This book presents the basics of superconductivity and applications of superconducting magnets. It explains the phenomenon of superconductivity, describes theories of superconductivity, and discusses type II and high-temperature cuprate superconductors. The main focus of the book is the application of superconducting magnets in accelerators, fusion reactors and other advanced applications such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS), and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). This new and significantly extended second edition covers the state of the art in the development of novel superconductors for advanced magnet applications, as well as the production of practical superconducting wires, tapes, and ultra high current cables used for high-field magnets. It includes two new chapters each devoted to MgB2 and Fe-based superconductors, and discusses the recently developed and world record-setting 45.5-Tesla magnetic field generated by a combination of conventional and high-temperature cuprate superconducting magnets. In addition, it discusses the status and outlook of all current and future nuclear fusion reactors worldwide. The chapter on accelerators includes the ongoing efforts to build high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the high-energy 28 TeV LHC (HE-LHC), the future circular collider (FCC) at CERN, and the just launched electro-ion collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The book is based on the long-standing experience of the author in studying superconducting materials, building magnets and delivering numerous lectures to research scholars and students. The book provides comprehensive and fundamental knowledge in the field of applied superconductivity, greatly benefiting researchers and graduate students wishing to learn more about the various aspects of superconductivity and advanced magnet applications.

PHEMT devices and their incorporation into advanced monolithic integrated circuits is the enabling technology for modern microwave/millimeter wave system applications. Although still in its infancy, PHEMT MIMIC technology is already finding applications in both military and commercial systems, including radar, communication and automotive technologies. The successful team in a globally competitive market is one in which the solid-state scientist, circuit designer, system engineer and technical manager are cognizant of those considerations and requirements that influence each other's function. This book provides the reader with a comprehensive review of PHEMT technology, including materials, fabrication and processing, device physics, CAD tools and modelling, monolithic integrated circuit technology and applications. Readers with a broad range of specialities in one or more of the areas of materials, processing, device physics, circuit design, system design and marketing will be introduced quickly to important basic concepts and techniques. The specialist who has specific PHEMT experience will benefit from the broad range of topics covered and the open discussion of practical issues. Finally, the publication offers an additional benefit, in that it presents a broad scope to both the researcher and manager, both of whom must be aware and educated to remain relevant in an ever-expanding technology base.

This book explores C-based design, implementation, and analysis of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms for signature generation and verification. The authors investigate NIST round 2 PQC algorithms for signature generation and signature verification from a hardware implementation perspective, especially focusing on C-based design, power-performance-area-security (PPAS) trade-offs and design flows targeting FPGAs and ASICs. Describes a comprehensive set of synthesizable c code base as well as the hardware implementations for the different types of PQC algorithms including lattice-based, code-based, and multivariate-based; Demonstrates the hardware (FPGA and ASIC) and hardware-software optimizations and trade-offs of the NIST round 2 signature-based PQC algorithms; Enables designers to build hardware implementations that are resilient to a variety of side-channels.

This book describes a wide variety of System-on-Chip (SoC) security threats and vulnerabilities, as well as their sources, in each stage of a design life cycle. The authors discuss a wide variety of state-of-the-art security verification and validation approaches such as formal methods and side-channel analysis, as well as simulation-based security and trust validation approaches. This book provides a comprehensive reference for system on chip designers and verification and validation engineers interested in verifying security and trust of heterogeneous SoCs.

This book provides a comprehensive study of the research outcomes on memristor emulator circuits and includes various analog applications as examples. The authors describe in detail how to design different types of memristor emulators, using active and passive components for different applications. Most of the emulator circuits presented in this book are new and are the outcomes of the authors' recent research. Coverage also includes the latest technological advances in memristor and memristor emulators. Readers will benefit from an understanding of the fundamental concepts and potential applications related to memristors, since these emulator circuits can be built in the laboratory using inexpensive, off-the-shelf circuit components. Introduces readers to memristor emulator circuit design, using regular off-the-shelf circuit components; Describes analog applications of memristors that can be verified by the proposed emulator circuits; Includes a brief overview of the updated mathematical models of the memristor device, with different material implementations; Equips readers to understand the three fingerprints of memristors, which make them unique, compared to the three known, passive elements (resistor, inductor and capacitor).

This textbook provides a compact but comprehensive treatment that guides students through the analysis of circuits, using LTspice (R). Ideal as a hands-on source for courses in Circuits, Electronics, Digital Logic and Power Electronics this text focuses on solving problems using market-standard software, corresponding to all key concepts covered in the classroom. The author uses his extensive classroom experience to guide students toward deeper understanding of key concepts, while they gain facility with software they will need to master for later studies and practical use in their engineering careers.

