This book provides a concise guide to learning the art of refraction and its principles applicable to retinoscopy. It also provides a well-signposted pathway to success in the Royal College of Ophthalmologists' Refraction Certificate Examination.

Cancer is diagnosed in about 140 per million children in Britain each year. There is a 1 in 500 chance that a child will be affected in the first 15 years of life, the most frequently occurring types of cancer being leukaemia and brain tumours. This book covers the descriptive epidemiology of childhood cancer in Britain, based on the unique work of the National Registry of Childhood Tumours, the largest population-based specialist childhood cancer registry in the world. The book provides a detailed account of national incidence and survival rates for childhood cancer in Britain during 1991-2000, and trends during 1966-2000. There is also an account of childhood mortality for the period 1965-2004. The diagnoses are classified throughout according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, the first time the third edition of this standard classification has been used for prevalence of incidence, survival and mortality data. The chapter on incidence rates is relevant to planning of health service provision and design of research studies on aetiology, whilst the chapter on trends in incidence is relevant to the possible effects of changes in environmental and other risk factors. In addition to comprehensive tables of rates, age-incidence graphs are provided for all the major types of childhood cancer, and possible artefacts are also discussed. The survival data demonstrates how clinical progress over the past 40 years has led to a major increase in the number of cancer survivors. The role of the Registry, covering history, methodology, current and future uses, is also discussed. This definitive work is the culmination of decades of epidemiological research and is essential reading for anyone involved in paediatric oncology or cancer epidemiology.

'Motor Cognition' describes the field of motor cognition - one to which the author's contribution has been seminal. The book examines how the motor actions we perform and watch others perform play a pivotal role in the construction of the 'self' - our ability to acknowledge and recognise our own identity.

Dementia: Comprehensive Principles and Practice is a clinically-oriented book designed for clinicians, scientists, and other health professionals involved in the diagnosis, management, and investigation of disease states causing dementia. A "who's who" of internationally-recognized experts contribute chapters emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach to understanding dementia. The organization of the book takes an integrative approach by providing three major sections that (1) establish the neuroanatomical and cognitive framework underlying disorders of cognition, (2) provide fundamental as well as cutting-edge material covering specific diseases associated with dementia, and (3) discuss approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of dementing illnesses.

The incidence of stroke in younger adults is rising, with approximately 5% of all ischaemic strokes occurring in individuals younger than 45 years and 10% occurring in those under 50. Causes and risk factor profiles among young ischaemic stroke patients differ significantly from those in elderly patients, and young patients frequently have genetic or other rare causes which require different diagnostic work-up and treatment strategies from older stroke patients. While the aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of stroke are commonly covered elsewhere, there is little literature referring specifically to the treatment needs for younger stroke patients. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young brings together the latest research from leading stroke teams, and takes a detailed diagnostic approach to explore the issues particular to younger stroke victims. This problem-based approach complements existing stroke volumes, providing physicians and stroke service staff with the specific diagnostic and treatment information they need when dealing with younger stroke patients.

The Culture of AIDS in Africa enters into the many worlds of expression brought forth across this vast continent by the ravaging presence of HIV/AIDS. Africans and non-Africans, physicians and social scientists, journalists and documentarians share here a common and essential interest in understanding creative expression in crushing and uncertain times. They investigate and engage the social networks, power relationships, and cultural structures that enable the arts to convey messages of hope and healing, and of knowledge and good counsel to the wider community. And from Africa to the wider world, they bring intimate, inspiring portraits of the performers, artists, communities, and organizations that have shared with them their insights and the sense they have made of their lives and actions from deep within this devastating epidemic.
Covering the wide expanse of the African continent, the 30 chapters include explorations of, for example, the use of music to cope with AIDS; the relationship between music, HIV/AIDS, and social change; visual approaches to HIV literacy; radio and television as tools for "edutainment;" several individual artists' confrontations with HIV/AIDS; various performance groups' response to the epidemic; combating HIV/AIDS with local cultural performance; and more. Source material, such as song lyrics and interviews, weaves throughout the collection, and contributions by editors Gregory Baz and Judah M. Cohen bookend the whole, to bring together a vast array of perspectives and sources into a nuanced and profoundly affective portrayal of the intricate relationship between HIV/AIDS and the arts in Africa.

