This textbook teaches students techniques for the design of advanced digital systems using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The authors focus on communication between FPGAs and peripheral devices (such as EEPROM, analog-to-digital converters, sensors, digital-to-analog converters, displays etc.) and in particular state machines and timed state machines for the implementation of serial communication protocols, such as UART, SPI, I(2)C, and display protocols, such as VGA, HDMI. VHDL is used as the programming language and all topics are covered in a structured, step-by-step manner.

This book aims to provide a comprehensive reference into the critical subject of failure and degradation in organic materials, used in optoelectronics and microelectronics systems and devices. Readers in different industrial sectors, including microelectronics, automotive, lighting, oil/gas, and petrochemical will benefit from this book. Several case studies and examples are discussed, which readers will find useful to assess and mitigate similar failure cases. More importantly, this book presents methodologies and useful approaches in analyzing a failure and in relating a failure to the reliability of materials and systems.

The editors have drawn together an exceptional group of internationally known Japanese authorities to prepare the most comprehensive and detailed source of information available on this exciting area of optoelectronics. The book covers the entire area of optoelectronics, going from the theoretical background to advanced devices, materials processing details and specific applications from the standpoints of device physics and engineering.

This is the first book focusing on the subject of image rejection in wireless receiver design, which is crucial for the current and next generation mobile terminals. It serves as a very useful reference for wireless design engineers, researchers and students.

This book introduces readers to various radiation soft-error mechanisms such as soft delays, radiation induced clock jitter and pulses, and single event (SE) coupling induced effects. In addition to discussing various radiation hardening techniques for combinational logic, the author also describes new mitigation strategies targeting commercial designs. Coverage includes novel soft error mitigation techniques such as the Dynamic Threshold Technique and Soft Error Filtering based on Transmission gate with varied gate and body bias. The discussion also includes modeling of SE crosstalk noise, delay and speed-up effects. Various mitigation strategies to eliminate SE coupling effects are also introduced. Coverage also includes the reliability of low power energy-efficient designs and the impact of leakage power consumption optimizations on soft error robustness. The author presents an analysis of various power optimization techniques, enabling readers to make design choices that reduce static power consumption and improve soft error reliability at the same time.

This book provides a hands-on, application-oriented guide to the language and methodology of both SystemVerilog Assertions and SytemVerilog Functional Coverage. Readers will benefit from the step-by-step approach to functional hardware verification, which will enable them to uncover hidden and hard to find bugs, point directly to the source of the bug, provide for a clean and easy way to model complex timing checks and objectively answer the question 'have we functionally verified everything'. Written by a professional end-user of both SystemVerilog Assertions and SystemVerilog Functional Coverage, this book explains each concept with easy to understand examples, simulation logs and applications derived from real projects. Readers will be empowered to tackle the modeling of complex checkers for functional verification, thereby drastically reducing their time to design and debug.

Inductive powering has been a reliable and simple method for many years to wirelessly power devices over relatively short distances, from a few centimetres to a few feet. Examples are found in biomedical applications, such as cochlear implants; in RFID, such as smart cards for building access control; and in consumer devices, such as electrical toothbrushes. Device sizes shrunk considerably the past decades, demanding accurate design tools to obtain reliable link operation in demanding environments. With smaller coil sizes, the link efficiency drops dramatically to a point where the commonly used calculation methods become invalid.

Inductive Powering: Basic Theory and Application to Biomedical Systems lists all design equations and topology alternatives to successfully build an inductive power and data link for your specific application. It also contains practical guidelines to expand the external driver with a servomechanism that automatically tunes itself to varying coupling and load conditions.

The book is composed of two parts. The first part introduces the concepts of the design of digital systems using contemporary field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Various design techniques are discussed and illustrated by examples. The operation and effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated through experiments that use relatively cheap prototyping boards that are widely available. The book begins with easily understandable introductory sections, continues with commonly used digital circuits, and then gradually extends to more advanced topics. The advanced topics include novel techniques where parallelism is applied extensively. These techniques involve not only core reconfigurable logical elements, but also use embedded blocks such as memories and digital signal processing slices and interactions with general-purpose and application-specific computing systems. Fully synthesizable specifications are provided in a hardware-description language (VHDL) and are ready to be tested and incorporated in engineering designs. A number of practical applications are discussed from areas such as data processing and vector-based computations (e.g. Hamming weight counters/comparators). The second part of the book covers the more theoretical aspects of finite state machine synthesis with the main objective of reducing basic FPGA resources, minimizing delays and achieving greater optimization of circuits and systems.

