This book has been written for practitioners, researchers and stu dents in the fields of parallel and distributed computing. Its objective is to provide detailed coverage of the applications of graph theoretic tech niques to the problems of matching resources and requirements in multi ple computer systems. There has been considerable research in this area over the last decade and intense work continues even as this is being written. For the practitioner, this book serves as a rich source of solution techniques for problems that are routinely encountered in the real world. Algorithms are presented in sufficient detail to permit easy implementa tion; background material and fundamental concepts are covered in full. The researcher will find a clear exposition of graph theoretic tech niques applied to parallel and distributed computing. Research results are covered and many hitherto unpublished spanning the last decade results by the author are included. There are many unsolved problems in this field-it is hoped that this book will stimulate further research."

In the research area of computer science, practitioners are constantly searching for faster platforms with pertinent results. With analytics that span environmental development to computer hardware emulation, problem-solving algorithms are in high demand. Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a promising computing platform that can be significantly faster for some applications and can be applied to a variety of fields. FPGA Algorithms and Applications in the IoT, AI, and High-Performance Computing provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of computable algorithms and applications within robotics and electronics development. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as neuroscience, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence, this book is ideally designed for computer science specialists, researchers, professors, and students seeking current research on cognitive analytics and advanced computing.

This volume presents new directions and solutions in broadly perceived intelligent systems. An urgent need this volume has occurred as a result of vivid discussions and presentations at the "IEEE-IS 2006 The 2006 Third International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Systems" held in London, UK, September, 2006. This book is a compilation of many valuable inspiring works written by both the conference participants and some other experts in this new and challenging field.

Derived from industry-training classes that the author teaches at the Embedded Systems Institute at Eindhoven, the Netherlands and at Buskerud University College at Kongsberg in Norway, Systems Architecting: A Business Perspective places the processes of systems architecting in a broader context by juxtaposing the relationship of the systems architect with enterprise and management. This practical, scenario-driven guide fills an important gap, providing systems architects insight into the business processes, and especially into the processes to which they actively contribute. The book uses a simple reference model to enable understanding of the inside of a system in relation to its context. It covers the impact of tool selection and brings balance to the application of the intellectual tools versus computer-aided tools. Stressing the importance of a clear strategy, the authors discuss methods and techniques that facilitate the architect's contribution to the strategy process. They also give insight into the needs and complications of harvesting synergy, insight that will help establish an effective synergy-harvesting strategy. The book also explores the often difficult relationship between managers and systems architects. Written in an approachable style, the book discusses the breadth of the human sciences and their relevance to systems architecting. It highlights the relevance of human aspects to systems architects, linking theory to practical experience when developing systems architecting competence.

This book describes techniques to verify the authenticity of integrated circuits (ICs). It focuses on hardware Trojan detection and prevention and counterfeit detection and prevention. The authors discuss a variety of detection schemes and design methodologies for improving Trojan detection techniques, as well as various attempts at developing hardware Trojans in IP cores and ICs. While describing existing Trojan detection methods, the authors also analyze their effectiveness in disclosing various types of Trojans, and demonstrate several architecture-level solutions.

Grounded in the user-centered design movement, this book offers a broad consideration of how our civilization has evolved its technical infrastructure for human purpose to help us make sense of the contemporary world of information infrastructure and online existence. The author incorporates historical, cultural and aesthetic approaches to situating information and its underlying technologies across time in the collective, lived experiences of humanity. In today's digital information world, user experience is vital to the success of any product or service. Yet as the user population expands to include us all, designing for people who vary in skills, abilities, preferences and backgrounds is challenging. This book provides an integrated understanding of users, and the methods that have evolved to identify usability challenges, that can facilitate cohesive and earlier solutions. The book treats information creation and use as a core human behavior based on acts of representation and recording that humans have always practiced. It suggests that the traditional ways of studying information use, with their origins in the distinct layers of social science theories and models is limiting our understanding of what it means to be an information user and hampers our efforts at being truly user-centric in design. Instead, the book offers a way of integrating the knowledge base to support a richer view of use and users in design education and evaluation. Understanding Users is aimed at those studying or practicing user-centered design and anyone interested in learning how people might be better integrated in the design of new technologies to augment human capabilities and experiences.