This book describes a comprehensive framework for hardware/software co-design, optimization, and use of robust, low-cost, and cyberphysical digital microfluidic systems. Readers with a background in electronic design automation will find this book to be a valuable reference for leveraging conventional VLSI CAD techniques for emerging technologies, e.g., biochips or bioMEMS. Readers from the circuit/system design community will benefit from methods presented to extend design and testing techniques from microelectronics to mixed-technology microsystems. For readers from the microfluidics domain, this book presents a new design and development strategy for cyberphysical microfluidics-based biochips suitable for large-scale bioassay applications. * Takes a transformative, "cyberphysical" approach towards achieving closed-loop and sensor feedback-driven biochip operation under program control; * Presents a "physically-aware" system reconfiguration technique that uses sensor data at intermediate checkpoints to dynamically reconfigure biochips; * Enables readers to simplify the structure of biochips, while facilitating the "general-purpose" use of digital microfluidic biochips for a wider range of applications.

This book, in essence the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute with the same title, is designed to provide in-depth coverage of many, but not all, of the major current applications of superconductivity, and of many that still are being developed. It will be of value to scientists and engineers who have interests in the research and production aspects of the technology, as well as in the applications themselves. The ftrst three chapters (by Clarke, Vrba and Wikswo) are devoted to an understanding of the principles, fabrication and uses of SQUID magnetometers and gradiometers, with the greatest emphasis on biomagnetism and nondestructive evaluation (NDE). For the most part, traditional low-temperature superconductor (LTS) SQUIDs are used, but particularly for NDE, high-temperature superconductor (HTS) SQUIDs are proving useful and often more convenient. The succeeding three chapters (by Przybysz, Likharev and Chaloupka) cover broader aspects of superconducting electronics. The ftrst two of these deal primarily with digital L TS circuits, while the third discusses in great detail passive component applications using HTS materials. Currently, HTS ftlters are undergoing intense J3-site testing at cellular telephone base stations. While it is clear that HTS ftlters outperform conventional ftlters in reducing signal loss and allowing for more channels in a given bandwidth, it isn't yet certain that the cellular telephone industry sees sufficient economic beneftts to make a ftrm decision to use HTS ftlters universally in its systems. If this application is generally adapted, the market for these ftlters should be quite large.

This book includes original, peer-reviewed research papers from the 2021 International Top-Level Forum on Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy -- the 6th PURPLE MOUNTAIN FORUM on Smart Grid Protection and Control (PMF2021), held in Nanjing, China, on August 14-22, 2021. The accepted papers cover the following topics: 1. Advanced power transmission technology 2. AC/DC hybrid power grid technology3. Power Internet of Things Technology and Application4. Operation, control and protection of smart grid5. Active distribution network technology6. Power electronic technology and application7. New technology of substation automation8. Energy storage technology and application9. Application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and big data10. Application of Information and Communication Technology11. Low-carbon energy planning and security12. Low-carbon operation of the power system13. Low-carbon energy comprehensive utilization technology14. Carbon trading and power market15. Carbon emission stream and carbon capture technology16. Energy saving and smart energy technology17. Analysis and evaluation of low-carbon efficiency of power system18. Carbon flow modelling in power system operationThe papers included in this proceeding share the latest research results and practical application examples on the methodologies and algorithms in these areas, which makes the book a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and university students.

Cyber-physical systems are the natural extension of the so-called "Internet of Things". They are "systems of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities". Cyber Physical Systems of Systems (CPSoS) are considered "The Next Computing Revolution" after Mainframe computing (60's-70's), Desktop computing & Internet (80's-90's) and Ubiquitous computing (00's); because all aspects of daily life are rapidly evolving towards humans interacting amongst themselves as well as their environment via computational devices (often mobile), and because in most cases systems will employ their computational capabilities to interact amongst themselves. CPSoS enable the physical world to merge with the cyber one. Using sensors, the embedded systems monitor and collect data from physical processes, such as the steering of a vehicle, energy consumption or human health functions. The systems are networked making the data globally available. CPSoS make it possible for software applications to directly interact with events in the physical world, for example to measure and react to changes in blood pressure or peaks in energy consumption. Embedded hardware and software systems crucially expand the functionality and competitiveness of vehicles, aircraft, medical equipment, production plants and household appliances. Connecting these systems to a virtual environment of globally networked services and information systems opens completely new areas of innovation and novel business platforms. Future CPSoS will have many sophisticated, interconnected parts that must instantaneously exchange, parse, and act on detailed data in a highly coordinated manner. Continued advances in science and engineering will be necessary to enable advances in design and development of these complex systems. Multi- scale, multi-layer, multi-domain, and multi-system integrated infrastructures will require new foundations in system science and engineering. Scientists and engineers with an understanding of otherwise physical systems will need to work in tandem with computer and information scientists to achieve effective, workable designs. In this tutorial, basic and advanced issues on the design of the future heterogeneous CPSoS are presented including relevant Blockchain technologies, reconfigurable systems, advanced sensor interfaces and human-centered design processes. Certain advanced tools for the design and implementation of the cyber parts of the CPSoS (i.e. FPGA design tools from Xilinx) are also covered.

