As robots improve in efficiency and intelligence, there is a growing need to develop more efficient, accurate and powerful sensors in accordance with the tasks to be robotized. This has led to a great increase in the study and development of different kinds of sensor devices and perception systems over the last ten years. Applications that differ from the industrial ones are often more demanding in sensorics since the environment is not usually so well structured. Spatial and agricultural applications are examples of situations where the environment is unknown or variable. Therefore, the work to be done by a robot cannot be strictly programmed and there must be an interactive communication with the environment. It cannot be denied that evolution and development in robotics are closely related to the advances made in sensorics. The first vision and force sensors utilizing discrete components resulted in a very low resolution and poor accuracy. However, progress in VLSI, imaging devices and other technologies have led to the development of more efficient sensor and perception systems which are able to supply the necessary data to robots.

This volume constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mathematical Methods for Curves and Surfaces, MMCS 2012, held in Oslo, Norway, in June/July 2012. The 28 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 135 submissions. The topics range from mathematical analysis of various methods to practical implementation on modern graphics processing units. The papers reflect the newest developments in these fields and also point to the latest literature.

The Verilog hardware description language (HDL) provides the ability to describe digital and analog systems. This ability spans the range from descriptions that express conceptual and architectural design to detailed descriptions of implementations in gates and transistors. Verilog was developed originally at Gateway Design Automation Corporation during the mid-eighties. Tools to verify designs expressed in Verilog were implemented at the same time and marketed. Now Verilog is an open standard of IEEE with the number 1364. Verilog HDL is now used universally for digital designs in ASIC, FPGA, microprocessor, DSP and many other kinds of design-centers and is supported by most of the EDA companies. The research and education that is conducted in many universities is also using Verilog. This book introduces the Verilog hardware description language and describes it in a comprehensive manner. Verilog HDL was originally developed and specified with the intent of use with a simulator. Semantics of the language had not been fully described until now. In this book, each feature of the language is described using semantic introduction, syntax and examples. Chapter 4 leads to the full semantics of the language by providing definitions of terms, and explaining data structures and algorithms. The book is written with the approach that Verilog is not only a simulation or synthesis language, or a formal method of describing design, but a complete language addressing all of these aspects. This book covers many aspects of Verilog HDL that are essential parts of any design process.

Uncertainty in key parameters within a chip and between different chips in the deep sub micron area plays a more and more important role. As a result, manufacturing process spreads need to be considered during the design process. Quantitative methodology is needed to ensure faultless functionality, despite existing process variations within given bounds, during product development. This book presents the technological, physical, and mathematical fundamentals for a design paradigm shift, from a deterministic process to a probability-orientated design process for microelectronic circuits. Readers will learn to evaluate the different sources of variations in the design flow in order to establish different design variants, while applying appropriate methods and tools to evaluate and optimize their design.

Ontologies are increasingly recognized as essential tools in information science. Although the concepts are well understood theoretically , the practical implementation of ontologies remains challenging. In this book, researchers in computer science, information systems, ontology engineering, urban planning and design, civil and building engineering, and architecture present an interdisciplinary study of ontology engineering and its application in urban development projects. The first part of the book introduces the general notion of ontology, describing variations in abstraction level, coverage, and formality. It also discusses the use of ontologies to achieve interoperability, and to represent multiple points of view and multilingualism. This is illustrated with examples from the urban domain. The second part is specific to urban development. It covers spatial and geographical knowledge representation, the creation of urban ontologies from various knowledge sources, the interconnection of urban models and the interaction between standards and domain models. The third part presents case studies of the development of ontologies for urban mobility, urban morphological processes, road systems, and cultural heritage. Other cases report on the use of ontologies to solve urban development problems, in construction business models, building regulations and urban regeneration. It concludes with a discussion of key challenges for the future deployment of ontologies in this domain. This book bridges the gap between urban practitioners and computer scientists. As the essence of most urban projects lies in making connections between worldviews, ontology development has an important role to play, in promoting interoperability between data sources, both formal (urban databases, Building Integrated Models, Geographical Information Systems etc.) and less formal (thesauri, text records, web sources etc.). This volume offers a comprehensive introduction to ontology engineering for urban development. It is essential reading for practitioners and ontology designers working in urban development.

The manufacturing industry will reap significant benefits from encouraging the development of digital manufacturing science and technology. Digital Manufacturing Science uses theorems, illustrations and tables to introduce the definition, theory architecture, main content, and key technologies of digital manufacturing science. Readers will be able to develop an in-depth understanding of the emergence and the development, the theoretical background, and the techniques and methods of digital manufacturing science. Furthermore, they will also be able to use the basic theories and key technologies described in Digital Manufacturing Science to solve practical engineering problems in modern manufacturing processes. Digital Manufacturing Science is aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, academic researchers and researchers in the manufacturing industry. It allows readers to integrate the theories and technologies described with their own research works, and to propose new ideas and new methods to improve the theory and application of digital manufacturing science.