Includes case studies illustrating the business processes that underlines the use of big data and health analytics to improve healthcare delivery Discusses AI based smart paradigms for reliable predictions of infectious disease dynamics which can help or prevent disease transmission Highlights the different aspects of using extended reality for diverse healthcare applications and aggregates the current state of research Offers intelligent models of the smart recommender system for personal well-being services and computer-aided drug discovery and design methods Presents novel innovative techniques for extracting user social behavior known as sentiment analysis for healthcare related purposes

Supercomputers are the largest and fastest computers available at any point in time. The term was used for the first time in the New York World, March 1920, to describe "new statistical machines with the mental power of 100 skilled mathematicians in solving even highly complex algebraic problems. " Invented by Mendenhall and Warren, these machines were used at Columbia University'S Statistical Bureau. Recently, supercomputers have been used primarily to solve large-scale prob lems in science and engineering. Solutions of systems of partial differential equa tions, such as those found in nuclear physics, meteorology, and computational fluid dynamics, account for the majority of supercomputer use today. The early computers, such as EDVAC, SSEC, 701, and UNIVAC, demonstrated the feasibility of building fast electronic computing machines which could become commercial products. The next generation of computers focused on attaining the highest possible computational speeds. This book discusses the architectural approaches used to yield significantly higher computing speeds while preserving the conventional, von Neumann, machine organization (Chapters 2-4). Subsequent improvements depended on developing a new generation of computers employing a new model of computation: single-instruction multiple data (SIMD) processors (Chapters 5-7). Later machines refmed SIMD architec ture and technology (Chapters 8-9). SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECI'URE CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION THREE ERAS OF SUPERCOMPUTERS Supercomputers -- the largest and fastest computers available at any point in time -- have been the products of complex interplay among technological, architectural, and algorithmic developments.

SRv6 Network Programming, beginning with the challenges for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) network development, describes the background, roadmap design, and implementation of Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6), as well as the application of this technology in traditional and emerging services. The book begins with the development of IP technologies by focusing on the problems encountered during MPLS and IPv6 network development, giving readers insights into the problems tackled by SRv6 and the value of SRv6. It then goes on to explain SRv6 fundamentals, including SRv6 packet header design, the packet forwarding process, protocol extensions such as Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), and Path Computation Element Protocol (PCEP) extensions, and how SRv6 supports existing traffic engineering (TE), virtual private networks (VPN), and reliability requirements. Next, SRv6 network deployment is introduced, covering the evolution paths from existing networks to SRv6 networks, SRv6 network deployment processes, involved O&M technologies, and emerging 5G and cloud services supported by SRv6. Bit Index Explicit Replication IPv6 encapsulation (BIERv6), an SRv6 multicast technology, is then introduced as an important supplement to SRv6 unicast technology. The book concludes with a summary of the current status of the SRv6 industry and provides an outlook for new SRv6-based technologies. SRv6 Network Programming: Ushering in a New Era of IP Networks collects the research results of Huawei SRv6 experts and reflects the latest development direction of SRv6. With rich, clear, practical, and easy-to-understand content, the volume is intended for network planning engineers, technical support engineers and network administrators who need a grasp of the most cutting-edge IP network technology. It is also intended for communications network researchers in scientific research institutions and universities. Authors: Zhenbin Li is the Chief Protocol Expert of Huawei and member of the IETF IAB, responsible for IP protocol research and standards promotion at Huawei. Zhibo Hu is a Senior Huawei Expert in SR and IGP, responsible for SR and IGP planning and innovation. Cheng Li is a Huawei Senior Pre-research Engineer and IP standards representative, responsible for Huawei's SRv6 research and standardization.

If engineering is the art and science of technical problem solving, systems architecting happens when you don't yet know what the problem is. The third edition of a highly respected bestseller, The Art of Systems Architecting provides in-depth coverage of the least understood part of systems design: moving from a vague concept and limited resources to a satisfactory and feasible system concept and an executable program. The book provides a practical, heuristic approach to the "art" of systems architecting. It provides methods for embracing, and then taming, the growing complexity of modern systems. New in the Third Edition: Five major case studies illustrating successful and unsuccessful practices Information on architecture frameworks as standards for architecture descriptions New methods for integrating business strategy and architecture and the role of architecture as the technical embodiment of strategy Integration of process guidance for organizing and managing architecture projects Updates to the rapidly changing fields of software and systems-of-systems architecture Organization of heuristics around a simple and practical process model A Practical Heuristic Approach to the Art of Systems Architecting Extensively rewritten to reflect the latest developments, the text explains how to create a system from scratch, presenting invention/design rules together with clear explanations of how to use them. The author supplies practical guidelines for avoiding common systematic failures while implementing new mandates. He uses a heuristics-based approach that provides an organized attack on very ill-structured engineering problems. Examining architecture as more than a set of diagrams and documents, but as a set of decisions that either drive a system to success or doom it to failure, the book provide methods for integrating business strategy with technical architectural decision making.

