Single-threaded software applications have ceased to see signi?cant gains in p- formance on a general-purpose CPU, even with further scaling in very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. This is a signi?cant problem for electronic design automation (EDA) applications, since the design complexity of VLSI integrated circuits (ICs) is continuously growing. In this research monograph, we evaluate custom ICs, ?eld-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and graphics processors as platforms for accelerating EDA algorithms, instead of the general-purpose sing- threaded CPU. We study applications which are used in key time-consuming steps of the VLSI design ?ow. Further, these applications also have different degrees of inherent parallelism in them. We study both control-dominated EDA applications and control plus data parallel EDA applications. We accelerate these applications on these different hardware platforms. We also present an automated approach for accelerating certain uniprocessor applications on a graphics processor. This monograph compares custom ICs, FPGAs, and graphics processing units (GPUs) as potential platforms to accelerate EDA algorithms. It also provides details of the programming model used for interfacing with the GPUs.

Symbolic Analysis in Analog Integrated Circuit Design provides an introduction to computer-aided circuit analysis and presents systematic methods for solving linear (i.e. small-signal) and nonlinear circuit problems, which are illustrated by concrete examples. Computer-aided symbolic circuit analysis is useful in analog integrated circuit design. Analytic expressions for the network transfer functions contain information that is not provided by a numerical simulation result. However, these expressions are generally extremely long and difficult to interpret; therefore, it is necessary to be able to approximate them guided by the magnitude of the individual circuit parameters. Engineering has been described as the art of making approximations'. The inclusion of symbolic analysis in analog circuit design reduces the implied risk of ambiguity during the approximation process. A systematic method based on the nullor concept is used to obtain the basic feedback transistor amplifier configurations. Approximate expressions for the locations of poles and zeros for linear networks are obtained using the extended pole-splitting technique. An unusual feature in Symbolic Analysis in Analog Integrated Circuit Design is the consistent use of the transadmittance element with finite (linear or nonlinear) or infinite (i.e. nullor) gain as the only requisite circuit element. The describing function method is used to obtain approximate symbolic expressions for the harmonic distortion generated by a soft or hard transconductance nonlinearity embedded in an arbitrary linear network. The design and implementation of a program (i.e. CASCA) for symbolic analysis of time-continuous networks is described. The algorithms can also be used to solve other linear problems, e.g. the analysis of time-discrete switched-capacitor networks. Symbolic Analysis in Analog Integrated Circuit Design serves as an excellent resource for students and researchers as well as for industry designers who want to familiarize themselves with circuit analysis. This book may also be used for advanced courses on the subject.

This book describes intuitive analog design approaches using digital inverters, providing filter architectures and circuit techniques enabling high performance analog circuit design. The authors provide process, supply voltage and temperature (PVT) variation-tolerant design techniques for inverter based circuits. They also discuss various analog design techniques for lower technology nodes and lower power supply, which can be used for designing high performance systems-on-chip.

The book Handheld Total Chemical and Biological Analysis Systems: Bridging NMR, Digital Microfluidics, and Semiconductors centers on the complete design of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) microsystems for in vitro chemical and biological assays based on semiconductor chips and portable magnet. Different sensing mechanisms for CMOS in vitro assay are compared, key design criteria of the CMOS transceiver for NMR measurement are revealed, and system-level optimizations of the CMOS NMR platform utilizing digital microfluidic and diverse functions of the CMOS technology are discussed. Two CMOS NMR platforms are implemented, each of these focuses on different aspect of optimization.

Electronic System Level Design: an Open-Source Approach is based on the successful experience acquired with the conception of the ADL ArchC, the development of its underlying tool suite, and the building of its platform modeling infrastructure. With more than 10000 accesses per year since 2004, the dissemination of ArchC models reached not only students in quest of proper infrastructure to develop their research projects but also some companies in need of processor models to build virtual platforms using SystemC.

The need to anticipate the development of hardware-dependent software and to build virtual prototypes gave rise to Transaction Level Modeling (TLM). Since SystemC provided the elements and the adequate abstraction level for supporting TLM, their relation has grown so strong that OSCI created a TLM Working Group whose effort resulted in the recently released TLM 2.0 standard, which is also covered in this book.

Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analog Multilevel Simulation addresses the problems of simulating entire mixed analog/digital systems in the time-domain. A complete hierarchy of modeling and simulation methods for analog and digital circuits is described. Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analog Multilevel Simulation also provides a chronology of the research in the field of mixed-mode simulation and analog multilevel simulation over the last ten to fifteen years. In addition, it provides enough information to the reader so that a prototype mixed-mode simulator could be developed using the algorithms in this book. Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analog Multilevel Simulation can also be used as documentation for the SPLICE family of mixed-mode programs as they are based on the algorithms and techniques described in this book.

