This book teaches basic and advanced concepts, new methodologies and recent developments in VLSI technology with a focus on low power design. It provides insight on how to use Tanner Spice, Cadence tools, Xilinx tools, VHDL programming and Synopsis to design simple and complex circuits using latest state-of-the art technologies. Emphasis is placed on fundamental transistor circuit-level design concepts.

This textbook serves as an introduction to the subject of embedded systems design, with emphasis on integration of custom hardware components with software. The key problem addressed in the book is the following: how can an embedded systems designer strike a balance between flexibility and efficiency? The book describes how combining hardware design with software design leads to a solution to this important computer engineering problem. The book covers four topics in hardware/software codesign: fundamentals, the design space of custom architectures, the hardware/software interface and application examples. The book comes with an associated design environment that helps the reader to perform experiments in hardware/software codesign. Each chapter also includes exercises and further reading suggestions.
Improvements in this second edition include labs and examples using modern FPGA environments from Xilinx and Altera, which will make the material in this book applicable to a greater number of courses where these tools are already in use. More examples and exercises have been added throughout the book.
"If I were teaching a course on this subject, I would use this as a resource and text. If I were a student who wanted to learn codesign, I would look for a course that at least used a similar approach. If I were an engineer or engineering manager who wanted to learn more about codesign from a very practical perspective, I would read this book first before any other. When I first started learning about codesign as a practitioner, a book like this would have been the perfect introduction."
--Grant Martin, Tensilica--"

The book presents the fabrication and circuit modeling of quantum dot gate field effect transistor (QDGFET) and quantum dot gate NMOS inverter (QDNMOS inverter). It also introduces the development of a circuit model of QDGFET based on Berkley Short Channel IGFET model (BSIM). Different ternary logic circuits based on QDGFET are also investigated in this book. Advanced circuit such as three-bit and six bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) were also simulated.

Symbolic Analysis in Analog Integrated Circuit Design provides an introduction to computer-aided circuit analysis and presents systematic methods for solving linear (i.e. small-signal) and nonlinear circuit problems, which are illustrated by concrete examples. Computer-aided symbolic circuit analysis is useful in analog integrated circuit design. Analytic expressions for the network transfer functions contain information that is not provided by a numerical simulation result. However, these expressions are generally extremely long and difficult to interpret; therefore, it is necessary to be able to approximate them guided by the magnitude of the individual circuit parameters. Engineering has been described as the art of making approximations'. The inclusion of symbolic analysis in analog circuit design reduces the implied risk of ambiguity during the approximation process. A systematic method based on the nullor concept is used to obtain the basic feedback transistor amplifier configurations. Approximate expressions for the locations of poles and zeros for linear networks are obtained using the extended pole-splitting technique. An unusual feature in Symbolic Analysis in Analog Integrated Circuit Design is the consistent use of the transadmittance element with finite (linear or nonlinear) or infinite (i.e. nullor) gain as the only requisite circuit element. The describing function method is used to obtain approximate symbolic expressions for the harmonic distortion generated by a soft or hard transconductance nonlinearity embedded in an arbitrary linear network. The design and implementation of a program (i.e. CASCA) for symbolic analysis of time-continuous networks is described. The algorithms can also be used to solve other linear problems, e.g. the analysis of time-discrete switched-capacitor networks. Symbolic Analysis in Analog Integrated Circuit Design serves as an excellent resource for students and researchers as well as for industry designers who want to familiarize themselves with circuit analysis. This book may also be used for advanced courses on the subject.

This book presents high-/mixed-voltage analog and radio frequency (RF) circuit techniques for developing low-cost multistandard wireless receivers in nm-length CMOS processes. Key benefits of high-/mixed-voltage RF and analog CMOS circuits are explained, state-of-the-art examples are studied, and circuit solutions before and after voltage-conscious design are compared. Three real design examples are included, which demonstrate the feasibility of high-/mixed-voltage circuit techniques. Provides a valuable summary and real case studies of the state-of-the-art in high-/mixed-voltage circuits and systems; Includes novel high-/mixed-voltage analog and RF circuit techniques - from concept to practice; Describes the first high-voltage-enabled mobile-TVRF front-end in 90nm CMOS and the first mixed-voltage full-band mobile-TV Receiver in 65nm CMOS;Demonstrates the feasibility of high-/mixed-voltage circuit techniques with real design examples."