Many problems in scientific computing are intractable with classical numerical techniques. These fail, for example, in the solution of high-dimensional models due to the exponential increase of the number of degrees of freedom.

Recently, the authors of this book and their collaborators have developed a novel technique, called Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) that has proven to be a significant step forward. The PGD builds by means of a successive enrichment strategy a numerical approximation of the unknown fields in a separated form. Although first introduced and successfully demonstrated in the context of high-dimensional problems, the PGD allows for a completely new approach for addressing more standard problems in science and engineering. Indeed, many challenging problems can be efficiently cast into a multi-dimensional framework, thus opening entirely new solution strategies in the PGD framework. For instance, the material parameters and boundary conditions appearing in a particular mathematical model can be regarded as extra-coordinates of the problem in addition to the usual coordinates such as space and time. In the PGD framework, this enriched model is solved only once to yield a parametric solution that includes all particular solutions for specific values of the parameters.

The PGD has now attracted the attention of a large number of research groups worldwide. The present text is the first available book describing the PGD. It provides a very readable and practical introduction that allows the reader to quickly grasp the main features of the method.Throughout the book, the PGD is applied to problems of increasing complexity, and the methodology is illustrated by means of carefully selected numerical examples. Moreover, the reader has free access to the Matlab(c) software used to generate these examples."

Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) is a highly effective and increasingly popular form of genetic programming. It represents programs in the form of directed graphs, and a particular characteristic is that it has a highly redundant genotype-phenotype mapping, in that genes can be noncoding. It has spawned a number of new forms, each improving on the efficiency, among them modular, or embedded, CGP, and self-modifying CGP. It has been applied to many problems in both computer science and applied sciences. This book contains chapters written by the leading figures in the development and application of CGP, and it will be essential reading for researchers in genetic programming and for engineers and scientists solving applications using these techniques. It will also be useful for advanced undergraduates and postgraduates seeking to understand and utilize a highly efficient form of genetic programming.

This book collects together several of the tutorials held at EUROGRAPHICS'89 in Hamburg. The conference was held under the motto "Integration, Visualisation, Interaction" and the tutorials reflect the conference theme. The Springer series EurographicSeminars with the volumes "Advances in Computer Graphics" regularly provides a professional update on current mainstream topics in the field. These publications give readers the opportunity to inform themselves thoroughly on the topics covered. The success of the series is mainly based on the expertise of the contributing authors, who are recognized professionals in their field. Starting out with one of the conference's main topics, the chapter "Visualization of Scientific Data" gives an overview of methods for displaying scientific results in an easily surveyable and comprehensible form. It presents algorithms and methods utilized to achieve visualization results in a form adequate for humans. User interfaces for such systems are also explored, and practical conclusions are drawn. The chapter "Color in Computer Graphics" describes the problems of manipulating and matching color in the real world. After some fundamental statements about color models and their relationships, the main emphasis is placed on the problem of objective color specification for computer graphics systems. It is very hard to match colors between devices such as scanners, printers and displays. Some suggestions on the effective use of color for graphics are also made.

ThIS IS an English verSIOn of the book m two volumes, entitled "KeiJo Shon Kogaku (1), (2)" (Nikkan Kogyo Shinbun Co.) written in Japanese. The purpose of the book is a umfied and systematic exposition of the wealth of research results m the field of mathematical representation of curves and surfaces for computer aided geometric design that have appeared in the last thirty years. The material for the book started hfe as a set of notes for computer aided geometnc design courses which I had at the graduate schools of both computer SCIence, the umversity of Utah m U.S.A. and Kyushu Institute of Design in Japan. The book has been used extensively as a standard text book of curves and surfaces for students, practtcal engmeers and researchers. With the aim of systematic expositIOn, the author has arranged the book in 8 chapters: Chapter 0: The sIgmficance of mathemattcal representations of curves and surfaces is explained and histoncal research developments in this field are revIewed. Chapter 1: BasIc mathematical theones of curves and surfaces are reviewed and summanzed. Chapter 2: A classical mterpolation method, the Lagrange interpolation, is discussed. Although its use is uncommon in practice, this chapter is helpful in understanding Chaps. 4 and 6. Chapter 3: This chapter dIscusses the Coons surface in detail, which is one of the most important contributions in this field. Chapter 4: The fundamentals of spline functions, spline curves and surfaces are discussed in some detail.

