Circuit simulation has become an essential tool in circuit design and without it's aid, analogue and mixed-signal IC design would be impossible. However the applicability and limitations of circuit simulators have not been generally well understood and this book now provides a clear and easy to follow explanation of their function. The material covered includes the algorithms used in circuit simulation and the numerical techniques needed for linear and non-linear DC analysis, transient analysis and AC analysis. The book goes on to explain the numeric methods to include sensitivity and tolerance analysis and optimisation of component values for circuit design. The final part deals with logic simulation and mixed-signal simulation algorithms. There are comprehensive and detailed descriptions of the numerical methods and the material is presented in a way that provides for the needs of both experienced engineers who wish to extend their knowledge of current tools and techniques, and of advanced students and researchers who wish to develop new simulators.

This volume describes the design of relay-based circuit systems from device fabrication to circuit micro-architectures. This book is ideal for both device engineers as well as circuit system designers, and highlights the importance of co-design across design hierarchies when trying to optimize system performance (in this case, energy-efficiency). The book will also appeal to researchers and engineers focused on semiconductor, integrated circuits, and energy efficient electronics.

CMOS DC-DC Converters aims to provide a comprehensive dissertation on the matter of monolithic inductive Direct-Current to Direct-Current (DC-DC) converters. For this purpose seven chapters are defined which will allow the designer to gain specific knowledge on the design and implementation of monolithic inductive DC-DC converters, starting from the very basics.

The design of asynchronous circuits is increasingly important in solving problems such as complexity management, modularity, power consumption and clock distribution in large digital integrated circuits. Since the second half of the 1980s asynchronous circuits have been the subject of a great deal of research following a period of relative oblivion. The lack of interest in asynchronous techniques was motivated by the progressive shift towards synchronous design techniques that had much more structure and were much easier to verify and synthesize. System design requirements made it impossible to totally eliminate the use of asynchronous circuits. Given the objective difficulty encountered by designers, the asynchronous components of electronic systems, such as interfaces, became a serious bottleneck in the design process. The use of new models and some theoretical breakthroughs made it possible to develop asynchronous design techniques that were reliable and effective. Algorithms for Synthesis and Testing of Asynchronous Circuits describes a variety of mathematical models and of algorithms that form the backbone and the body of a new design methodology for asynchronous design. The book is intended for asynchronous hardware designers, for computer-aided tool experts, and for digital designers interested in exploring the possibility of designing asynchronous circuits. It requires a solid mathematical background in discrete event systems and algorithms. While the book has not been written as a textbook, it could nevertheless be used as a reference book in an advanced course in logic synthesis or asynchronous design. Algorithms for Synthesis and Testing of Asynchronous Circuits also includesan extensive literature review, which summarizes and compares classical papers from the 1960s with the most recent developments in the areas of asynchronous circuit design testing and verification. The validity and utility of employment tests have become entangled in the debate over the 1991 Civil Rights Bill. Worried about compliance with new federal guidelines for test validity, and concerned about possible lawsuits, the business world became wary of pre-employment testing in the early 1980s, but the use of employment testing increased throughout that decade.

This book investigates the susceptibility of intrinsic physically unclonable function (PUF) implementations on reconfigurable hardware to optical semi-invasive attacks from the chip backside. It explores different classes of optical attacks, particularly photonic emission analysis, laser fault injection, and optical contactless probing. By applying these techniques, the book demonstrates that the secrets generated by a PUF can be predicted, manipulated or directly probed without affecting the behavior of the PUF. It subsequently discusses the cost and feasibility of launching such attacks against the very latest hardware technologies in a real scenario. The author discusses why PUFs are not tamper-evident in their current configuration, and therefore, PUFs alone cannot raise the security level of key storage. The author then reviews the potential and already implemented countermeasures, which can remedy PUFs' security-related shortcomings and make them resistant to optical side-channel and optical fault attacks. Lastly, by making selected modifications to the functionality of an existing PUF architecture, the book presents a prototype tamper-evident sensor for detecting optical contactless probing attempts.