This book is dedicated to the analysis and design of analog CMOS nonlinear function synthesizer structures, based on original superior-order approximation functions. A variety of analog function synthesizer structures are discussed, based on accurate approximation functions. Readers will be enabled to implement numerous circuit functions with applications in analog signal processing, including exponential, Gaussian or hyperbolic functions. Generalizing the methods for obtaining these particular functions, the author analyzes superior-order approximation functions, which represent the core for developing CMOS analog nonlinear function synthesizers.

Digital BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design is the first book devoted entirely to the analysis and design of digital BiCMOS integrated circuits. BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design also reviews CMOS and CML integrated circuit design. The application of BiCMOS in the design of digital subsystems, e.g. adders, multipliers, RAMs and PLAs is addressed. The book also introduces the reader to IC process technology: CMOS, bipolar and BiCMOS. The modeling of both the bipolar and MOS devices are covered. Many process/device/circuit design issues are discussed. Digital BiCMOS Integrated Circuit Design can be used by engineers, researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students working in the area of digital integrated circuits, digital circuits and system design, BiCMOS process and device modeling.

Engineering productivity in integrated circuit product design and - velopment today is limited largely by the effectiveness of the CAD tools used. For those domains of product design that are highly dependent on transistor-level circuit design and optimization, such as high-speed logic and memory, mixed-signal analog-digital int- faces, RF functions, power integrated circuits, and so forth, circuit simulation is perhaps the single most important tool. As the complexity and performance of integrated electronic systems has increased with scaling of technology feature size, the capabilities and sophistication of the underlying circuit simulation tools have correspondingly increased. The absolute size of circuits requiring transistor-level simulation has increased dramatically, creating not only problems of computing power resources but also problems of task organization, complexity management, output representation, initial condition setup, and so forth. Also, as circuits of more c- plexity and mixed types of functionality are attacked with simu- tion, the spread between time constants or event time scales within the circuit has tended to become wider, requiring new strategies in simulators to deal with large time constant spreads.

"Energy Efficient Thermal Management of Data Centers" examines energy flow in today's data centers. Particular focus is given to the state-of-the-art thermal management and thermal design approaches now being implemented across the multiple length scales involved. The impact of future trends in information technology hardware, and emerging software paradigms such as cloud computing and virtualization, on thermal management are also addressed. The book explores computational and experimental characterization approaches for determining temperature and air flow patterns within data centers. Thermodynamic analyses using the second law to improve energy efficiency are introduced and used in proposing improvements in cooling methodologies. Reduced-order modeling and robust multi-objective design of next generation data centers are discussed.

The book presents the fabrication and circuit modeling of quantum dot gate field effect transistor (QDGFET) and quantum dot gate NMOS inverter (QDNMOS inverter). It also introduces the development of a circuit model of QDGFET based on Berkley Short Channel IGFET model (BSIM). Different ternary logic circuits based on QDGFET are also investigated in this book. Advanced circuit such as three-bit and six bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) were also simulated.

Design reuse is not just a topic of research but a real industrial necessity in the microelectronic domain and thus driving the competitiveness of relevant areas like for example telecommunication or automotive. Most companies have already dedicated a department or a central unit that transfer design reuse into reality. All main EDA conferences include a track to the topic, and even specific conferences have been established in this area, both in the USA and in Europe. Virtual Components Design and Reuse presents a selection of articles giving a mature and consolidated perspective to design reuse from different points of view. The authors stem from all relevant areas: research and academia, IP providers, EDA vendors and industry. Some classical topics in design reuse, like specification and generation of components, IP retrieval and cataloguing or interface customisation, are revisited and discussed in depth. Moreover, new hot topics are presented, among them IP quality, platform-based reuse, software IP, IP security, business models for design reuse, and major initiatives like the MEDEA EDA Roadmap.

Methodology for the Digital Calibration of Analog Circuits and Systems shows how to relax the extreme design constraints in analog circuits, allowing the realization of high-precision systems even with low-performance components. A complete methodology is proposed, and three applications are detailed. To start with, an in-depth analysis of existing compensation techniques for analog circuit imperfections is carried out. The M/2+M sub-binary digital-to-analog converter is thoroughly studied, and the use of this very low-area circuit in conjunction with a successive approximations algorithm for digital compensation is described. A complete methodology based on this compensation circuit and algorithm is then proposed. The detection and correction of analog circuit imperfections is studied, and a simulation tool allowing the transparent simulation of analog circuits with automatic compensation blocks is introduced. The first application shows how the sub-binary M/2+M structure can be employed as a conventional digital-to-analog converter if two calibration and radix conversion algorithms are implemented. The second application, a SOI 1T DRAM, is then presented. A digital algorithm chooses a suitable reference value that compensates several circuit imperfections together, from the sense amplifier offset to the dispersion of the memory read currents. The third application is the calibration of the sensitivity of a current measurement microsystem based on a Hall magnetic field sensor. Using a variant of the chopper modulation, the spinning current technique, combined with a second modulation of a reference signal, the sensitivity of the complete system is continuously measured without interrupting normal operation. A thermal drift lower than 50 ppm/ DegreesC is achieved, which is 6 to 10 times less than in state-of-the-art implementations. Furthermore, the calibration technique also compensates drifts due to mechanical stresses and ageing.