Methodology for the Digital Calibration of Analog Circuits and Systems shows how to relax the extreme design constraints in analog circuits, allowing the realization of high-precision systems even with low-performance components. A complete methodology is proposed, and three applications are detailed. To start with, an in-depth analysis of existing compensation techniques for analog circuit imperfections is carried out. The M/2+M sub-binary digital-to-analog converter is thoroughly studied, and the use of this very low-area circuit in conjunction with a successive approximations algorithm for digital compensation is described. A complete methodology based on this compensation circuit and algorithm is then proposed. The detection and correction of analog circuit imperfections is studied, and a simulation tool allowing the transparent simulation of analog circuits with automatic compensation blocks is introduced. The first application shows how the sub-binary M/2+M structure can be employed as a conventional digital-to-analog converter if two calibration and radix conversion algorithms are implemented. The second application, a SOI 1T DRAM, is then presented. A digital algorithm chooses a suitable reference value that compensates several circuit imperfections together, from the sense amplifier offset to the dispersion of the memory read currents. The third application is the calibration of the sensitivity of a current measurement microsystem based on a Hall magnetic field sensor. Using a variant of the chopper modulation, the spinning current technique, combined with a second modulation of a reference signal, the sensitivity of the complete system is continuously measured without interrupting normal operation. A thermal drift lower than 50 ppm/ DegreesC is achieved, which is 6 to 10 times less than in state-of-the-art implementations. Furthermore, the calibration technique also compensates drifts due to mechanical stresses and ageing.

This book provides a comprehensive synthesis of the theory and practice of photonic devices for networks-on-chip. It outlines the issues in designing photonic network-on-chip architectures for future many-core high performance chip multiprocessors. The discussion is built from the bottom up: starting with the design and implementation of key photonic devices and building blocks, reviewing networking and network-on-chip theory and existing research, and finishing with describing various architectures, their characteristics, and the impact they will have on a computing system. After acquainting the reader with all the issues in the design space, the discussion concludes with design automation techniques, supplemented by provided software.

Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analog Multilevel Simulation addresses the problems of simulating entire mixed analog/digital systems in the time-domain. A complete hierarchy of modeling and simulation methods for analog and digital circuits is described. Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analog Multilevel Simulation also provides a chronology of the research in the field of mixed-mode simulation and analog multilevel simulation over the last ten to fifteen years. In addition, it provides enough information to the reader so that a prototype mixed-mode simulator could be developed using the algorithms in this book. Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analog Multilevel Simulation can also be used as documentation for the SPLICE family of mixed-mode programs as they are based on the algorithms and techniques described in this book.

This volume of Analog Circuit Design concentrates on three topics: RF Analog-to-Digital Converters; Sensor and Actuator Interfaces; Low-Noise Oscillators, PLLs and Synthesizers. The book comprises six papers on each topic written by internationally recognised experts. These papers are tutorial in nature and together make a substantial contribution to improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into three parts: Part I, RF Analog-to-Digital Converters, the application of digital techniques to process analog modulated rf signals in radio receivers requires high linearity and high-resolution analog-to-digital converters. In portable applications these converters must have an extremely low-power consumption to allow a long standby time. In low-cost signal processing applications these converters are combined with a digital signal processing system onto a single chip. Today digital signal processing systems use advanced CMOS technologies requiring the analog-to-digital converter to be implemented in the same (digital) technology. Such an implementation requires special circuit techniques. Furthermore the susceptibility of converters to ground bounce or digital noise is an important design criterion. In this part different converters and conversion techniques are described that are optimized for receiver applications. Part II, Sensor and Actuator Interfaces, interfaces for sensors and actuators shape the gates through which information is acquired from the real world into digital information systems, and vice versa. The interfaces should include analog signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, digital bus interfaces and data-acquisition networks. To simplify the useof data-acquisition systems additional features should be incorporated, like self-test, and calibration. To make these goals economically feasible, these functions should be integrated, preferably with the sensor, on a single chip. This part describes the latest techniques in sensor and actuator interface design. Part III, Low-Noise Oscillators, PLLs and Synthesizers, the phase noise of the receiver's local oscillator limits the immunity against interfering signals. Therefore it has become the most important specification of the local oscillators of all integrated transceivers. Frequency synthesizers for digital tuning in portable radios require extremely low phase noise for the same reason. This part describes designs and architectures which give rise to very low phase noise. Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog design engineers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial nature of the contributions also makes it suitable for use in an advanced course.