The motivation for starting the work described in this book was the interest that Hewlett-Packard's microwave circuit designers had in simulation techniques that could tackle the problem of finding steady state solutions for nonlinear circuits, particularly circuits containing distributed elements such as transmission lines. Examining the problem of computing steady-state solutions in this context has led to a collection of novel numerical algorithms which we have gathered, along with some background material, into this book. Although we wished to appeal to as broad an audience as possible, to treat the subject in depth required maintaining a narrow focus. Our compromise was to assume that the reader is familiar with basic numerical methods, such as might be found in [dahlquist74] or [vlach83], but not assume any specialized knowledge of methods for steady-state problems. Although we focus on algorithms for computing steady-state solutions of analog and microwave circuits, the methods herein are general in nature and may find use in other disciplines. A number of new algorithms are presented, the contributions primarily centering around new approaches to harmonic balance and mixed frequency-time methods. These methods are described, along with appropriate background material, in what we hope is a reasonably satisfying blend of theory, practice, and results. The theory is given so that the algorithms can be fully understood and their correctness established.

The tremendous growth in wireless and mobile communications has placed stringent requirements on channel spacing and, by implication, on the phase noise of oscillators. Compounding the challenge has been a recent drive toward implementations of transceivers in CMOS, whose inferior l/f noise performance has usually been thought to disqualify it from use in all but the lowest-performance oscillators. Low noise oscillators are also highly desired in the digital world. The continued drive toward higher clock frequencies translates into a demand for ever-decreasing jitter. There is a need for a deep understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing the process by which device, substrate, and supply noise turn into jitter and phase noise. Existing models generally offer only qualitative insights, however, and it has not always been clear why they are not quantitatively correct. The Design of Low Noise Oscillators offers a new time-variant phase noise model. By discarding the implicit assumption of time- invariance underlying many other approaches, this model is capable of making quantitative predictions of the phase noise and jitter of different types of oscillators. It is able to attribute a definite amount of phase noise to every noise source in the circuit. Because of its time-variant nature, the model also takes into account the effect of cyclostationary noise sources in a natural way. It details the precise mechanism by which low frequency noise, such as l/f noise, upconverts into close-in phase noise. An important new understanding is that rise and fall time symmetry controls such upconversion. More important, it suggests practical methods for suppressing this upconversion, so thatgood oscillators can be built in technologies with notoriously poor l/f noise performance (such as CMOS or GaAs MESFET). The Design of Low Noise Oscillators will be of interest to both analog and digital circuit as well as RF circuit designers.

This book illustrates a variety of circuit designs on plastic foils and provides all the information needed to undertake successful designs in large-area electronics. The authors demonstrate architectural, circuit, layout, and device solutions and explain the reasons and the creative process behind each. Readers will learn how to keep under control large-area technologies and achieve robust, reliable circuit designs that can face the challenges imposed by low-cost low-temperature high-throughput manufacturing.

Log-domain and translinear filters provide a competitive alternative to the challenges of ever increasing low-voltage, low-power and high frequency demands in the area of continuous-time filters. Since translinear filters are fundamentally large-signal linear, they are capable of realizing a large dynamic range in combination with excellent tunability characteristics. Large-signal linearity is achieved by exploiting the accurate exponential behavior of the bipolar transistor or the subthreshold MOS transistor. A generalization of the dynamic translinear principle exploiting the square law behavior of the MOS transistor is theoretically possible, but not practically relevant. Translinear and log-domain filters are based on the dynamic translinear principle, a generalization of the conventional (static) translinear principle. Besides their application for linear filters, dynamic translinear circuits can also be used for the realization of non-linear dynamic functions, such as oscillators, RMS-DC converters and phase-locked loops. Dynamic Translinear and Log-Domain Circuits: Analysis and Synthesis covers both the analysis and synthesis of translinear circuits. The theory is presented using one unifying framework for both static and dynamic translinear networks, which is based on a current-mode approach. General analysis methods are presented, including the large-signal and non-stationary analysis of noise. A well-structured synthesis method is described greatly enhancing the designability of log-domain and translinear circuits. Comparisons are made with respect to alternative analysis and synthesis methods presented in the literature. The theory is illustrated and verified by various examples and realizations. Dynamic Translinear and Log-Domain Circuits: Analysis and Synthesis is an excellent reference for researchers and circuit designers, and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the topic.