Over the last fifteen years GIS has become a fully-fledged technology, deployed across a range of application areas. However, although computer advances in performance appear to continue unhindered, data volumes and the growing sophistication of analysis procedures mean that performance will increasingly become a serious concern in GIS. Parallel computing offers a potential solution. However, traditional algorithms may not run effectively in a parallel environment, so utilization of parallel technology is not entirely straightforward. This groundbreaking book examines some of the current strategies facing scientists and engineers at this crucial interface of parallel computing and GIS.; The book begins with an introduction to the concepts, terminology and techniques of parallel processing, with particular reference to GIS. High level programming paradigms and software engineering issues underlying parallel software developments are considered and emphasis is given to designing modular reusable software libraries. The book continues with problems in designing parallel software for GIS applications, potential vector and raster data structures and details the algorithmic design for some major GIS operations. An implementation case study is included, based around a raster generalization problem, which illustrates some of the principles involved. Subsequent chapters review progress in parallel database technology in a GIS environment and the use of parallel techniques in various application areas, dealing with both algorithmic and implementation issues.; "Parallel Processing Algorithms for GIS" should be a useful text for a new generation of GIS professionals whose principal concern is the challenge of embracing major computer performance enhancements via parallel computing. Similarly, it should be an important volume for parallel computing professionals who are increasingly aware that GIS offers a major application domain for their technology.

The book covers a range of topics dealing with emerging computing technologies which are being developed in response to challenges faced due to scaling CMOS technologies. It provides a sneak peek into the capabilities unleashed by these technologies across the complete system stack, with contributions by experts discussing device technology, circuit, architecture and design automation flows. Presenting a gradual progression of the individual sub-domains and the open research and adoption challenges, this book will be of interest to industry and academic researchers, technocrats and policymakers. Chapters "Innovative Memory Architectures Using Functionality Enhanced Devices" and "Intelligent Edge Biomedical Sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT) Era" are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Discusses the requirements and establishment of a layered protocol architecture. Highlights the importance of cable media in getting a high-speed network. Covers the fundamental concepts and advanced topics such as metro ethernet, and ethernet first mile in the field of networking. Presents important topics such as multiprotocol label switching, cloud computing in networking, and the internet of things. Explores the necessity of software-defined networking and network functions virtualization.

This book introduces new compilation techniques, using the polyhedron model for the resource-adaptive parallel execution of loop programs on massively parallel processor arrays. The authors show how to compute optimal symbolic assignments and parallel schedules of loop iterations at compile time, for cases where the number of available cores becomes known only at runtime. The compile/runtime symbolic parallelization approach the authors describe reduces significantly the runtime overhead, compared to dynamic or just-in-time compilation. The new, on-demand fault-tolerant loop processing approach described in this book protects loop nests for parallel execution against soft errors.

Based on a symposium honoring the extensive work of Allen Newell -- one of the founders of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, human-computer interaction, and the systematic study of computational architectures -- this volume demonstrates how unifying themes may be found in the diversity that characterizes current research on computers and cognition. The subject matter includes:
* an overview of cognitive and computer science by leading researchers in the field;
* a comprehensive description of Allen Newell's "Soar" -- a computational architecture he developed as a unified theory of cognition;
* commentary on how the Soar theory of cognition relates to important issues in cognitive and computer science;
* rigorous treatments of controversial issues in cognition -- methodology of cognitive science, hybrid approaches to machine learning, word-sense disambiguation in understanding material language, and the role of capability processing constraints in architectural theory;
* comprehensive and systematic methods for studying architectural evolution in both hardware and software;
* a thorough discussion of the use of analytic models in human computer interaction;
* extensive reviews of important experiments in the study of scientific discovery and deduction; and
* an updated analysis of the role of symbols in information processing by Herbert Simon.
Incorporating the research of top scientists inspired by Newell's work, this volume will be of strong interest to a large variety of scientific communities including psychologists, computational linguists, computer scientists and engineers, and interface designers. It will also be valuable to those who study the scientific process itself, as it chronicles the impact of Newell's approach to research, simultaneously delving into each scientific discipline and producing results that transcend the boundaries of those disciplines.