Field-programmable logic has been available for a number of years. The role of Field-Programmable Logic Devices (FPLDs) has evolved from simply implementing the system glue-logic' to the ability to implement very complex system functions, such as microprocessors and microcomputers. The speed with which these devices can be programmed makes them ideal for prototyping. Low production cost makes them competitive for small to medium volume productions. These devices make possible new sophisticated applications, and bring up new hardware/software trade-offs and diminish the traditional hardware/software demarcation line. Advanced design tools are being developed for automatic compilation of complex designs and routings to custom circuits. Digital Systems Design and Prototyping Using Field Programmable Logic covers the subjects of digital systems design and (FPLDs), combining them into an entity useful for designers in the areas of digital systems and rapid system prototyping. It is also useful for the growing community of engineers and researchers dealing with the exciting field of FPLDs, reconfigurable and programmable logic. The authors' goal is to bring these topics to students studying digital system design, computer design, and related subjects in order to show them how very complex circuits can be implemented at the desk. Digital Systems Design and Prototyping Using Field Programmable Logic makes a pioneering effort to present rapid prototyping and generation of computer systems using FPLDs. From the Foreword: This is a ground-breaking book that bridges the gap between digital design theory and practice. It provides a unifying terminology for describing FPLD technology. In addition to introducing the technology it also describes the design methodology and tools required to harness this technology. It introduces two hardware description languages (e.g. AHDL and VHDL). Design is best learned by practice and the book supports this notion with abundant case studies.' Daniel P. Siewiorek, Carnegie Mellon University CD-ROM INCLUDED! Digital Systems Design and Prototyping Using Field Programmable Logic, First Edition includes a CD-ROM that contains Altera's MAX+PLUS II 7.21 Student Edition Programmable Logic Development Software. MAX+PLUS II is a fully integrated design environment that offers unmatched flexibility and performance. The intuitive graphical interface is complemented by complete and instantly accessible on-line documentation, which makes learning and using MAX+PLUS II quick and easy. The MAX+PLUS II version 7.21 Student Edition offers the following features: Operates on PCs running Windows 3.1, Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0. Graphical and text-based design entry, including the Altera Hardware Description Language (AHDL) and VHDL. Design compilation for Product-term (MAX 7000S) and look-up table (FLEX 10K) device architectures. Design verification with full timing simulation.

Mesyats' Pulsed Power provides in-depth coverage of the generation of pulsed electric power, electron and ion beams, and various types of pulsed electromagnetic radiation. The electric power that can be produced by the methods described ranges from 106 to 1014W for pulse durations of 10-10-10-7s.

The book consists of nine parts containing 28 chapters, which deal with various aspects of pulsed power and high-power electronics and cover a concise theory of electric circuits as applied to nanosecond pulse technology; physics of fast processes occurring in electrical discharges in vacuum, gases, and liquids; phenomena in long lines; mechanisms of operation and designs of high-power gas-discharge, plasma, and semiconductor closing and opening switches as well as of high-power electric pulse generators using these switches; solid-state (semiconductor and magnetic) methods of production and transformation of nanosecond high-power pulses; and methods of production of high-power pulsed electron and ion beams. The closing part describes methods applied to produce high-power nanosecond pulsed X-rays, laser beams, microwaves, and ultrawideband electromagnetic radiation.

This all-embracing book covers gas, laser, semiconductor, and magnetic circuit elements, the phenomenon of explosive electron emission discovered by the author, diodes of various types, including semiconductor diodes based on the SOS effect discovered with participation of the author, and methods of production of various types of high-power pulsed radiation.

The book provides a detailed analysis of issues related to sub-threshold interconnect performance from the perspective of analytical approach and design techniques. Particular emphasis is laid on the performance analysis of coupling noise and variability issues in sub-threshold domain to develop efficient compact models. The proposed analytical approach gives physical insight of the parameters affecting the transient behavior of coupled interconnects. Remedial design techniques are also suggested to mitigate the effect of coupling noise. The effects of wire width, spacing between the wires, wire length are thoroughly investigated. In addition, the effect of parameters like driver strength on peak coupling noise has also been analyzed. Process, voltage and temperature variations are prominent factors affecting sub-threshold design and have also been investigated. The process variability analysis has been carried out using parametric analysis, process corner analysis and Monte Carlo technique. The book also provides a qualitative summary of the work reported in the literature by various researchers in the design of digital sub-threshold circuits. This book should be of interest for researchers and graduate students with deeper insights into sub-threshold interconnect models in particular. In this sense, this book will best fit as a text book and/or a reference book for students who are initiated in the area of research and advanced courses in nanotechnology, interconnect design and modeling.

This book describes intuitive analog design approaches using digital inverters, providing filter architectures and circuit techniques enabling high performance analog circuit design. The authors provide process, supply voltage and temperature (PVT) variation-tolerant design techniques for inverter based circuits. They also discuss various analog design techniques for lower technology nodes and lower power supply, which can be used for designing high performance systems-on-chip.