This book is dedicated to new mathematical instruments assigned for logical modeling of the memory of digital devices. The case in point is logic-dynamical operation named venjunction and venjunctive function as well as sequention and sequentional function. Venjunction and sequention operate within the framework of sequential logic. In a form of the corresponding equations, they organically fit analytical expressions of Boolean algebra. Thus, a sort of symbiosis is formed using elements of asynchronous sequential logic on the one hand and combinational logic on the other hand. So, asynchronous logic is represented in the form of enhanced Boolean logic. The book contains initial concepts, fundamental definitions, statements, principles and rules needed for theoretical justification of the mathematical apparatus and its validity for asynchronous logic. Asynchronous operators named venjunctor and sequentor are designed for practical implementation. These basic elements are assigned for realizing of memory functions in sequential circuits. Present research work is the final stage of generalization and systematization of all those ideas and investigations, author's interest to which alternately flashed up and faded over many years and for various reasons until formed "critical mass," and all findings were arranged definitively as a mathematical basis of a theory appropriately associated under a common theme - asynchronous sequential logic, essentially classified as switching logic, which falls into category of algebraic logics.

This book is about the logic of Boolean equations. Such equations were central in the "algebra of logic" created in 1847 by Boole [12, 13] and devel oped by others, notably Schroder [178], in the remainder of the nineteenth century. Boolean equations are also the language by which digital circuits are described today. Logicians in the twentieth century have abandoned Boole's equation based logic in favor of the more powerful predicate calculus. As a result, digital engineers-and others who use Boole's language routinely-remain largely unaware of its utility as a medium for reasoning. The aim of this book, accordingly, is to is to present a systematic outline of the logic of Boolean equations, in the hope that Boole's methods may prove useful in solving present-day problems. Two Logical Languages Logic seeks to reduce reasoning to calculation. Two main languages have been developed to achieve that object: Boole's "algebra of logic" and the predicate calculus. Boole's approach was to represent classes (e. g. , happy creatures, things productive of pleasure) by symbols and to represent logical statements as equations to be solved. His formulation proved inadequate, however, to represent ordinary discourse. A number of nineteenth-century logicians, including Jevons [94], Poretsky [159], Schroder [178], Venn [210], and Whitehead [212, 213], sought an improved formulation based on ex tensions or modifications of Boole's algebra. These efforts met with only limited success.

This comprehensive handbook provides readers with a single-source reference to the theoretical fundamentals, physical mechanisms and principles of operation of all known microwave devices and various radars. The author discusses proven methods of computation and design development, process, schematic, schematic-technical and construction peculiarities of each breed of the microwave devices, as well as the most popular and original technical solutions for radars. Coverage also includes the history of creation of the most widely used radars, as well as guidelines for their potential upgrading. Offers readers a comprehensive, systematized view of all contemporary knowledge, acquired during the last 20 years, on radars and related disciplines; Provides a single-source reference on the physical mechanisms and principles of operation of the basic components of radio location devices, including theoretical aspects of designing the necessary, high-efficiency electronic devices and systems, as well as key, practical methods of computation and design; Presents complex topics using simple language, minimizing mathematics.

Now in its 10th edition, Electrical Installation Calculations: Basic has been updated to include any changes required to bring it in line with the 18th edition of the IET electrical wiring regulations (BS7671:2018). Electrical calculations required for exams can prove difficult to master, but for more than 40 years, this book series has proved very helpful to students and professional electrical engineers studying for electrical qualifications. It covers all the calculations required for Level 2 electrical qualifications, along with other useful calculations that may be used in the electrical industry but may not feature in the syllabus of some exams. Although the calculations in this book are referred to as 'basic', they form the foundation of all calculations carried out in the electrical industry, which have been set out simply with worked examples along with additional questions and answers. Key terms are explained in a glossary, which can be used to assist with the reader's understanding.

Tensor is a natural representation for multi-dimensional data, and tensor computation can avoid possible multi-linear data structure loss in classical matrix computation-based data analysis. This book is intended to provide non-specialists an overall understanding of tensor computation and its applications in data analysis, and benefits researchers, engineers, and students with theoretical, computational, technical and experimental details. It presents a systematic and up-to-date overview of tensor decompositions from the engineer's point of view, and comprehensive coverage of tensor computation based data analysis techniques. In addition, some practical examples in machine learning, signal processing, data mining, computer vision, remote sensing, and biomedical engineering are also presented for easy understanding and implementation. These data analysis techniques may be further applied in other applications on neuroscience, communication, psychometrics, chemometrics, biometrics, quantum physics, quantum chemistry, etc. The discussion begins with basic coverage of notations, preliminary operations in tensor computations, main tensor decompositions and their properties. Based on them, a series of tensor-based data analysis techniques are presented as the tensor extensions of their classical matrix counterparts, including tensor dictionary learning, low rank tensor recovery, tensor completion, coupled tensor analysis, robust principal tensor component analysis, tensor regression, logistical tensor regression, support tensor machine, multilinear discriminate analysis, tensor subspace clustering, tensor-based deep learning, tensor graphical model and tensor sketch. The discussion also includes a number of typical applications with experimental results, such as image reconstruction, image enhancement, data fusion, signal recovery, recommendation system, knowledge graph acquisition, traffic flow prediction, link prediction, environmental prediction, weather forecasting, background extraction, human pose estimation, cognitive state classification from fMRI, infrared small target detection, heterogeneous information networks clustering, multi-view image clustering, and deep neural network compression.

