This book describes the recent innovation of deep in-memory architectures for realizing AI systems that operate at the edge of energy-latency-accuracy trade-offs. From first principles to lab prototypes, this book provides a comprehensive view of this emerging topic for both the practicing engineer in industry and the researcher in academia. The book is a journey into the exciting world of AI systems in hardware.

This open access book presents theoretical framework and sample applications of variant construction. The first part includes the components variant logic, variant measurements, and variant maps, while the second part covers sample applications such as variation with functions, variant stream ciphers, quantum interference, classical/quantum random sequences, whole DNA sequences, and multiple-valued pulse sequences. Addressing topics ranging from logic and measuring foundation to typical applications and including various illustrated maps, it is a valuable guide for theoretical researchers in discrete mathematics; computing-, quantum- and communication scientists; big data engineers; as well as graduate and upper undergraduate students.

This holistic book is an invaluable reference for addressing various practical challenges in architecting and engineering Intelligent IoT and eHealth solutions for industry practitioners, academic and researchers, as well as for engineers involved in product development. The first part provides a comprehensive guide to fundamentals, applications, challenges, technical and economic benefits, and promises of the Internet of Things using examples of real-world applications. It also addresses all important aspects of designing and engineering cutting-edge IoT solutions using a cross-layer approach from device to fog, and cloud covering standards, protocols, design principles, reference architectures, as well as all the underlying technologies, pillars, and components such as embedded systems, network, cloud computing, data storage, data processing, big data analytics, machine learning, distributed ledger technologies, and security. In addition, it discusses the effects of Intelligent IoT, which are reflected in new business models and digital transformation. The second part provides an insightful guide to the design and deployment of IoT solutions for smart healthcare as one of the most important applications of IoT. Therefore, the second part targets smart healthcare-wearable sensors, body area sensors, advanced pervasive healthcare systems, and big data analytics that are aimed at providing connected health interventions to individuals for healthier lifestyles.

This book is intended for a first course on microprocessor-based systems design for engineering and computer science students. It starts with an introduction of the fundamental concepts, followed by a practical path that guides readers to developing a basic microprocessor example, using a step-by-step problem-solving approach. Then, a second microprocessor is presented, and readers are guided to the implementation and programming of microcomputer systems based on it. The numerous worked examples and solved exercises allow a better understanding and a more effective learning. All the examples and exercises were developed on Deeds (Digital Electronics Education and Design Suite), which is freely available online on a website developed and maintained by the authors. The discussed examples can be simulated by using Deeds and the solutions to all exercises and examples can be found on that website. Further, in the last part of this book, different microprocessor-based systems, which have been specifically thought for educational purposes, are extensively developed, simulated and implemented on FPGA-based platforms. This textbook draws on the authors' extensive experience in teaching and developing learning materials for bachelor's and master's engineering courses. It can be used for self-study as well, and even independently from the simulator. Thanks to the learning-by-doing approach and the plentiful examples, no prior knowledge in computer programming is required.

This book describes the most frequently used high-speed serial buses in embedded systems, especially those used by FPGAs. These buses employ SerDes, JESD204, SRIO, PCIE, Aurora and SATA protocols for chip-to-chip and board-to-board communication, and CPCIE, VPX, FC and Infiniband protocols for inter-chassis communication. For each type, the book provides the bus history and version info, while also assessing its advantages and limitations. Furthermore, it offers a detailed guide to implementing these buses in FPGA design, from the physical layer and link synchronization to the frame format and application command. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in computer science or electronics who wish to learn the protocol principles, structures and applications of high-speed serial buses.

Amid recent interest in Clifford algebra for dual quaternions as a more suitable method for Computer Graphics than standard matrix algebra, this book presents dual quaternions and their associated Clifford algebras in a new light, accessible to and geared towards the Computer Graphics community. Collating all the associated formulas and theorems in one place, this book provides an extensive and rigorous treatment of dual quaternions, as well as showing how two models of Clifford algebras emerge naturally from the theory of dual quaternions. Each chapter comes complete with a set of exercises to help readers sharpen and practice their knowledge. This book is accessible to anyone with a basic knowledge of quaternion algebra and is of particular use to forward-thinking members of the Computer Graphics community. .