Adaptive filtering is commonly used in many communication applications including speech and video predictive coding, mobile radio, ISDN subscriber loops, and multimedia systems. Existing adaptive filtering topologies are non-concurrent and cannot be pipelined. Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters presents new pipelined topologies which are useful in reducing area and power and in increasing speed. If the adaptive filter portion of a system suffers from a power-speed-area bottleneck, a solution is provided. Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters is required reading for all users of adaptive digital filtering algorithms. Algorithm, application and integrated circuit chip designers can learn how their algorithms can be tailored and implemented with lower area and power consumption and with higher speed. The relaxed look-ahead techniques are used to design families of new topologies for many adaptive filtering applications including least mean square and lattice adaptive filters, adaptive differential pulse code modulation coders, adaptive differential vector quantizers, adaptive decision feedback equalizers and adaptive Kalman filters. Those who use adaptive filtering in communications, signal and image processing algorithms can learn the basis of relaxed look-ahead pipelining and can use their own relaxations to design pipelined topologies suitable for their applications. Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters is especially useful to designers of communications, speech, and video applications who deal with adaptive filtering, those involved with design of modems, wireless systems, subscriber loops, beam formers, and system identification applications. This book can also be used as a text for advanced courses on the topic.

A recent technological advance is the art of designing circuits to test themselves, referred to as a Built-In Self-Test. This book is written from a designer's perspective and describes the major BIST approaches that have been proposed and implemented, along with their advantages and limitations.

Mixed-Signal Embedded Microcontrollers are commonly used in integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. They are used in automatically controlled devices and products, such as automobile engine control systems, wireless remote controllers, office machines, home appliances, power tools, and toys. Microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes by reducing the size and cost, compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices. In many undergraduate and post-graduate courses, teaching of mixed-signal microcontrollers and their use for project work has become compulsory. Students face a lot of difficulties when they have to interface a microcontroller with the electronics they deal with. This book addresses some issues of interfacing the microcontrollers and describes some project implementations with the Silicon Lab C8051F020 mixed-signal microcontroller. The intended readers are college and university students specializing in electronics, computer systems engineering, electrical and electronics engineering; researchers involved with electronics based system, practitioners, technicians and in general anybody interested in microcontrollers based projects.

This book addresses challenges faced by both the algorithm designer and the chip designer, who need to deal with the ongoing increase of algorithmic complexity and required data throughput for today s mobile applications. The focus is on implementation aspects and implementation constraints of individual components that are needed in transceivers for current standards, such as UMTS, LTE, WiMAX and DVB-S2. The application domain is the so called outer receiver, which comprises the channel coding, interleaving stages, modulator, and multiple antenna transmission. Throughout the book, the focus is on advanced algorithms that are actually in use
in modern communications systems. Their basic principles are always derived with a focus on the resulting communications and implementation performance. As a result, this book serves as a valuable reference for two, typically disparate audiences in communication systems and hardware design."

This book concentrates on the quality of electronic products. Electronics in general, including semiconductor technology and software, has become the key technology for wide areas of industrial production. In nearly all expanding branches of industry electronics, especially digital electronics, is involved. And the spread of electronic technology has not yet come to an end. This rapid development, coupled with growing competition and the shorter innovation cycle, have caused economic problems which tend to have adverse effects on quality. Therefore, good quality at low cost is a very attractive goal in industry today. The demand for better quality continues along with a demand for more studies in quality assurance. At the same time, many companies are experiencing a drop in profits just when better quality of their products is essential in order to survive against the competition. There have been many proposals in the past to improve quality without increase in cost, or to reduce cost for quality assurance without loss of quality. This book tries to summarize the practical content of many of these proposals and to give some advice, above all to the designer and manufacturer of electronic devices. It mainly addresses practically minded engineers and managers. It is probably of less interest to pure scientists. The book covers all aspects of quality assurance of components used in electronic devices. Integrated circuits (lCs) are considered to be the most important components because the degree of integration is still rising.