The third edition of Digital Logic Techniques provides a clear and comprehensive treatment of the representation of data, operations on data, combinational logic design, sequential logic, computer architecture, and practical digital circuits. A wealth of exercises and worked examples in each chapter give students valuable experience in applying the concepts and techniques discussed. Beginning with an objective comparison between analogue and digital representation of data, the author presents the Boolean algebra framework for digital electronics, develops combinational logic design from first principles, and presents cellular logic as an alternative structure more relevant than canonical forms to VLSI implementation. He then addresses sequential logic design and develops a strategy for designing finite state machines, giving students a solid foundation for more advanced studies in automata theory. The second half of the book focuses on the digital system as an entity. Here the author examines the implementation of logic systems in programmable hardware, outlines the specification of a system, explores arithmetic processors, and elucidates fault diagnosis. The final chapter examines the electrical properties of logic components, compares the different logic families, and highlights the problems that can arise in constructing practical hardware systems.

This book provides an in-depth overview of artificial intelligence and deep learning approaches with case studies to solve problems associated with biometric security such as authentication, indexing, template protection, spoofing attack detection, ROI detection, gender classification etc. This text highlights a showcase of cutting-edge research on the use of convolution neural networks, autoencoders, recurrent convolutional neural networks in face, hand, iris, gait, fingerprint, vein, and medical biometric traits. It also provides a step-by-step guide to understanding deep learning concepts for biometrics authentication approaches and presents an analysis of biometric images under various environmental conditions. This book is sure to catch the attention of scholars, researchers, practitioners, and technology aspirants who are willing to research in the field of AI and biometric security.

Memory Architecture Exploration for Programmable Embedded Systems addresses efficient exploration of alternative memory architectures, assisted by a "compiler-in-the-loop" that allows effective matching of the target application to the processor-memory architecture. This new approach for memory architecture exploration replaces the traditional black-box view of the memory system and allows for aggressive co-optimization of the programmable processor together with a customized memory system.
The book concludes with a set of experiments demonstrating the utility of this exploration approach. The authors perform architecture and compiler exploration for a set of large, real-life benchmarks, uncovering promising memory configurations from different perspectives, such as cost, performance and power.

Concurrent data structures simplify the development of concurrent programs by encapsulating commonly used mechanisms for synchronization and commu nication into data structures. This thesis develops a notation for describing concurrent data structures, presents examples of concurrent data structures, and describes an architecture to support concurrent data structures. Concurrent Smalltalk (CST), a derivative of Smalltalk-80 with extensions for concurrency, is developed to describe concurrent data structures. CST allows the programmer to specify objects that are distributed over the nodes of a concurrent computer. These distributed objects have many constituent objects and thus can process many messages simultaneously. They are the foundation upon which concurrent data structures are built. The balanced cube is a concurrent data structure for ordered sets. The set is distributed by a balanced recursive partition that maps to the subcubes of a binary 7lrcube using a Gray code. A search algorithm, VW search, based on the distance properties of the Gray code, searches a balanced cube in O(log N) time. Because it does not have the root bottleneck that limits all tree-based data structures to 0(1) concurrency, the balanced cube achieves 0C.: N) con currency. Considering graphs as concurrent data structures, graph algorithms are pre sented for the shortest path problem, the max-flow problem, and graph parti tioning. These algorithms introduce new synchronization techniques to achieve better performance than existing algorithms."