Filled with 750 photos of African, Arabic, Caribbean and South Asian foods, this visual guide is the essential resource for diabetes management, carb awareness, weight loss, portion control and healthy eating. The Carbs & Cals range of books is nationally recognised as the leading resource for diabetes & weight loss, using their revolutionary method of showing hundreds of food photos to make counting carbs and calories a breeze. FEATURES: - 750 photos of food & drinks commonly consumed by African, Arabic, Caribbean and South Asian communities - Carb content clearly displayed using blood glucose icons, highlighting each portion's possible effect on blood glucose level - Values for calories & fat also shown - Up to 3 portions for each food - Pictorial format makes the book accessible for those with limited English language skills - Informative introduction, explaining blood glucose and diabetes, the amount and type of carbs (and other nutrients) to consume, glycaemic index, culturally relevant food swap ideas and a guide to weight loss. CHAPTERS: Includes sections for African, Arabic, Caribbean and South Asian foods (arranged into meals, sides, snacks, breads, desserts and drinks), along with a general section encompassing foods commonly eaten by all the communities.

The Motoneurone and its Muscle Fibres presents a state-of-the-art summary of knowledge concerning the motoneurones, vital for innervating and commanding skeletal muscles. No muscle action would be possible without motoneurones. These cells are therefore absolutely essential for the execution of normal behaviour and for life support. It is their degeneration that leads to various kinds of motoneurone disease (e.g. ALS) that are often ultimately lethal. However, the study of motoneurones is also important for general insights as to how neurones work, because the motoneurone is probably the best understood kind of nerve cell so far in neuroscience. Motoneurones of the spinal cord were the first type of central nerve cell to be subjected to detailed physiological measurements, and much is known about how their activity is regulated by synapses from other central neurones. For most of the individual neurones within the central nervous system, the precise functional tasks are difficult to define. However, for motoneurones much is now known about their short- and long-term interactions with their main targets, the skeletal muscle fibres. Functions of neurones must be analyzed in relation to the response properties of their target cells. Therefore, this book deals with both, summarizing classical as well as recent knowledge concerning the motoneurone and its muscle fibres. This is the first time that so many aspects of this broad subject matter are treated in one comprehensive monograph.

For modern scientists, history often starts with last week's journals and is regarded as largely a quaint interest compared with the advances of today. However, this book makes the case that, measured by major advances, the greatest decade in the history of brain studies was mid-twentieth century, especially the 1950s. The first to focus on worldwide contributions in this period, the book ranges through dozens of astonishing discoveries at all levels of the brain, from DNA (Watson and Crick), through growth factors (Hamburger and Levi-Montalcini), excitability (Hodgkin and Huxley), synapses (Katz and Eccles), dopamine and Parkinson's (Carlsson), visual processing (Hartline and Kuffler), the cortical column (Mountcastle), reticular activating system (Morruzzi and Magoun) and REM sleep (Aserinsky), to stress (Selye), learning (Hebb) and memory (HM and Milner). The clinical fields are also covered, from Cushing and Penfield, psychosurgery and brain energy metabolism (Kety), to most of the major psychoactive drugs in use today (beginning with Delay and Deniker), and much more.
The material has been the basis for a highly successful advanced undergraduate and graduate course at Yale, with the classic papers organized and accessible on the web. There is interest for a wide range of readers, academic, and lay because there is a focus on the creative process itself, on understanding how the combination of unique personalities, innovative hypotheses, and new methods led to the advances. Insight is given into this process through describing the struggles between male and female, student and mentor, academic and private sector, and the roles of chance and persistence. The book thus provides a new multidisciplinary understanding of the revolution that created the modern field of neuroscience and set the bar for judging current and future advances.

A simple, go-to guide to treating chronic pain with trigger point therapy for physical therapists, bodyworkers, and patients From the bestselling author of The Concise Book of Trigger Points This pocket-sized guide covers practical information about the trigger points-the painful knots that can form in tissues like muscles and fascia-that are central to addressing acute and chronic pain with massage, bodywork, and physical therapy. Full-color illustrations and charts help practitioners, students, and patients identify trigger points and address referred pain patterns with ease. The first chapter introduces relevant information on fascia and myofascial meridians and provides an overview of trigger point symptoms, classification, and formation. Subsequent chapters are organized by muscle group and feature concise-yet comprehensive-sections on each of the main skeletal muscles and their trigger points. Common conditions, such as headaches and back pain, are explored for all of the muscle groups, including the muscles of the: * Face, head, and neck * Trunk and spine * Shoulder and arm * Forearm and hand * Hip and thigh * Leg and foot Written in clear, accessible language, this essential guide offers a wealth of knowledge to the lay reader, the student, or the practitioner.

This book has built on the work that was presented in the previous Fascicles of the Third and Fourth Series. The authors' vast experience has led to new understanding of many aspects of pituitary pathology. With modern immunostaining and molecular techniques, classification of pituitary disease is becoming easier. Furthermore, the availability of targeted therapies has augmented the role of the pathologist in determining an accurate diagnosis. This updated volume addresses modern techniques and their application to treatment of pituitary neoplasms but retains the detailed foundation of morphology in a lushly illustrated tome, the cornerstone of the AFIP fascicles.