Johan H. Huijsing This book contains 18 tutorial papers concentrated on 3 topics, each topic being covered by 6 papers. The topics are: Low-Noise, Low-Power, Low-Voltage Mixed-Mode Design with CAD Tools Voltage, Current, and Time References The papers of this book were written by top experts in the field, currently working at leading European and American universities and companies. These papers are the reviewed versions of the papers presented at the Workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. which was held in Villach, Austria, 26-28 April 1995. The chairman of the Workshop was Dr. Franz Dielacher from Siemens, Austria. The program committee existed of Johan H. Huijsing from the Delft University of Technology, Prof.Willy Sansen from the Catholic University of Leuven, and Dr. Rudy 1. van der Plassche from Philips Eindhoven. This book is the fourth of aseries dedicated to the design of analog circuits. The topics which were covered earlier were: Operational Amplifiers Analog to Digital Converters Analog Computer Aided Design Mixed AlD Circuit Design Sensor Interface Circuits Communication Circuits Low-Power, Low-Voltage Integrated Filters Smart Power As the Workshop will be continued year by year, a valuable series of topics will be built up from all the important areas of analog circuit design. I hope that this book will help designers of analog circuits to improve their work and to speed it up.

This work presents an introduction, by leading experts in the field, to optical designs for handling the efficient routing of photonic information. This book fully explains electrical versus optical issues, the promise and diversity of optical interconnection, and the advantages, costs and tradeoffs. The reproducability, manufacturability, testability, and reliability are discussed at length for each design approach given. The text rigorously examines the real optical interconnection issues.

As the trend to system-on-chip solutions gradually consolidates, including an ever-increasing usage of digital signal processing, a concurrent enhancement of the analog front-end performance is required. Moreover, such enhanced performances must be achieved under the constraints imposed by digitally driven technology roadmaps, with low-voltage supplies, poor-performance (and often badly characterized) devices ... and above all the unavoidable presence of noisy digital circuits. It is under the pressure of these challenges that analog designers must sharpen their wits to overcome the problems. Supported by both designers' ingenuity and slow, but precious, improvements of digital CMOS technologies, the results of recent research confirm that solutions can be found.
In consonance with this trend, CMOS Telecom Data Converters compiles the latest achievements regarding the design of high-speed and high-resolution data converters in deep submicron CMOS technologies. The four types of analog-to-digital converter architectures commonly found in this arena are covered, namely sigma-delta, pipeline, folding/interpolating and flash. For all these types, latest achievements regarding the solution of critical architectural and circuital issues are presented, and illustrated through IC prototypes with measured state-of-the-art performances. Some of these prototypes are conceived to be employed at the chipset of newest generation wireline modems (ADSL and ADSL+). Others are intended for wireless transceivers. Besides analog-to-digital converters, the book also covers other functions needed for communication systems, such as digital-to-analog converters, analog filters, programmable gainamplifiers, digital filters, and line drivers.
In addition to case studies on state-of-the-art converters, the book includes overview chapters aimed at presenting the existing knowledge in a structured, comprehensive style. Nyquist converters and sigma-delta converters are covered in such a way. The overview chapters are complemented with chapters devoted to describing basic methodologies and tools needed for designing telecom analog-to-digital converters and capturing designers' expertise for re-usability.
CMOS Telecom Data Converters provides unique information for those interested in designing converters with state-of-the-art performance for the latest generation of communication systems. Since this unique information is embedded in tutorial descriptions, the book can also be used as a valuable reference for non-expert readers willing to learn basic concepts as well as practical recipes for the design of CMOS data converters.

This book discusses various aspects, challenges, and solutions for developing systems-of-systems for situation awareness, using applications in the domain of maritime safety and security. Topics include advanced, multi-objective visualization methods for situation awareness, stochastic outlier selection, rule-based anomaly detection, an ontology-based event model for semantic reasoning, new methods for semi-automatic generation of adapters bridging communication gaps, security policies for systems-of-systems, trust assessment, and methods to deal with the dynamics of systems-of-systems in run-time monitoring, testing, and diagnosis. Architectural considerations for designing information-centric systems-of-systems such as situation awareness systems, and an integrated demonstrator implementing many of the investigated aspects, complete the book.