Coding Approaches to Fault Tolerance in Combinational and Dynamic Systems describes coding approaches for designing fault-tolerant systems, i.e., systems that exhibit structured redundancy that enables them to distinguish between correct and incorrect results or between valid and invalid states. Since redundancy is expensive and counter-intuitive to the traditional notion of system design, the book focuses on resource-efficient methodologies that avoid excessive use of redundancy by exploiting the algorithmic/dynamic structure of a particular combinational or dynamic system. The first part of Coding Approaches to Fault Tolerance in Combinational and Dynamic Systems focuses on fault-tolerant combinational systems providing a review of von Neumann's classical work on Probabilistic Logics (including some more recent work on noisy gates) and describing the use of arithmetic coding and algorithm-based fault-tolerant schemes in algebraic settings. The second part of the book focuses on fault tolerance in dynamic systems. Coding Approaches to Fault Tolerance in Combinational and Dynamic Systems also discusses how, in a dynamic system setting, one can relax the traditional assumption that the error-correcting mechanism is fault-free by using distributed error correcting mechanisms. The final chapter presents a methodology for fault diagnosis in discrete event systems that are described by Petri net models; coding techniques are used to quickly detect and identify failures. From the Foreword "Hadjicostis has significantly expanded the setting to processes occurring in more general algebraic and dynamic systems... The book responds to the growing need to handle faults in complex digital chips and complex networked systems, and to consider the effects of faults at the design stage rather than afterwards." George Verghese, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Coding Approaches to Fault Tolerance in Combinational and Dynamic Systems will be of interest to both researchers and practitioners in the area of fault tolerance, systems design and control.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to processing-in-memory (PIM) technology, from its architectures to circuits implementations on multiple memory types and describes how it can be a viable computer architecture in the era of AI and big data. The authors summarize the challenges of AI hardware systems, processing-in-memory (PIM) constraints and approaches to derive system-level requirements for a practical and feasible PIM solution. The presentation focuses on feasible PIM solutions that can be implemented and used in real systems, including architectures, circuits, and implementation cases for each major memory type (SRAM, DRAM, and ReRAM).

This book presents several significant advances in algorithms designed to solve the Do-All problem in distributed message-passing settings under various models of adversity, including processor crashes, asynchrony, message delays, network partitions, and malicious processor behaviors. Upper and lower bounds are presented, demonstrating the extent to which efficiency can be combined with fault-tolerance. This book contains the recent advances in the principles of efficient and fault-tolerant cooperative computing, narrowing the gap between abstract models of dependable network computing and realistic distributed systems.

Parallel and distributed computation has been gaining a great lot of attention in the last decades. During this period, the advances attained in computing and communication technologies, and the reduction in the costs of those technolo gies, played a central role in the rapid growth of the interest in the use of parallel and distributed computation in a number of areas of engineering and sciences. Many actual applications have been successfully implemented in various plat forms varying from pure shared-memory to totally distributed models, passing through hybrid approaches such as distributed-shared memory architectures. Parallel and distributed computation differs from dassical sequential compu tation in some of the following major aspects: the number of processing units, independent local dock for each unit, the number of memory units, and the programming model. For representing this diversity, and depending on what level we are looking at the problem, researchers have proposed some models to abstract the main characteristics or parameters (physical components or logical mechanisms) of parallel computers. The problem of establishing a suitable model is to find a reasonable trade-off among simplicity, power of expression and universality. Then, be able to study and analyze more precisely the behavior of parallel applications."

This book is written as an introduction to annotated logics. It provides logical foundations for annotated logics, discusses some interesting applications of these logics and also includes the authors' contributions to annotated logics. The central idea of the book is to show how annotated logic can be applied as a tool to solve problems of technology and of applied science. The book will be of interest to pure and applied logicians, philosophers and computer scientists as a monograph on a kind of paraconsistent logic. But, the layman will also take profit from its reading.

This monograph evolved from my Ph. D dissertation completed at the Laboratory of Computer Science, MIT, during the Summer of 1986. In my dissertation I proposed a pipelined code mapping scheme for array operations on static dataflow architectures. The main addition to this work is found in Chapter 12, reflecting new research results developed during the last three years since I joined McGill University-results based upon the principles in my dissertation. The terminology dataflow soft ware pipelining has been consistently used since publication of our 1988 paper on the argument-fetching dataflow architecture model at McGill University 43]. In the first part of this book we describe the static data flow graph model as an operational model for concurrent computation. We look at timing considerations for program graph execution on an ideal static dataflow computer, examine the notion of pipe lining, and characterize its performance. We discuss balancing techniques used to transform certain graphs into fully pipelined data flow graphs. In particular, we show how optimal balancing of an acyclic data flow graph can be formulated as a linear programming problem for which an optimal solution exists. As a major result, we show the optimal balancing problem of acyclic data flow graphs is reduceable to a class of linear programming problem, the net work flow problem, for which well-known efficient algorithms exist. This result disproves the conjecture that such problems are computationally hard."