The Third Edition of this reliable reference could easily serve as a single resource for the clinical neurophysiologist performing evoked potentials in clinical practice. Coverage includes new clinical applications for evoked potential (EP) tests, advanced test variations such as motor and cognitive EPs, and new techniques that improve the efficiency of testing. Step-by-step instruction is provided on methodology and interpretation for each major test -- pattern-shift visual, brainstem auditory, and short-latency somatosensory. New to this edition is a section on evoked potential monitoring in the operating room. The renowned authors describe new techniques for eliminating artifact and improving the averaging process; and explain important techniques such as pattern electroretinography and registration of peripheral nerve action potentials. Compatibility: BlackBerry(R) OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile(TM) Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC

The brains behind the #1 bestselling Carbs & Cals are back! This time with the perfect book for people following a very low-calorie diet, such as the 8-Week Blood Sugar Diet.

FEATURES:

* 75 delicious, easy-to-prepare recipes

* 30 daily meal plans (all 800 cals or less)

* 20 low-calorie snacks

* 330 photos of ingredients to help you plan your own meals and snacks

* Values for carbs, calories, protein, fat, saturated fat, fibre and 5-a-day fruit & veg

* An informative introduction, explaining the scientific evidence behind the blood sugar diet and other very low-calorie diets

CHAPTERS:

* 15 breakfasts

* 5 curries

* 15 salads

* 5 slow cooker dishes

* 5 stir-fries

* 10 soups

* 6 smoothies

* 15 general healthy meals

* 20 snacks

* 54 pages of individual ingredients

Featuring a range of beautifully designed, mouth-watering recipes, scrumptious snacks and 30 helpful daily meal plans, this visual guide helps you meet your calorie allowance. Be inspired! Planning very low-calorie meals has never been easier!

This is part of the bestselling Carbs & Cals series of health books. Check out the other books in the series: SALADS, SOUPS, SMOOTHIES, 5:2 DIET PHOTOS, the award-winning CARB & CALORIE COUNTER and POCKET COUNTER. Available now on Amazon.

Presented in a concise and readable format, Pediatric Radiology provides a comprehensive review of 120 pathologies commonly encountered by practicing radiologists and residents. As part of the Rotations in Radiology series, this volume offers a guided approach to imaging diagnosis with a constant depth of coverage, a structured template, and incorporation of applied physics, distinguishing it from other texts in the field. A definition is given for each pathology in this volume, followed by: demographics, clinical presentation, imaging modalities and features, imaging algorithm, applied physics, differential diagnoses and pitfalls, and a bulleted summary of key points. Designed for point-of-care use while training on a specific rotation, as well as for exam review and ongoing reference, Pediatric Radiology is the perfect tool to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, the essential facts of common pathologies and the various modalities used to interpret them.

The role of parasites and pathogens in the evolution of life history traits is of increasing interest to both ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Immunology, which was once studied almost exclusively by immunologists, has become an important area of proximate investigation to animal physiologists as a means for understanding changes in disease susceptibility and the neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms that mediate these changes. The coalescence of these different perspectives has given rise to the field of ecological immunology, an interdisciplinary research field that examines interactions among host physiology and disease ecology in a wide range of environmentally relevant contexts. The goal of ecological immunology is to understand immune function in the context of life-history traits across a wide range of organisms. Research within the field combines diverse approaches from a wide range of scientific disciplines including evolution, ecology, and life history theory to endocrinology, neuroscience, molecular biology, and behavior. This book critically reviews recent advances in the discipline of ecoimmunology. Chapters are written by experts in their respective fields and cover diverse topics including how environmental factors can affect host immune function, the complex dynamics among host immunity, pathogen prevalence and disease susceptibility, and the physiological mechanisms that lead to adaptive changes in immune responses. By integrating analyses of immune system function within animal biology, investigators will gain will gain a more comprehensive and satisfying understanding of organism-environment interactions at both ultimate and proximate levels of analysis.

Major advances in the understanding and treatment of childhood medical disorders have contributed to markedly improved survival and reduced morbidity compared with outcomes in earlier medical care eras. As a consequence, children whose prognosis was once severe impairment or early mortality are surviving to adulthood, often facing a wide range of neuropsychological late effects. Pediatric Neuropsychology: Medical Advances and Lifespan Outcomes brings together highly respected and experienced researchers and clinicians in a volume that reviews many of these medical and psychological advances and their impact on neuropsychological development. The volume covers disorders for which neuropsychological development was previously not considered an area of likely compromise or one that would change the typical neuropsychological trajectory (chronic kidney disease, congenital heart disease, liver disease) as well as the latest updates on children with established risk of neuropsychological compromise (e.g. autism spectrum disorders, brain tumors, cerebral palsy, human immunodeficiency virus, leukemia, childhood onset multiple sclerosis, neonatal encephalopathy, phenylketonuria, preterm birth, sickle cell disease, spina bifida, and traumatic brain injury). These discussions of disorders are supplemented by important chapters that address the wider societal impact of pediatric medical disorders and associated neuropsychological issues. These chapters focus on the impact of improved rates of survival on provision of mandated services within the elementary and post-secondary educational settings, on changes in statistical methodology and analyses that influence today's interpretation of research reports, and on the importance of maintaining a developmental focus regarding transitioning to adult health care, with lifelong implications for survival to older adulthood becoming a relatively newer area of training and practice.