This book describes the efficient implementation of public-key cryptography (PKC) to address the security challenges of massive amounts of information generated by the vast network of connected devices, ranging from tiny Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to powerful desktop computers. It investigates implementation aspects of post quantum PKC and homomorphic encryption schemes whose security is based on the hardness of the ring-learning with error (LWE) problem. The work includes designing an FPGA-based accelerator to speed up computation on encrypted data in the cloud computer. It also proposes a more practical scheme that uses a special module called recryption box to assist homomorphic function evaluation, roughly 20 times faster than the implementation without this module.

This book covers the state-of-the-art research in design of modern electronic systems used in safety-critical applications such as medical devices, aircraft flight control, and automotive systems. The authors discuss lifetime reliability of digital systems, as well as an overview of the latest research in the field of reliability-aware design of integrated circuits. They address modeling approaches and techniques for evaluation and improvement of lifetime reliability for nano-scale CMOS digital circuits, as well as design algorithms that are the cornerstone of Computer Aided Design (CAD) of reliable VLSI circuits. In addition to developing lifetime reliability analysis and techniques for clocked storage elements (such as flip-flops), the authors also describe analysis and improvement strategies targeting commercial digital circuits.

Over the years there has been a large increase in the functionality available on a single integrated circuit. This has been mainly achieved by a continuous drive towards smaller feature sizes, larger dies, and better packing efficiency. However, this greater functionality has also resulted in substantial increases in the capital investment needed to build fabrication facilities. Given such a high level of investment, it is critical for IC manufacturers to reduce manufacturing costs and get a better return on their investment. The most obvious method of reducing the manufacturing cost per die is to improve manufacturing yield. Modern VLSI research and engineering (which includes design manufacturing and testing) encompasses a very broad range of disciplines such as chemistry, physics, material science, circuit design, mathematics and computer science. Due to this diversity, the VLSI arena has become fractured into a number of separate sub-domains with little or no interaction between them. This is the case with the relationships between testing and manufacturing. From Contamination to Defects, Faults and Yield Loss: Simulation and Applications focuses on the core of the interface between manufacturing and testing, i.e., the contamination-defect-fault relationship. The understanding of this relationship can lead to better solutions of many manufacturing and testing problems. Failure mechanism models are developed and presented which can be used to accurately estimate probability of different failures for a given IC. This information is critical in solving key yield-related applications such as failure analysis, fault modeling and design manufacturing.

Power supply current monitoring to detect CMOS IC defects during production testing quietly laid down its roots in the mid-1970s. Both Sandia Labs and RCA in the United States and Philips Labs in the Netherlands practiced this procedure on their CMOS ICs. At that time, this practice stemmed simply from an intuitive sense that CMOS ICs showing abnormal quiescent power supply current (IDDQ) contained defects. Later, this intuition was supported by data and analysis in the 1980s by Levi (RACD, Malaiya and Su (SUNY-Binghamton), Soden and Hawkins (Sandia Labs and the University of New Mexico), Jacomino and co-workers (Laboratoire d'Automatique de Grenoble), and Maly and co-workers (Carnegie Mellon University). Interest in IDDQ testing has advanced beyond the data reported in the 1980s and is now focused on applications and evaluations involving larger volumes of ICs that improve quality beyond what can be achieved by previous conventional means. In the conventional style of testing one attempts to propagate the logic states of the suspended nodes to primary outputs. This is done for all or most nodes of the circuit. For sequential circuits, in particular, the complexity of finding suitable tests is very high. In comparison, the IDDQ test does not observe the logic states, but measures the integrated current that leaks through all gates. In other words, it is like measuring a patient's temperature to determine the state of health. Despite perceived advantages, during the years that followed its initial announcements, skepticism about the practicality of IDDQ testing prevailed. The idea, however, provided a great opportunity to researchers. New results on test generation, fault simulation, design for testability, built-in self-test, and diagnosis for this style of testing have since been reported. After a decade of research, we are definitely closer to practice.