Embedded System Interfacing: Design for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) takes a comprehensive approach to the interface between embedded systems and software. It provides the principles needed to understand how digital and analog interfaces work and how to design new interfaces for specific applications. The presentation is self-contained and practical, with discussions based on real-world components. Design examples are used throughout the book to illustrate important concepts. This book is a complement to the author's Computers as Components, now in its fourth edition, which concentrates on software running on the CPU, while Embedded System Interfacing explains the hardware surrounding the CPU.

This book provides readers with an up-to-date account of the use of machine learning frameworks, methodologies, algorithms and techniques in the context of computer-aided design (CAD) for very-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). Coverage includes the various machine learning methods used in lithography, physical design, yield prediction, post-silicon performance analysis, reliability and failure analysis, power and thermal analysis, analog design, logic synthesis, verification, and neuromorphic design. Provides up-to-date information on machine learning in VLSI CAD for device modeling, layout verifications, yield prediction, post-silicon validation, and reliability; Discusses the use of machine learning techniques in the context of analog and digital synthesis; Demonstrates how to formulate VLSI CAD objectives as machine learning problems and provides a comprehensive treatment of their efficient solutions; Discusses the tradeoff between the cost of collecting data and prediction accuracy and provides a methodology for using prior data to reduce cost of data collection in the design, testing and validation of both analog and digital VLSI designs. From the Foreword As the semiconductor industry embraces the rising swell of cognitive systems and edge intelligence, this book could serve as a harbinger and example of the osmosis that will exist between our cognitive structures and methods, on the one hand, and the hardware architectures and technologies that will support them, on the other....As we transition from the computing era to the cognitive one, it behooves us to remember the success story of VLSI CAD and to earnestly seek the help of the invisible hand so that our future cognitive systems are used to design more powerful cognitive systems. This book is very much aligned with this on-going transition from computing to cognition, and it is with deep pleasure that I recommend it to all those who are actively engaged in this exciting transformation. Dr. Ruchir Puri, IBM Fellow, IBM Watson CTO & Chief Architect, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center

This book provides a new perspective on modeling cyber-physical systems (CPS), using a data-driven approach. The authors cover the use of state-of-the-art machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms for modeling various aspect of the CPS. This book provides insight on how a data-driven modeling approach can be utilized to take advantage of the relation between the cyber and the physical domain of the CPS to aid the first-principle approach in capturing the stochastic phenomena affecting the CPS. The authors provide practical use cases of the data-driven modeling approach for securing the CPS, presenting novel attack models, building and maintaining the digital twin of the physical system. The book also presents novel, data-driven algorithms to handle non- Euclidean data. In summary, this book presents a novel perspective for modeling the CPS.

This book is based on the 18 tutorials presented during the 26th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Expert designers present readers with information about a variety of topics at the frontier of analog circuit design, with specific contributions focusing on hybrid ADCs, smart sensors for the IoT, sub-1V and advanced-node analog circuit design. This book serves as a valuable reference to the state-of-the-art, for anyone involved in analog circuit research and development.

Dependence Analysis may be considered to be the second edition of the author's 1988 book, Dependence Analysis for Supercomputing. It is, however, a completely new work that subsumes the material of the 1988 publication. This book is the third volume in the series Loop Transformations for Restructuring Compilers. This series has been designed to provide a complete mathematical theory of transformations that can be used to automatically change a sequential program containing FORTRAN-like do loops into an equivalent parallel form. In Dependence Analysis, the author extends the model to a program consisting of do loops and assignment statements, where the loops need not be sequentially nested and are allowed to have arbitrary strides. In the context of such a program, the author studies, in detail, dependence between statements of the program caused by program variables that are elements of arrays. Dependence Analysis is directed toward graduate and undergraduate students, and professional writers of restructuring compilers. The prerequisite for the book consists of some knowledge of programming languages, and familiarity with calculus and graph theory. No knowledge of linear programming is required.