Silicon sensors integrated with readout circuits on one chip are now being considered for a wide and growing range of applications. Technological compatibility constraints and the need for economic large-scale production are now the major concerns if these devices are to become widely used in industry and medicine. This is the first book to attempt to evaluate the real prospects and limitations of integrated silicon smart sensors. It provides a thorough introduction to and review of, the field, covering both technical and economic issues critical to the future success of this technology.

Perspectives in Spread Spectrum brings together studies and recent work on six exciting topics from the spread spectrum arts. The book gives a wide, collective view of trends, ideas, and techniques in the spread spectrum discipline, due to the authors' extensive work on spread spectrum techniques and applications from different vantage points. The inexorable march of electronics towards ever faster, ever smaller, and ever more powerful electronic and optical circuitry has wrought, and will continue to enable, profound changes in the spread spectrum arts, by allowing increasingly complex signalling waveforms and statistical tests to be implemented as the theory beyond spread spectrum continues to evolve. Perspectives in Spread Spectrum is divided into six chapters. The first chapter deals with sequence spreading design. There is not a single metric for design of spreading sequences; rather, the design is ideally tailored to the specific scenario of usage. This chapter delves into recent and very promising synthesis work. The second chapter deals with OFDM techniques. As channels become wider and trans-channel fading (or jamming) becomes frequency selective across the band, OFDM techniques may provide a powerful alternative design perspective. The third chapter is a generalization of the venerable Walsh functions. A new modulation scheme, Geometric Harmonic Modulation, GHM for short, is reviewed and characterized as a form of OFDM. From GHM, a further generalization of the Walsh functions is derived for non-binary signalling. The fourth chapter is concerned with some new and exciting results regarding the follower jammer paradigm. A counter-countermeasure technique is reviewed, notable for its counterintuitive characteristic which can be understood from a simple yet elegant game framework. The fifth chapter recounts some results pertaining to random coding for an optical spread spectrum link. The technique is based on laser speckle statistics and uses a coherent array of spatial light modulators at the transmitter but allows the receiver to be realized as a spatially distributed radiometric and therefore incoherent structure. The sixth and final chapter looks at an important and interesting application of spread spectrum to accurately locate a wideband, 'bent pipe', satellite transponder. It is, in a strong sense, an inverted GPS technique. Perspectives in Spread Spectrum serves as an excellent reference and source of ideas for further research, and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the topic.

This book provides the most comprehensive and consistent survey of the field of IC design for Biological Sensing and Processing. The authors describe a multitude of applications that require custom CMOS IC design and highlight the techniques in analog and mixed-signal circuit design that potentially can cross boundaries and benefit the very wide community of bio-medical engineers.

This book describes the algorithms and computer architectures used to create and analyze photographs in modern digital cameras. It also puts the capabilities of digital cameras into context for applications in art, entertainment, and video analysis. The author discusses the entire range of topics relevant to digital camera design, including image processing, computer vision, image sensors, system-on-chip, and optics, while clearly describing the interactions between design decisions at these different levels of abstraction. Readers will benefit from this comprehensive view of digital camera design, describing the range of algorithms used to compose, enhance, and analyze images, as well as the characteristics of optics, image sensors, and computing platforms that determine the physical limits of image capture and computing. The content is designed to be used by algorithm designers and does not require an extensive background in optics or electronics.

Mesyats' Pulsed Power provides in-depth coverage of the generation of pulsed electric power, electron and ion beams, and various types of pulsed electromagnetic radiation. The electric power that can be produced by the methods described ranges from 106 to 1014W for pulse durations of 10-10-10-7s.

The book consists of nine parts containing 28 chapters, which deal with various aspects of pulsed power and high-power electronics and cover a concise theory of electric circuits as applied to nanosecond pulse technology; physics of fast processes occurring in electrical discharges in vacuum, gases, and liquids; phenomena in long lines; mechanisms of operation and designs of high-power gas-discharge, plasma, and semiconductor closing and opening switches as well as of high-power electric pulse generators using these switches; solid-state (semiconductor and magnetic) methods of production and transformation of nanosecond high-power pulses; and methods of production of high-power pulsed electron and ion beams. The closing part describes methods applied to produce high-power nanosecond pulsed X-rays, laser beams, microwaves, and ultrawideband electromagnetic radiation.