The International PROLAMAT Conference is an internationally well known event for demonstrating and evaluating activities and progress in the field of discrete manufacturing. Sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), the PROLAMAT is traditionally held every three years and it includes the whole area of advanced software technology for Design and Manufacturing in Discrete Manufacturing. Past editions of the International PROLAMA T Conference have explored: -Manufacturing Technology, -Advances in CAD/CAM, -Software for Discrete Manufacturing, -Software for Manufacturing. The Eight International PROLAMAT held in 1992 (Tokyo), focused on the theme of Man in CIM. The 1995 PROLAMAT (Berlin), featured the theme of Life Cycle Modelling for Innovative Products and Processes. This past emphasis on human aspects and innovation provides a strong foundation for the next PROLAMAT. Under the title: The globalization of manufacturing in the digital communications era of the 21th century: innovation, agility and the virtual enterprise, the 1998 conference expands the PROLAMAT scope to include teams and virtual enterprises which come together across space and time to develop new products and bring them to global markets. Manufacturing issues and information models have long been part of concurrent engineering; they are increasingly important in new product innovation and in the development of manufacturing plans and processes which span multiple companies along with multiple time zones.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2013, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, in September 2013. The 34 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover all the topics of cooperative engineering, basic theories, methods and technologies that support CDVE, cooperative design, visualization and applications. There are special contributions dealing with the cooperative issues brought by the Internet of things - such as the situation in the ambient assisted living systems. Other papers in the volume cover a wide range of cooperative application topics such as cooperative e-learning, cooperative decision making and cooperative simulation etc.

From simple cases such as hook and latch attachments found in Velcro to articulated-wing flying vehicles, biology often has been used to inspire many creative design ideas. The scientific challenge now is to transform the paradigm into a repeatable and scalable methodology. Biologically Inspired Design explores computational techniques and tools that can help integrate the method into design practice.
With an inspiring foreword from Janine Benyus, Biologically Inspired Design contains a dozen chapters written by some of the leading scholars in the transdisciplinary field of bioinspired design, such as Frank Fish, Julian Vincent and Jeannette Yen from biology, and Amaresk Chakrabarti, Satyandra Gupta and Li Shu from engineering. Based in part on discussions at two workshops sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation, this volume introduces and develops several methods and tools for bioinspired design including:
Information-processing theories,
Natural language techniques,
Knowledge-based tools, and
Functional approaches and Pedagogical techniques.

By exploring these fundamental theories, techniques and tools for supporting biologically inspired design, this volume provides a comprehensive resource for design practitioners wishing to explore the paradigm, an invaluable guide to design educators interested in teaching the method, and a preliminary reading for design researchers wanting to investigate bioinspired design.

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This book proposes a new approach to circuit simulation that is still in its infancy. The reason for publishing this work as a monograph at this time is to quickly distribute these ideas to the research community for further study. The book is based on a doctoral dissertation undertaken at MIT between 1982 and 1985. In 1982 the author joined a research group that was applying bounding techniques to simple VLSI timing analysis models. The conviction that bounding analysis could also be successfully applied to sophisticated digital MOS circuit models led to the research presented here. Acknowledgments 'me author would like to acknowledge many helpful discussions and much support from his research group at MIT, including Lance Glasser, John Wyatt, Jr., and Paul Penfield, Jr. Many others have also contributed to this work in some way, including Albert Ruchli, Mark Horowitz, Rich Zippel, Chtis Terman, Jacob White, Mark Matson, Bob Armstrong, Steve McCormick, Cyrus Bamji, John Wroclawski, Omar Wing, Gary Dare, Paul Bassett, and Rick LaMaire. The author would like to give special thanks to his wife, Deborra, for her support and many contributions to the presentation of this research. The author would also like to thank his parents for their encouragement, and IBM for its financial support of t, I-Jis project through a graduate fellowship. THE BOUNDING APPROACH TO VLSI CIRCUIT SIMULATION 1. INTRODUCTION The VLSI revolution of the 1970's has created a need for new circuit analysis techniques.

This book presents a collection of chapters describing the state of the art on computational modelling and fabrication in tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving scientists from different fields. The development of mathematical methods is quite relevant to understand cell biology and human tissues as well to model, design and fabricate optimized and smart scaffolds. The chapter authors are the distinguished keynote speakers at the first Eccomas thematic conference on Tissue Engineering where the emphasis was on mathematical and computational modeling for scaffold design and fabrication. This particular area of tissue engineering, whose goal is to obtain substitutes for hard tissues such as bone and cartilage, is growing in importance.