Sir William Richard Gowers was one of the pre-eminent clinical neurologists of the nineteenth century. He is best remembered for his discovery of the eponymous 'Gowers' sign', for his invention of the patella hammer, and for authoring the classic two-volume neurology textbook Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. To date Dr Gowers has been the subject of only one published biography, while some aspects of Gowers' work have been chronicled in historical works regarding the history of neurology. This book goes into greater detail than ever, presenting the life story behind a great Victorian brain. Generously illustrated throughout with family photographs and original sketches, the authors cover Gowers' early years, his clinical work at Queen Square, his accolades, and friendships with explorers and famous authors. Co-authored by an academic with special access to the Gowers family archives and two leading neurologists, this book is the first definitive reference work on the life of William Richard Gowers, and will be of great interest to neurologists, neuroscientists, medical historians, and laypersons with an interest in neurology and mental illness.

How does a pathologist become interested and develop expertise in testicular and paratesticular neoplasms, which are relatively uncommon? The truth is simple-the opportunity to see many cases. The authors of this 5th Series Fascicle have such expertise and share a remarkable range of cases from their institutions as well as from many pathologists throughout the world who have sent them cases in consultation over the years. This fascicle is rich source of material that will be a great resource for practicing pathologists and pathologists in training.

As the coronavirus pandemic swept across the globe in recent months, many countries have had to implement strategies to fight the virus and keep its people safe. These strategies, particularly in the West, have not been as effective at keeping the numbers of infected people as low as the governments would have hoped.

Charles R Stith predicted the trajectory the virus would take as its spread progressed and developed a critical analysis of the western countries’ responses to the pandemic. He specifically focuses on South Africa’s response to the virus as it spearheads the surge of cases on the African continent.

The crisis has far reaching consequences that impacts the most vulnerable people in the country. A recent OXFAM report draws connections between the lockdown, to hunger, to deaths which confirms the statement Stith made at the beginning of the outbreak about how people would die of hunger as they lose their jobs, their ability to provide for their families and access to fresh foods.

Stith wrote this book in real time in response to the growth and spread of the coronavirus and analyses the results of South Africa’s response to it. He gives answers to the questions politicians should have been asking and gives his view of what Africa will require to recover

Tourette syndrome (TS) is finally recognized as a common neurodevelopmental disorder, and has gained increasingly high social awareness and scientific interest worldwide. Knowledge of its clinical presentation, mechanisms of disease, and available treatment approaches has increased remarkably over the last decade. Likewise, the way clinicians, teachers, social care workers and families face the problems manifested by patients with TS is rapidly evolving. Tourette Syndrome, edited by Davide Martino and James F. Leckman, offers a unique opportunity to capture this interesting momentum through a comprehensive and up-to-date overview. Tourette Syndrome covers all of the main aspects related to TS, analyzing the complexity of its clinical presentation, the novel viewpoints of causes and mechanisms, the best way to assess TS patients, and the multifaceted and multidisciplinary treatment options. The multidisciplinary and up-to-date content is the main asset of this volume, which represents a useful source of consultation for a wide audience of professionals, all of whom will have access to what is known so far on TS within their particular area of expertise, at the same time being able to expand and update their knowledge in other areas. Medical and PhD students, as well as post-doctoral scientists, will be able to use the volume as a valuable learning source. Also, questions for future research are clearly presented in the volume, providing a summary of the viewpoint of the contributing authors upon where research on TS should be heading. Finally, clinicians and other health professionals will have access at a glance to the main patients' associations and organizations dedicated to TS worldwide, which can facilitate the direct contact with patients.

"SOAP for Pediatrics" features over 70 clinical problems with each case presented in an easy to read 2-page layout. Each step presents information on how that case would likely be handled. Questions under each category teach the students important steps in clinical care. Blackwell's new "SOAP" series is a unique resource that also provides a step-by-step guide to learning how to properly document patient care. Covering the problems most commonly encountered on the wards, the text uses the familiar "SOAP" note format to record important clinical information and guide patient care. SOAP format puts the emphasis back on the patient's clinical problem not the diagnosis. This series is a practical learning tool for proper clinical care, improving communication between physicians, and accurate documentation. The books not only teach students what to do, but also help them understand why. Students will find these books a "must have" to keep in their white coat pockets for wards and clinics.