Provides comprehensive research ideas about Edge-AI technology that can assist doctors in making better data-driven decisions and will provide insights to researchers about healthcare industry, trends and future perspective. Examines how healthcare systems of the future will operate, by augmenting clinical resources and ensuring optimal patient outcomes. Provides insight about how Edge-AI is revolutionizing decision making, early warnings for conditions, and visual inspection in healthcare. Highlight trends, challenges, opportunities and future areas where Healthcare informatics deal with accessing vast data sets of potentially life-saving information.

This reference text presents the usage of artificial intelligence in healthcare and discusses the challenges and solutions of using advanced techniques like wearable technologies and image processing in the sector. Features: Focuses on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare with issues, applications, and prospects Presents the application of artificial intelligence in medical imaging, fractionalization of early lung tumour detection using a low intricacy approach, etc Discusses an artificial intelligence perspective on wearable technology Analyses cardiac dynamics and assessment of arrhythmia by classifying heartbeat using electrocardiogram (ECG) Elaborates machine learning models for early diagnosis of depressive mental affliction This book serves as a reference for students and researchers analyzing healthcare data. It can also be used by graduate and post graduate students as an elective course.

This book provides an overview of emerging topics in the field of hardware security, such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing, and highlights how these technologies can be leveraged to secure hardware and assure electronics supply chains. The authors are experts in emerging technologies, traditional hardware design, and hardware security and trust. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of hardware security problems and how to overcome them through an efficient combination of conventional approaches and emerging technologies, enabling them to design secure, reliable, and trustworthy hardware.

Hardware Security: A Hands-On Learning Approach provides a broad, comprehensive and practical overview of hardware security that encompasses all levels of the electronic hardware infrastructure. It covers basic concepts like advanced attack techniques and countermeasures that are illustrated through theory, case studies and well-designed, hands-on laboratory exercises for each key concept. The book is ideal as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate students studying computer engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and biomedical engineering, but is also a handy reference for graduate students, researchers and industry professionals. For academic courses, the book contains a robust suite of teaching ancillaries. Users will be able to access schematic, layout and design files for a printed circuit board for hardware hacking (i.e. the HaHa board) that can be used by instructors to fabricate boards, a suite of videos that demonstrate different hardware vulnerabilities, hardware attacks and countermeasures, and a detailed description and user manual for companion materials.

This book is timely and discusses the effects from the pandemic. Written for longevity, and may be useful to compare this pandemic and the response to future events. The book is written for academia: social sciences, public health, information science, emergency management, and policy fields, and is easier informational reading for the layperson.

This book cover wireless communication, security issues, advanced wireless sensor networks, routing protocols of WSNs with cross-layer solutions, emerging trends in the advanced WSNs, power management, distributed sensing and data gathering techniques for WSNs, WSNs Security, applications, research of advanced WSNs with simulation results, and simulation tools for WSNs. Features: Covers technologies supporting advanced wireless communication system, sensor networks and the conceptual development of the subject. Discusses advanced data gathering and sharing/ distributed sensing techniques with its business applicability. Includes numerous worked-out mathematical equations/formulas, and essential principles including figures, illustrations, algorithms, and flow charts are included in the book. Provides pervasive background knowledge including both wireless communications and wireless sensor networks Covers wireless networks as well as sensor network models in detailed. This is aimed at graduate students, researchers and academicians working in the field of computer science, wireless communication technology, and advanced wireless sensor networks.

This textbook introduces basic and advanced embedded system topics through Arm Cortex M microcontrollers, covering programmable microcontroller usage starting from basic to advanced concepts using the STMicroelectronics Discovery development board. Designed for use in upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses on microcontrollers, microprocessor systems, and embedded systems, the book explores fundamental and advanced topics, real-time operating systems via FreeRTOS and Mbed OS, and then offers a solid grounding in digital signal processing, digital control, and digital image processing concepts - with emphasis placed on the usage of a microcontroller for these advanced topics. The book uses C language, "the" programming language for microcontrollers, C++ language, and MicroPython, which allows Python language usage on a microcontroller. Sample codes and course slides are available for readers and instructors, and a solutions manual is available to instructors. The book will also be an ideal reference for practicing engineers and electronics hobbyists who wish to become familiar with basic and advanced microcontroller concepts.