This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of High-Z materials. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in opto-electronics, X-ray detection and emerging optoelectronics applications. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field.

Highly Sensitive Optical Receivers primarily treats the circuit design of optical receivers with external photodiodes. Continuous-mode and burst-mode receivers are compared. The monograph first summarizes the basics of III/V photodetectors, transistor and noise models, bit-error rate, sensitivity and analog circuit design, thus enabling readers to understand the circuits described in the main part of the book. In order to cover the topic comprehensively, detailed descriptions of receivers for optical data communication in general and, in particular, optical burst-mode receivers in deep-sub-um CMOS are presented. Numerous detailed and elaborate illustrations facilitate better understanding. "

This book examines the physical principles behind the operation of high-speed transistors operating at frequencies above 10 GHz and having switching times less than 100 psec. If the 1970s cannot be remembered for the opportunities for creating and extensively using transistors operating at such high speeds, then, the situation has changed radically because of rapid progress in sub micrometer technology for manufacturing transistors and integrated circuits from GaAs and other semiconductor materials and the powerful influx of new physical concepts. Not only have transistors having switching speeds of 50-100 psec operating in the 10-20 GHz region been created in recent years, but the possibilities for manufacturing transistors operating one to two orders of magnitude faster have been revealed. As superhigh-speed transistors have been created, many of the most important areas of technology such as communications, computing technology, television, radar, and the manufacture of scientific, industrial, and medical equipment have qualitatively changed. Microwave transistors operating at millimeter wavelengths make it possible to produce compact and highly efficient equipment for communications and radar technology. Transistors with switching speeds better than 10-100 psec make it possible to increase the speed of microprocessors and other computer components to tens of billions of operations per second and thereby solve one of the most pressing problems of modern electronics - increasing the speed of digital information processing.

Design of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters investigates the feasibility of designing Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital Converters for very low supply voltage (lower than 1.5V) and low power operation in standard CMOS processes. The chosen technique of implementation is the Switched Opamp Technique which provides Switched Capacitor operation at low supply voltage without the need to apply voltage multipliers or low VtMOST devices. A method of implementing the classic single loop and cascaded Delta-Sigma modulator topologies with half delay integrators is presented. Those topologies are studied in order to find the parameters that maximise the performance in terms of peak SNR. Based on a linear model, the performance degradations of higher order single loop and cascaded modulators, compared to a hypothetical ideal modulator, are quantified. An overview of low voltage Switched Capacitor design techniques, such as the use of voltage multipliers, low VtMOST devices and the Switched Opamp Technique, is given. An in-depth discussion of the present status of the Switched Opamp Technique covers the single-ended Original Switched Opamp Technique, the Modified Switched Opamp Technique, which allows lower supply voltage operation, and differential implementation including common mode control techniques. The restrictions imposed on the analog circuits by low supply voltage operation are investigated. Several low voltage circuit building blocks, some of which are new, are discussed. A new low voltage class AB OTA, especially suited for differential Switched Opamp applications, together with a common mode feedback amplifier and a comparator are presented and analyzed. As part of asystematic top-down design approach, the non-ideal charge transfer of the Switched Opamp integrator cell is modeled, based upon several models of the main opamp non-ideal characteristics. Behavioral simulations carried out with these models yield the required opamp specifications that ensure that the intended performance is met in an implementation. A power consumption analysis is performed. The influence of all design parameters, especially the low power supply voltage, is highlighted. Design guidelines towards low power operation are distilled. Two implementations are presented together with measurement results. The first one is a single-ended implementation of a Delta-Sigma ADC operating with 1.5V supply voltage and consuming 100 &mgr;W for a 74 dB dynamic range in a 3.4 kHz bandwidth. The second implementation is differential and operates with 900 mV. It achieves 77 dB dynamic range in 16 kHz bandwidth and consumes 40 &mgr;W. Design of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters is essential reading for analog design engineers and researchers.