This book explores key techniques and methods in electromagnetic compatibility management, analysis, design, improvement and test verification for spacecraft. The first part introduces the general EMC technology of spacecraft, the electromagnetic interference control method and management of electromagnetic compatibility. The second part discusses the EMC prediction analysis technique and its application in spacecraft, while the third presents the EMC design of spacecraft modules and typical equipment. The final two parts address spacecraft magnetic design testing technologies and spacecraft testing technologies. The book also covers the program control test process, the special power control unit (PCU), electric propulsion, PIM test and multipaction testing for spacecraft, making it a valuable resource for researchers and engineers alike.

This thesis develops a pioneering methodology and a concept for identifying critical loads and load model parameters in large power networks based on their influence on power system stability. The research described in the thesis first develops an automatic load modelling tool (ALMT) that can be used to automatically build load model from actual measured power system data without human intervention and the benefits of the ALMY are explored. Secondly, it develops a pioneering framework based on Morris screening method for ranking power system load model parameters based on their influence on overall power system stability (voltage, frequency, transient and small disturbance stability) considering different load models and loading conditions. Thirdly, a novel probabilistic methodology for determining the accuracy levels of critical load model parameters has been developed. This book will be of interest to students and researchers within the field of electrical engineering, as well as industry professionals.

The Second Edition of Quantum Information Processing, Quantum Computing, and Quantum Error Correction: An Engineering Approach presents a self-contained introduction to all aspects of the area, teaching the essentials such as state vectors, operators, density operators, measurements, and dynamics of a quantum system. In additional to the fundamental principles of quantum computation, basic quantum gates, basic quantum algorithms, and quantum information processing, this edition has been brought fully up to date, outlining the latest research trends. These include: Key topics include: Quantum error correction codes (QECCs), including stabilizer codes, Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes, quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, entanglement-assisted QECCs, topological codes, and surface codes Quantum information theory, and quantum key distribution (QKD) Fault-tolerant information processing and fault-tolerant quantum error correction, together with a chapter on quantum machine learning. Both quantum circuits- and measurement-based quantum computational models are described The next part of the book is spent investigating physical realizations of quantum computers, encoders and decoders; including photonic quantum realization, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and ion traps In-depth analysis of the design and realization of a quantum information processing and quantum error correction circuits This fully up-to-date new edition will be of use to engineers, computer scientists, optical engineers, physicists and mathematicians.

This book describes a set of SystemC-based virtual prototype analysis methodologies, including design understanding, verification, security validation, and design space exploration. Readers will gain an overview of the latest research results in the field of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) at the Electronic System Level (ESL). The methodologies discussed enable readers to tackle easily key tasks and applications in the design process.

Understanding DC Circuits covers the first half of a basic electronic circuits theory course, integrating theory and laboratory practice into a single text. Several key features in each unit make this an excellent teaching tool: objectives, key terms, self-tests, lab experiments, and a unit exam.
Understanding DC Circuits is designed with the electronics beginner and student in mind. The authors use a practical approach, exposing the reader to the systems that are built with DC circuits, making it easy for beginners to master even complex concepts in electronics while gradually building their knowledge base of both theory and applications. Each chapter includes easy-to-read text accompanied by clear and concise graphics fully explaining each concept before moving onto the next. The authors have provided section quizzes and chapter tests so the readers can monitor their progress and review any sections before moving onto the next chapter. Each chapter also includes several electronics experiments, allowing the reader to build small circuits and low-cost projects for the added bonus of hands-on experience in DC electronics.
Understanding DC Circuits fully covers dozens of topics including energy and matter; static electricity; electrical current; conductors; insulators; voltage; resistance; schematic diagrams and symbols; wiring diagrams; block diagrams; batteries; tools and equipment; test and measurement; series circuits; parallel circuits; magnetism; electromagnetism; inductance; capacitance; soldering techniques; circuit troubleshooting; basic electrical safety; plus much more.