Logic Synthesis for Control Automata provides techniques for logic design of very complex control units with hardly any constraints on their size, i.e. the number of inputs, outputs and states. These techniques cover all stages of control unit design, including: description of control unit behavior by using operator schemes of algorithms (binary decision trees) and various transformations of these descriptions -- composition, decomposition, minimization, etc.; synthesis of a control automaton (finite-state machine); synthesis of an automaton logic circuit: with matrix structure as a part of LSI or VLSI circuits; as multilevel circuit with logic gates; with standard LSI and VLSI circuits with and without memory. Each chapter contains many examples, illustrating the use of the models and methods described. Moreover, the special last chapter demonstrates in detail the whole design methodology presented in the previous chapters, through the examples of the logic design for a control unit. The models, methods and algorithms described in the book can be applied to a broad class of digital system design problems including design of complex controllers, robots, control units of computers and for designing CAD systems of VLSI circuits using FPGA, PLD and SIC technologies. Logic Synthesis for Control Automata is a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers and engineers involved in the design of very complex controllers, VLSI circuits and CAD systems. The inclusion of many examples and problems makes it most suitable for a course on the subject.

Boundary-Scan, formally known as IEEE/ANSI Standard 1149.1-1990, is a collection of design rules applied principally at the Integrated Circuit (IC) level that allow software to alleviate the growing cost of designing, producing and testing digital systems. A fundamental benefit of the standard is its ability to transform extremely difficult printed circuit board testing problems that could only be attacked with ad-hoc testing methods into well-structured problems that software can easily deal with. IEEE standards, when embraced by practicing engineers, are living entities that grow and change quickly. The Boundary-Scan Handbook, Second Edition: Analog and Digital is intended to describe these standards in simple English rather than the strict and pedantic legalese encountered in the standards. The 1149.1 standard is now over eight years old and has a large infrastructure of support in the electronics industry. Today, the majority of custom ICs and programmable devices contain 1149.1. New applications for the 1149.1 protocol have been introduced, most notably the `In-System Configuration' (ISC) capability for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The Boundary-Scan Handbook, Second Edition: Analog and Digital updates the information about IEEE Std. 1149.1, including the 1993 supplement that added new silicon functionality and the 1994 supplement that formalized the BSDL language definition. In addition, the new second edition presents completely new information about the newly approved 1149.4 standard often termed `Analog Boundary-Scan'. Along with this is a discussion of Analog Metrology needed to make use of 1149.1. This forms a toolset essential for testing boards and systems of the future.

Geometric modelling has been an important and interesting subject for many years from the purely mathematical and computer science viewpoint, and also from the standpoint of engineering and various other applications, such as CAD/CAM, entertainment, animation, and multimedia. This book focuses on the interaction between the theoretical foundation of geometric modelling and practical applications in CAD and related areas. Geometric Modelling: Theoretical and Computational Basis towards Advanced CAD Applications starts with two position papers, discussing basic computational theory and practical system solutions. The well-organized seven review papers give a systematic overview of the current situation and deep insight for future research and development directions towards the reality of shape representation and processing. They discuss various aspects of important issues, such as geometric computation for space search and shape generation, parametric modelling, feature modelling, user interface for geometric modelling, geometric modelling for the Next Generation CAD, and geometric/shape standard. Other papers discuss features and new research directions in geometric modelling, solid modeling, free-form surface modeling, intersection calculation, mesh modeling and reverse engineering. They cover a wide range of geometric modelling issues to show the problem scope and the technological importance. Researchers interested in the current status of geometric modelling research and developments will find this volume to be an essential reference.

As the feature size decreases in deep sub-micron designs, coupling capacitance becomes the dominant factor in total capacitance. The resulting crosstalk noise may be responsible for signal integrity issues and significant timing variation. Traditionally, static timing analysis tools have ignored cross coupling effects between wires altogether. Newer tools simply approximate the coupling capacitance by a 2X Miller factor in order to compute the worst case delay. The latter approach not only reduces delay calculation accuracy, but can also be shown to underestimate the delay in certain scenarios. This book describes accurate but conservative methods for computing delay variation due to coupling. Furthermore, most of these methods are computationally efficient enough to be employed in a static timing analysis tool for complex integrated digital circuits. To achieve accuracy, a more accurate computation of the Miller factor is derived. To achieve both computational efficiency and accuracy, a variety of mechanisms for pruning the search space are detailed, including: -Spatial pruning - reducing aggressors to those in physical proximity, -Electrical pruning - reducing aggressors by electrical strength, -Temporal pruning - reducing aggressors using timing windows, -Functional pruning - reducing aggressors by Boolean functional analysis.