While making up a larger percentage of the total number of designs produced each year, ASICs present special problems for system designers in the area of testing because each design is complex and unique. This book shows readers how to apply basic test techniques to ASIC design, details the impact o

Unique reference source that can be used from the beginning to end of a design project to aid choosing an appropriate LCD addressing technique for a given application This book will be aimed at design engineers who are likely to embed LCD drivers and controllers in many systems including systems on chip. Such designers face the challenge of making the right choice of an addressing technique that will serve them with best performance at minimal cost and complexity. Readers will be able to learn about various methods available for driving matrix LCDs and the comparisons at the end of each chapter will aid readers to make an informed design choice. The book will address the various driving techniques related to LCDs. Due to the non-linear response of the liquid crystal to external voltages, different driving methods such as passive and active matrix driving can be utilized. The associated theoretical basis of these driving techniques is introduced, and this theoretical analysis is supplemented by information on the implementation of drivers and controllers to link the theory to practice. * Written by an experienced research scientist with over 30 years in R&D in this field. * Acts as an exhaustive review and comparison of techniques developed for passive-matrix addressing of twisted nematic and super-twisted nematic (STN) LCDs. * Discusses the trend towards "High Definition" displays and that a hybrid approach to drive matrix LCDs (combination of active and passive matrix addressing) will be the future of LCD addressing. * Contains the author s recent work on Bit-Slice Addressing that is useful for fast responding LCDs, as well as a chapter on driving ferroelectric LCDs * Provides an objective comparison that will enable designers to make an informed choice of an addressing technique for a specific application. * Includes examples of the practical applications of addressing techniques. * Organised in a way that each chapter can be read independently; with the basic knowledge and historical background gained from the introductory chapters, adequate for understanding the techniques that are presented in the remaining chapters making it a self-contained reference.

Many different kinds of FPGAs exist, with different programming technologies, different architectures and different software. Field-Programmable Gate Array Technology describes the major FPGA architectures available today, covering the three programming technologies that are in use and the major architectures built on those programming technologies. The reader is introduced to concepts relevant to the entire field of FPGAs using popular devices as examples. Field-Programmable Gate Array Technology includes discussions of FPGA integrated circuit manufacturing, circuit design and logic design. It describes the way logic and interconnect are implemented in various kinds of FPGAs. It covers particular problems with design for FPGAs and future possibilities for new architectures and software. This book compares CAD for FPGAs with CAD for traditional gate arrays. It describes algorithms for placement, routing and optimization of FPGAs. Field-Programmable Gate Array Technology describes all aspects of FPGA design and development. For this reason, it covers a significant amount of material. Each section is clearly explained to readers who are assumed to have general technical expertise in digital design and design tools. Potential developers of FPGAs will benefit primarily from the FPGA architecture and software discussion. Electronics systems designers and ASIC users will find a background to different types of FPGAs and applications of their use.

This book features selected high-quality papers from the Second International Conference on Innovation in Electrical Power Engineering, Communication, and Computing Technology (IEPCCT 2021), held at Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India, on 24-26 September 2021. Presenting innovations in power, communication, and computing, it covers topics such as mini, micro, smart and future power grids; power system economics; energy storage systems; intelligent control; power converters; improving power quality; signal processing; sensors and actuators; image/video processing; high-performance data mining algorithms; advances in deep learning; and optimization methods.

This book presents a variety of techniques using high-frequency (RF) and time-domain measurements to understand the electrical performance of novel, modern transistors made of materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and silicon-on-insulator, and using new transistor structures. The author explains how to use conventional RF and time- domain measurements to characterize the performance of the transistors. In addition, he explains how novel transistors may be subject to effects such as self-heating, period-dependent output, non-linearity, susceptibility to short-term degradation, DC-invisible structural defects, and a different response to DC and transient inputs. Readers will understand that in order to fully understand and characterize the behavior of a novel transistor, there is an arsenal of dynamic techniques available. In addition to abstract concepts, the reader will learn of practical tips required to achieve meaningful measurements, and will understand the relationship between these measurements and traditional, conventional DC characteristics.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of various Cryptography topics, while highlighting the most recent trends such as quantum, blockchain, lightweight, Chaotic and DNA cryptography. Moreover, this book covers cryptography primitives and its usage and applications and focuses on the fundamental principles of modern cryptography such as Stream Ciphers, block ciphers, public key algorithms and digital signatures. Readers will gain a solid foundation in cryptography and security. This book presents the fundamental mathematical concepts of cryptography. Moreover, this book presents hiding data techniques such as steganography and watermarking. The author also provides a comparative study of the different cryptographic methods, which can be used to solve security problems.

In recent years, both Networks-on-Chip, as an architectural solution for high-speed interconnect, and power consumption, as a key design constraint, have continued to gain interest in the design and research communities. This book offers a single-source reference to some of the most important design techniques proposed in the context of low-power design for networks-on-chip architectures.