This all-embracing book covers gas, laser, semiconductor, and magnetic circuit elements, the phenomenon of explosive electron emission discovered by the author, diodes of various types, including semiconductor diodes based on the SOS effect discovered with participation of the author, and methods of production of various types of high-power pulsed radiation.

The primary objectives of this revision of the laboratory manual include insuring that the procedures are clear, that the results clearly support the theory, and that the laboratory experience results in a level of confidence in the use of the testing equipment commonly found in the industrial environment. For those curriculums devoted to a dc analysis one semester and an ac analysis the following semester there are more experiments for each subject than can be covered in a single semester. The result is the opportunity to pick and choose those experiments that are more closely related to the curriculum of the college or university. All of the experiments have been run and tested during the 13 editions of the text with changes made as needed. The result is a set of laboratory experiments that should have each step clearly defined and results that closely match the theoretical solutions. Two experiments were added to the ac section to provide the opportunity to make measurements that were not included in the original set. Developed by Professor David Krispinsky of Rochester Institute of Technology they match the same format of the current laboratory experiments and cover the material clearly and concisely. All the experiments are designed to be completed in a two or three hour laboratory session. In most cases, the write-up is work to be completed between laboratory sessions. Most institutions begin the laboratory session with a brief introduction to the theory to be substantiated and the use of any new equipment to be used in the session.

This book is designed as an introductory course for undergraduate students, in Electrical and Electronic, Mechanical, Mechatronics, Chemical and Petroleum engineering, who need fundamental knowledge of electrical circuits. Worked out examples have been presented after discussing each theory. Practice problems have also been included to enrich the learning experience of the students and professionals. PSpice and Multisim software packages have been included for simulation of different electrical circuit parameters. A number of exercise problems have been included in the book to aid faculty members.

Efficient Test Methodologies for High-Speed Serial Links describes in detail several new and promising techniques for cost-effectively testing high-speed interfaces with a high test coverage. One primary focus of Efficient Test Methodologies for High-Speed Serial Links is on efficient testing methods for jitter and bit-error-rate (BER), which are widely used for quantifying the quality of a communication system. Various analysis as well as experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the presented techniques.

A Designer's Guide to VHDL Synthesis is intended for both design engineers who want to use VHDL-based logic synthesis ASICs and for managers who need to gain a practical understanding of the issues involved in using this technology. The emphasis is placed more on practical applications of VHDL and synthesis based on actual experiences, rather than on a more theoretical approach to the language. VHDL and logic synthesis tools provide very powerful capabilities for ASIC design, but are also very complex and represent a radical departure from traditional design methods. This situation has made it difficult to get started in using this technology for both designers and management, since a major learning effort and culture' change is required. A Designer's Guide to VHDL Synthesis has been written to help design engineers and other professionals successfully make the transition to a design methodology based on VHDL and log synthesis instead of the more traditional schematic based approach. While there are a number of texts on the VHDL language and its use in simulation, little has been written from a designer's viewpoint on how to use VHDL and logic synthesis to design real ASIC systems. The material in this book is based on experience gained in successfully using these techniques for ASIC design and relies heavily on realistic examples to demonstrate the principles involved.

From my B.E.E degree at the University of Minnesota and right through my S.M. degree at M.I.T., I had specialized in solid state devices and microelectronics. I made the decision to switch to computer-aided design (CAD) in 1981, only a year or so prior to the introduction of the simulated annealing algorithm by Scott Kirkpatrick, Dan Gelatt, and Mario Vecchi of the IBM Thomas 1. Watson Research Center. Because Prof. Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, my UC Berkeley advisor, had been a consultant at IBM, I re ceived a copy of the original IBM internal report on simulated annealing approximately the day of its release. Given my background in statistical mechanics and solid state physics, I was immediately impressed by this new combinatorial optimization technique. As Prof. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli had suggested I work in the areas of placement and routing, it was in these realms that I sought to explore this new algorithm. My flJ'St implementation of simulated annealing was for an island-style gate array placement problem. This work is presented in the Appendix of this book. I was quite struck by the effect of a nonzero temperature on what otherwise appears to be a random in terchange algorithm."

Broadband opamps for multi-channel communication systems make strong demands on linearity performance. This book, written for Analog CMOS designers, presents a thorough analysis of the nonlinear behaviour of circuits, to obtain opamps with low distortion.

Aimed at engineers, technologies, and architects, this professional tutorial offers sound guidance on the analysis and design of building power and illuminations systems.