Research and development of logic synthesis and verification have matured considerably over the past two decades. Many commercial products are available, and they have been critical in harnessing advances in fabrication technology to produce today's plethora of electronic components. While this maturity is assuring, the advances in fabrication continue to seemingly present unwieldy challenges. Logic Synthesis and Verification provides a state-of-the-art view of logic synthesis and verification. It consists of fifteen chapters, each focusing on a distinct aspect. Each chapter presents key developments, outlines future challenges, and lists essential references. Two unique features of this book are technical strength and comprehensiveness. The book chapters are written by twenty-eight recognized leaders in the field and reviewed by equally qualified experts. The topics collectively span the field. Logic Synthesis and Verification fills a current gap in the existing CAD literature. Each chapter contains essential information to study a topic at a great depth, and to understand further developments in the field. The book is intended for seniors, graduate students, researchers, and developers of related Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools. From the foreword: "The commercial success of logic synthesis and verification is due in large part to the ideas of many of the authors of this book. Their innovative work contributed to design automation tools that permanently changed the course of electronic design." by Aart J. de Geus, Chairman and CEO, Synopsys, Inc.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures, CAAD Futures 2013, held in Shanghai, China, in July 2013. The 35 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 78 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on digital aids to design creativity, concepts, and strategies; digital fabrication and local materialization; human-computer interaction, user participation, and collaborative design; modeling and simulation; shape and form studies.

Computation and communication technologies underpin work and development in many different areas. Among them, Computer-Aided Design of electronic systems and eLearning technologies are two areas which, though different, in fact share many concerns. The design of CAD and eLearning systems already touches on a number of parallels, such as system interoperability, user interfaces, standardisation, XML-based formats, reusability aspects, etc. Furthermore, the teaching of Design Automation tools and methods is particularly amenable to a distant or blended learning setting, and implies the interconnection of typical CAD tools, such as simulators or synthesis tools, with eLearning tools. There are many other aspects in which synergy can be found when using eLearning technology for teaching and learning technology. EduTech: Computer-Aided Design Meets Computer-Aided Learning contains the proceedings of the EduTech2004 workshop, which was held in August 2004 in conjunction with the 18th IFIP World Computer Congress in Toulouse, France, and sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP). Organized by IFIP WG 10.5 (Design and Engineering of Electronic Systems) in cooperation with IFIP WG 3.6 (Distance Education), the workshop proceedings explore the interrelationship between these two subjects, where computer-aided design meets computer-aided learning. The book includes papers related to eLearning in the area of electronic CAD, but also includes contributions tackling general issues of eLearning that are applicable to this and many other areas such as reusability, standards, open source tools or mobility. This book will be of value to those interested in the latest developments in eLearning in general, and also to those coming from the electronic design field who want to know how to apply these developments in their area.

Are memory applications more critical than they have been in the past? Yes, but even more critical is the number of designs and the sheer number of bits on each design. It is assured that catastrophes, which were avoided in the past because memories were small, will easily occur if the design and test engineers do not do their jobs very carefully. High Performance Memory Testing: Design Principles, Fault Modeling and Self Test is based on the author's 20 years of experience in memory design, memory reliability development and memory self test. High Performance Memory Testing: Design Principles, Fault Modeling and Self Test is written for the professional and the researcher to help them understand the memories that are being tested.

Verilog(R) Quickstart is a basic, practical, introductory textbook for professionals and students alike. This book explains how a designer can be more effective through the use of the Verilog hardware description language to simulate and document a design. By understanding simulation, a designer can simulate a design to see if a design works before it is built. This gives the designer an opportunity to try different ideas. Documentation allows a designer to maintain and reuse a design more easily. Verilog's intrinsic hierarchical modularity enables the designer to easily reuse portions of the design as 'intellectual property' or 'macro-cells'. Verilog(R) Quickstart presents some of the formal Verilog syntax and definitions and then shows practical uses. This book does not oversimplify the Verilog language nor does it emphasize theory. Verilog(R) Quickstart has over 100 examples that are used to illustrate aspects of the language. In the later chapters the focus is on working with modeling style and explaining why and when one would use different elements of the language. Another feature of the book is the chapter on state machine modeling.There is also a chapter on test benches and testing strategy as well as a chapter on debugging. Verilog(R) Quickstart is designed to teach the Verilog language, to show the designer how to model in Verilog and to explain the basics of using Verilog simulators.

This unique book provides an overview of the current state of the art and very recent research results that have been achieved as part of the Low-Power Initiative of the European Union, in the field of analogue, RF and mixed-signal design methodologies and CAD tools.