Electronic System Level Design: an Open-Source Approach is based on the successful experience acquired with the conception of the ADL ArchC, the development of its underlying tool suite, and the building of its platform modeling infrastructure. With more than 10000 accesses per year since 2004, the dissemination of ArchC models reached not only students in quest of proper infrastructure to develop their research projects but also some companies in need of processor models to build virtual platforms using SystemC.

The need to anticipate the development of hardware-dependent software and to build virtual prototypes gave rise to Transaction Level Modeling (TLM). Since SystemC provided the elements and the adequate abstraction level for supporting TLM, their relation has grown so strong that OSCI created a TLM Working Group whose effort resulted in the recently released TLM 2.0 standard, which is also covered in this book.

Engineering productivity in integrated circuit product design and - velopment today is limited largely by the effectiveness of the CAD tools used. For those domains of product design that are highly dependent on transistor-level circuit design and optimization, such as high-speed logic and memory, mixed-signal analog-digital int- faces, RF functions, power integrated circuits, and so forth, circuit simulation is perhaps the single most important tool. As the complexity and performance of integrated electronic systems has increased with scaling of technology feature size, the capabilities and sophistication of the underlying circuit simulation tools have correspondingly increased. The absolute size of circuits requiring transistor-level simulation has increased dramatically, creating not only problems of computing power resources but also problems of task organization, complexity management, output representation, initial condition setup, and so forth. Also, as circuits of more c- plexity and mixed types of functionality are attacked with simu- tion, the spread between time constants or event time scales within the circuit has tended to become wider, requiring new strategies in simulators to deal with large time constant spreads.

This proven textbook guides readers to a thorough understanding of the theory and design of operational amplifiers (OpAmps). The core of the book presents systematically the design of operational amplifiers, classifying them into a periodic system of nine main overall configurations, ranging from one gain stage up to four or more stages. This division enables circuit designers to recognize quickly, understand, and choose optimal configurations. Characterization of operational amplifiers is given by macro models and error matrices, together with measurement techniques for their parameters. Definitions are given for four types of operational amplifiers depending on the grounding of their input and output ports. Many famous designs are evaluated in depth, using a carefully structured approach enhanced by numerous figures. In order to reinforce the concepts introduced and facilitate self-evaluation of design skills, the author includes problems with detailed solutions, as well as simulation exercises.

This book is dedicated to the analysis and design of analog CMOS nonlinear function synthesizer structures, based on original superior-order approximation functions. A variety of analog function synthesizer structures are discussed, based on accurate approximation functions. Readers will be enabled to implement numerous circuit functions with applications in analog signal processing, including exponential, Gaussian or hyperbolic functions. Generalizing the methods for obtaining these particular functions, the author analyzes superior-order approximation functions, which represent the core for developing CMOS analog nonlinear function synthesizers.

Silicon sensors integrated with readout circuits on one chip are now being considered for a wide and growing range of applications. Technological compatibility constraints and the need for economic large-scale production are now the major concerns if these devices are to become widely used in industry and medicine. This is the first book to attempt to evaluate the real prospects and limitations of integrated silicon smart sensors. It provides a thorough introduction to and review of, the field, covering both technical and economic issues critical to the future success of this technology.

Digital BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design is the first book devoted entirely to the analysis and design of digital BiCMOS integrated circuits. BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design also reviews CMOS and CML integrated circuit design. The application of BiCMOS in the design of digital subsystems, e.g. adders, multipliers, RAMs and PLAs is addressed. The book also introduces the reader to IC process technology: CMOS, bipolar and BiCMOS. The modeling of both the bipolar and MOS devices are covered. Many process/device/circuit design issues are discussed. Digital BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design can be used by engineers, researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students working in the area of digital integrated circuits, digital circuits and system design, BiCMOS process and device modeling.

The Second Edition of Quantum Information Processing, Quantum Computing, and Quantum Error Correction: An Engineering Approach presents a self-contained introduction to all aspects of the area, teaching the essentials such as state vectors, operators, density operators, measurements, and dynamics of a quantum system. In additional to the fundamental principles of quantum computation, basic quantum gates, basic quantum algorithms, and quantum information processing, this edition has been brought fully up to date, outlining the latest research trends. These include: Key topics include: Quantum error correction codes (QECCs), including stabilizer codes, Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes, quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, entanglement-assisted QECCs, topological codes, and surface codes Quantum information theory, and quantum key distribution (QKD) Fault-tolerant information processing and fault-tolerant quantum error correction, together with a chapter on quantum machine learning. Both quantum circuits- and measurement-based quantum computational models are described The next part of the book is spent investigating physical realizations of quantum computers, encoders and decoders; including photonic quantum realization, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and ion traps In-depth analysis of the design and realization of a quantum information processing and quantum error correction circuits This fully up-to-date new edition will be of use to engineers, computer scientists, optical engineers, physicists and mathematicians.

