of microwave tubes and systems, optoelectronics vacuum devices, electron and ion beam devices, light and X-ray emitters, particle accelerators and vacuum interrupters. These topics are supplemented by useful information about the materials and technologies of vacuum electronics and vacuum technology."

Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Functional Optimization is one of two monographs devoted to the synthesis of Finite State Machines (FSMs). This volume addresses functional optimization, whereas the second addresses logic optimization. By functional optimization here we mean the body of techniques that: compute all permissible sequential functions for a given topology of interconnected FSMs, and select a best' sequential function out of the permissible ones. The result is a symbolic description of the FSM representing the chosen sequential function. By logic optimization here we mean the steps that convert a symbolic description of an FSM into a hardware implementation, with the goal to optimize objectives like area, testability, performance and so on. Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Functional Optimization is divided into three parts. The first part presents some preliminary definitions, theories and techniques related to the exploration of behaviors of FSMs. The second part presents an implicit algorithm for exact state minimization of incompletely specified finite state machines (ISFSMs), and an exhaustive presentation of explicit and implicit algorithms for the binate covering problem. The third part addresses the computation of permissible behaviors at a node of a network of FSMs and the related minimization problems of non-deterministic finite state machines (NDFSMs). Key themes running through the book are the exploration of behaviors contained in a non-deterministic FSM (NDFSM), and the representation of combinatorial problems arising in FSM synthesis by means of Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs). Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Functional Optimization will be of interest to researchers and designers in logic synthesis, CAD and design automation.

This one-semester textbook teaches students Electromagnetic Waves, via an early introduction to Maxwell's Equations in the first chapter. Mathematics fundamentals are used as needed, but rigor is de-emphasized in preference to understanding the basic ideas and principles of EM waves. Each chapter includes extensive, step-by-step, solved examples, as well as abundant exercises. Designed for a one-semester course in electromagnetic waves; Introduces Maxwell's equations in the first chapter; De-emphasizes mathematical rigor in order to make key ideas and principles easy to understand; Makes material accessible to readers of varying backgrounds, with extensive use of solved examples; Includes abundant exercises for each chapter.

The goal of putting systems on a chip' has been a difficult challenge that is only recently being met. Since the world is analog', putting systems on a chip requires putting analog interfaces on the same chip as digital processing functions. Since some processing functions are accomplished more efficiently in analog circuitry, chips with a large amount of analog and digital circuitry are being designed. Whether a small amount of analog circuitry is combined with varying amounts of digital circuitry or the other way around, the problem encountered in marrying analog and digital circuitry are the same but with different scope. Some of the most prevalent problems are chip/package capacitive and inductive coupling, ringing on the RLC tuned circuits that form the chip/package power supply rails and off-chip drivers and receivers, coupling between circuits through the chip substrate bulk, and radiated emissions from the chip/package interconnects. To aggravate the problems of designers who have to deal with the complexity of mixed-signal coupling there is a lack of verification techniques to simulate the problem. In addition to considering RLC models for the various chip/package/board level parasitics, mixed-signal circuit designers must also model coupling through the common substrate when simulating ICs to obtain an accurate estimate of coupled noise in their designs. Unfortunately, accurate simulation of substrate coupling has only recently begun to receive attention, and techniques for the same are not widely known. Simulation Techniques and Solutions for Mixed-Signal Coupling in Integrated Circuits addresses two major issues of the mixed-signal coupling problem -- how to simulate it and how to overcome it. It identifies some of the problems that will be encountered, gives examples of actual hardware experiences, offers simulation techniques, and suggests possible solutions. Readers of this book should come away with a clear directive to simulate their design for interactions prior to building the design, versus a build it and see' mentality.

In today's globally competitive wireless industry, the design-to-production cycle is critically important. Circuit and system engineers must be able to develop robust designs that can be mass produced. To accomplish this, engineers need to learn the requirements of, and solutions leading to, optimum performance. The first of a two-volume set, this text takes a practical approach to RF (radio frequency) circuit design, offering an understanding of the fundamental concepts that practitioners need to know and use for their work in this industry. It seeks to lay the groundwork for efficient passive circuit design.

"Reconfigurable RF Power Amplifiers on Silicon for Wireless Handsets" is intended to designers and researchers who have to tackle the efficiency/linearity trade-off in modern RF transmitters so as to extend their battery lifetime. High data rate 3G/4G standards feature broad channel bandwidths, high dynamic range and critical envelope variations which generally forces the power amplifier (PA) to operate in a low efficiency "backed-off" regime. Classic efficiency enhancement techniques such as Envelope Elimination and Restoration reveal to be little compliant with handset-dedicated PA implementation due to their channel-bandwidth-limited behavior and their increased die area consumption and/or bill-of-material. The architectural advances that are proposed in this book circumvent these issues since they put the stress on low die-area /low power-consumption control circuitry. The advantages of silicon over III/V technologies are highlighted by several analogue signal processing techniques that can be implemented on-chip with a power amplifier. System-level and transistor-level simulations are combined to illustrate the principles of the proposed power adaptive solutions. Measurement on BICMOS demonstrators allows validating the functionality of dynamic linearity/efficiency management. In "Reconfigurable RF Power Amplifiers on Silicon for Wireless Handsets," PA designers will find a review of technologies, architectures and theoretical formalisms (Volterra series...) that are traditionally related to PA design. Specific issues that one encounters in power amplifiers (such as thermal / memory effects, stability, VSWR sensitivity...) and the way of overcoming them are also extensively considered throughout this book.