"Optimal Design of Distributed Control and Embedded Systems "focuses on the design of special control and scheduling algorithms based on system structural properties as well as on analysis of the influence of induced time-delay on systems performances. It treats the optimal design of distributed and embedded control systems (DCESs) with respect to communication and calculation-resource constraints, quantization aspects, and potential time-delays induced by the associated communication and calculation model.

Particular emphasis is put on optimal control signal scheduling based on the system state. In order to render this complex optimization problem feasible in real time, a time decomposition is based on periodicity induced by the static scheduling is operated. The authors present a co-design approach which subsumes the synthesis of the optimal control laws and the generation of an optimal schedule of control signals on real-time networks as well as the execution of control tasks on a single processor. The authors also operate a control structure modification or a control switching based on a thorough analysis of the influence of the induced time-delay system influence on stability and system performance in order to optimize DCES performance in case of calculation and communication resource limitations. Although the richness and variety of classes of DCES preclude a completely comprehensive treatment or a single best method of approaching them all, this co-design approach has the best chance of rendering this problem feasible and finding the optimal or some sub-optimal solution. The text is rounded out with references to such applications as car suspension and unmanned vehicles.

"Optimal Design of Distributed Control and Embedded Systems" will be of most interest to academic researchers working on the mathematical theory of DCES but the wide range of environments in which they are used also promotes the relevance of the text for control practitioners working in the avionics, automotive, energy-production, space exploration and many other industries."

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) has been a key technology in many military, security, and civilian telecommunication applications for decades. In military and security applications, modulation often serves as another level of encryption; in modern civilian applications, multiple modulation types can be employed by a signal transmitter to control the data rate and link reliability. This book offers comprehensive documentation of AMC models, algorithms and implementations for successful modulation recognition. It provides an invaluable theoretical and numerical comparison of AMC algorithms, as well as guidance on state-of-the-art classification designs with specific military and civilian applications in mind. Key Features: * Provides an important collection of AMC algorithms in five major categories, from likelihood-based classifiers and distribution-test-based classifiers to feature-based classifiers, machine learning assisted classifiers and blind modulation classifiers * Lists detailed implementation for each algorithm based on a unified theoretical background and a comprehensive theoretical and numerical performance comparison * Gives clear guidance for the design of specific automatic modulation classifiers for different practical applications in both civilian and military communication systems * Includes a MATLAB toolbox on a companion website offering the implementation of a selection of methods discussed in the book

This book presents innovative solutions in the design of precision instrumentation amplifier and read-out ICs, which can be used to boost millivolt-level signals transmitted by modern sensors, to levels compatible with the input ranges of typical Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). The discussion includes the theory, design and realization of interface electronics for bridge transducers and thermocouples. It describes the use of power efficient techniques to mitigate low frequency errors, resulting in interface electronics with high accuracy, low noise and low drift. Since this book is mainly about techniques for eliminating low frequency errors, it describes the nature of these errors and the associated dynamic offset cancellation techniques used to mitigate them."

Fine pitch high lead count integrated circuit packages represent a dramatic change from the conventional methods of assembling electronic components to a printed interconnect circuit board. To some, these FPTpackages appear to bean extension of the assembly technology called surface mount or SMT. Many of us who have spent a significant amount of time developing the process and design techniques for these fine pitchpackages haveconcluded that these techniquesgobeyondthose commonly useed for SMT. In 1987 the presentauthor, convincedofthe uniqueness ofthe assembly and design demands ofthese packages, chaired ajoint committee where the members agreed to use fine pitch technology (FPT) as the defining term for these demands. The committee was unique in several ways, one being that it was the first time three U. S. standards organizations, the IPC (Lincolnwood, IL), theEIA(Washington, D. C. ), and theASTM (Philadelphia), cametogether tocreate standards before a technology was in high demand. The term fine pitch technology and its acronym FPT have since become widely accepted in the electronics industry. The knowledge of the terms and demands of FPT currently exceed the usage of FPT packaged components, but this is changing rapidly because of the size, performance, and cost savings of FPT. I have resisted several past invitations to write other technical texts. However, I feel there are important advantages and significant difficulties to be encountered with FP