Design reuse is not just a topic of research but a real industrial necessity in the microelectronic domain and thus driving the competitiveness of relevant areas like for example telecommunication or automotive. Most companies have already dedicated a department or a central unit that transfer design reuse into reality. All main EDA conferences include a track to the topic, and even specific conferences have been established in this area, both in the USA and in Europe. Virtual Components Design and Reuse presents a selection of articles giving a mature and consolidated perspective to design reuse from different points of view. The authors stem from all relevant areas: research and academia, IP providers, EDA vendors and industry. Some classical topics in design reuse, like specification and generation of components, IP retrieval and cataloguing or interface customisation, are revisited and discussed in depth. Moreover, new hot topics are presented, among them IP quality, platform-based reuse, software IP, IP security, business models for design reuse, and major initiatives like the MEDEA EDA Roadmap.

SISDEP a (TM)95 provides an international forum for the presentation of state-of-the-art research and development results in the area of numerical process and device simulation. Continuously shrinking device dimensions, the use of new materials, and advanced processing steps in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices require new and improved software. The trend towards increasing complexity in structures and process technology demands advanced models describing all basic effects and sophisticated two and three dimensional tools for almost arbitrarily designed geometries. The book contains the latest results obtained by scientists from more than 20 countries on process simulation and modeling, simulation of process equipment, device modeling and simulation of novel devices, power semiconductors, and sensors, on device simulation and parameter extraction for circuit models, practical application of simulation, numerical methods, and software.

This book focuses on the thermophysical properties of Ge-Sb-Te alloys, which are the most widely used phase change materials, and the technique for measuring them. Describing the measuring procedure and parameter calibration in detail, it provides readers with an accurate method for determining the thermophysical properties of phase change materials and other related materials. Further, it discusses combining thermal and electrical conductivity data to analyze the conduction mechanism, allowing readers to gain an understanding of phase change materials and PCM industry simulation.

Perspectives in Spread Spectrum brings together studies and recent work on six exciting topics from the spread spectrum arts. The book gives a wide, collective view of trends, ideas, and techniques in the spread spectrum discipline, due to the authors' extensive work on spread spectrum techniques and applications from different vantage points. The inexorable march of electronics towards ever faster, ever smaller, and ever more powerful electronic and optical circuitry has wrought, and will continue to enable, profound changes in the spread spectrum arts, by allowing increasingly complex signalling waveforms and statistical tests to be implemented as the theory beyond spread spectrum continues to evolve. Perspectives in Spread Spectrum is divided into six chapters. The first chapter deals with sequence spreading design. There is not a single metric for design of spreading sequences; rather, the design is ideally tailored to the specific scenario of usage. This chapter delves into recent and very promising synthesis work. The second chapter deals with OFDM techniques. As channels become wider and trans-channel fading (or jamming) becomes frequency selective across the band, OFDM techniques may provide a powerful alternative design perspective. The third chapter is a generalization of the venerable Walsh functions. A new modulation scheme, Geometric Harmonic Modulation, GHM for short, is reviewed and characterized as a form of OFDM. From GHM, a further generalization of the Walsh functions is derived for non-binary signalling. The fourth chapter is concerned with some new and exciting results regarding the follower jammer paradigm. A counter-countermeasure technique is reviewed, notable for its counterintuitive characteristic which can be understood from a simple yet elegant game framework. The fifth chapter recounts some results pertaining to random coding for an optical spread spectrum link. The technique is based on laser speckle statistics and uses a coherent array of spatial light modulators at the transmitter but allows the receiver to be realized as a spatially distributed radiometric and therefore incoherent structure. The sixth and final chapter looks at an important and interesting application of spread spectrum to accurately locate a wideband, 'bent pipe', satellite transponder. It is, in a strong sense, an inverted GPS technique. Perspectives in Spread Spectrum serves as an excellent reference and source of ideas for further research, and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the topic.

Broadband opamps for multi-channel communication systems make strong demands on linearity performance. This book, written for Analog CMOS designers, presents a thorough analysis of the nonlinear behaviour of circuits, to obtain opamps with low distortion.