Integrates theory and lab experiments
Contains course and learning objectives and self-quizzes
Heavily illustrated

This book describes power management integrated circuits (PMIC), for power converters and voltage regulators necessary for energy efficient and small form factor systems. The authors discuss state-of-the-art PMICs not only for battery powered wearable devices, but also energy harvesting-based devices. The circuits presented support voltage scaling to reduce the overall average power consumption of a wearable device, resulting in longer device operating time. The discussion includes many designs, control techniques and approaches to distribute efficiently the power among different blocks in the device. * Demonstrates for readers how to innovate in designing power management integrated circuits (PMIC) suitable for wearable devices, powered by either battery or harvesting energy; * Introduces a dual outputs switched capacitor, using a single voltage regulator to minimize the area overhead and discusses the effect of having more than two outputs on the area and power efficiency; * Introduces a novel clock-less digital LDO regulator that eliminates the use of the clocked comparator and serial shift register in the conventional design; * Presents experimental results of energy harvesting-based power management units (PMU), using different combinations of power converters and voltage regulators, providing a guide for designers to select the appropriate option based on device requirements.

This book describes the technology of charge-trapping non-volatile memories and their uses. The authors explain the device physics of each device architecture and provide a concrete description of the materials involved and the fundamental properties of the technology. Modern material properties, used as charge-trapping layers, for new applications are introduced. Provides a comprehensive overview of the technology for charge-trapping non-volatile memories; Details new architectures and current modeling concepts for non-volatile memory devices; Focuses on conduction through multi-layer gate dielectrics stacks.

This textbook for a one-semester course in Electrical Circuit Theory is written to be concise, understandable, and applicable. Matlab is used throughout, for coding the programs and simulation of the circuits. Every new concept is illustrated with numerous examples and figures, in order to facilitate learning. The simple and clear style of presentation, along with comprehensive coverage, enables students to gain a solid foundation in the subject, along with the ability to apply techniques to real circuit analysis. Written to be accessible to students of varying backgrounds, this textbook presents the analysis of realistic, working circuits Presents concepts in a clear, concise and comprehensive manner, such as the difficult problem of setting up the equilibrium equations of circuits using a systematic approach in a few distinct steps Includes worked examples of functioning circuits, throughout every chapter, with an emphasis on real applications Includes numerous exercises at the end of each chapter Provides program scripts and circuit simulations, using the popular and widely used Matlab software, as supplementary material online

This book introduces the concept of holistic design and development of cyber physical systems to achieve their safe and secure operation. It shows that by following the standards for embedded system's safety and using appropriate hardware and software components inherently safe system's architectures can be devised and certified. While the standards already enable testing and certification of inherently safe and sound hardware, this is still not the case with software. The book demonstrates that Specification PEARL(SPEARL) addresses this issue and proposes appropriate solutions from the viewpoints of software engineering as well as concrete program components. By doing so it reduces the complexity of cyber physical systems design in an innovative way. Three ultimate goals are being followed in the course of defining this new PEARL standard, namely: 1. simplicity over complexity, 2. inherent real-time ability, and 3. conformity to safety integrity and security capability levels.

This book evaluates the influence of process variations (e.g. work-function fluctuations) and radiation-induced soft errors in a set of logic cells using FinFET technology, considering the 7nm technological node as a case study. Moreover, for accurate soft error estimation, the authors adopt a radiation event generator tool (MUSCA SEP3), which deals both with layout features and electrical properties of devices. The authors also explore four circuit-level techniques (e.g. transistor reordering, decoupling cells, Schmitt Trigger, and sleep transistor) as alternatives to attenuate the unwanted effects on FinFET logic cells. This book also evaluates the mitigation tendency when different levels of process variation, transistor sizing, and radiation particle characteristics are applied in the design. An overall comparison of all methods addressed by this work is provided allowing to trace a trade-off between the reliability gains and the design penalties of each approach regarding the area, performance, power consumption, single event transient (SET) pulse width, and SET cross-section.

This book provides insights into the 3rd International Conference on Communication, Devices and Computing (ICCDC 2021), which was held in Haldia, India, on August 16-18, 2021. It covers new ideas, applications, and the experiences of research engineers, scientists, industrialists, scholars, and students from around the globe. The proceedings highlight cutting-edge research on communication, electronic devices, and computing and address diverse areas such as 5G communication, spread spectrum systems, wireless sensor networks, and signal processing for secure communication, error control coding, printed antennas, analysis of wireless networks, antenna array systems, analog and digital signal processing for communication systems, frequency selective surfaces, radar communication, and substrate integrated waveguide and microwave passive components, which are key to state-of-the-art innovations in communication technologies.