Automatic Performance Prediction of Parallel Programs presents a unified approach to the problem of automatically estimating the performance of parallel computer programs. The author focuses primarily on distributed memory multiprocessor systems, although large portions of the analysis can be applied to shared memory architectures as well. The author introduces a novel and very practical approach for predicting some of the most important performance parameters of parallel programs, including work distribution, number of transfers, amount of data transferred, network contention, transfer time, computation time and number of cache misses. This approach is based on advanced compiler analysis that carefully examines loop iteration spaces, procedure calls, array subscript expressions, communication patterns, data distributions and optimizing code transformations at the program level; and the most important machine specific parameters including cache characteristics, communication network indices, and benchmark data for computational operations at the machine level. The material has been fully implemented as part of P3T, which is an integrated automatic performance estimator of the Vienna Fortran Compilation System (VFCS), a state-of-the-art parallelizing compiler for Fortran77, Vienna Fortran and a subset of High Performance Fortran (HPF) programs. A large number of experiments using realistic HPF and Vienna Fortran code examples demonstrate highly accurate performance estimates, and the ability of the described performance prediction approach to successfully guide both programmer and compiler in parallelizing and optimizing parallel programs. A graphical user interface is described and displayed that visualizes each program source line together with the corresponding parameter values. P3T uses color-coded performance visualization to immediately identify hot spots in the parallel program. Performance data can be filtered and displayed at various levels of detail. Colors displayed by the graphical user interface are visualized in greyscale. Automatic Performance Prediction of Parallel Programs also includes coverage of fundamental problems of automatic parallelization for distributed memory multicomputers, a description of the basic parallelization strategy and a large variety of optimizing code transformations as included under VFCS.

This book describes novel hardware security and microfluidic biochip design methodologies to protect against tampering attacks in cyberphysical microfluidic biochips (CPMBs). It also provides a general overview of this nascent area of research, which will prove to be a vital resource for practitioners in the field.This book shows how hardware-based countermeasures and design innovations can be a simple and effective last line of defense, demonstrating that it is no longer justifiable to ignore security and trust in the design phase of biochips.

This book provides an insightful guide to the design, testing and optimization of micro-electrode-dot-array (MEDA) digital microfluidic biochips. The authors focus on the characteristics specific for MEDA biochips, e.g., real-time sensing and advanced microfluidic operations like lamination mixing and droplet shape morphing. Readers will be enabled to enhance the automated design and use of MEDA and to develop a set of solutions to facilitate the full exploitation of design complexities that are possible with standard CMOS fabrication techniques. The book provides the first set of design automation and test techniques for MEDA biochips. The methods described in this book have been validated using fabricated MEDA biochips in the laboratory. Readers will benefit from an in-depth look at the MEDA platform and how to combine microfluidics with software, e.g., applying biomolecular protocols to software-controlled and cyberphysical microfluidic biochips.

This book introduces a new scheduler to fairly and efficiently distribute system resources to many users of varying usage patterns compete for them in large shared computing environments. The Rawlsian Fair scheduler developed for this effort is shown to boost performance while reducing delay in high performance computing workloads of certain types including the following four types examined in this book: i. Class A - similar but complementary workloads ii. Class B - similar but steady vs intermittent workloads iii. Class C - Large vs small workloads iv. Class D - Large vs noise-like workloads This new scheduler achieves short-term fairness for small timescale demanding rapid response to varying workloads and usage profiles. Rawlsian Fair scheduler is shown to consistently benefit workload Classes C and D while it only benefits Classes A and B workloads where they become disproportionate as the number of users increases. A simulation framework, dSim, simulates the new Rawlsian Fair scheduling mechanism. The dSim helps achieve instantaneous fairness in High Performance Computing environments, effective utilization of computing resources, and user satisfaction through the Rawlsian Fair scheduler.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the design of security-hardened, hardware intellectual property (IP). Readers will learn how IP can be threatened, as well as protected, by using means such as hardware obfuscation/camouflaging, watermarking, fingerprinting (PUF), functional locking, remote activation, hidden transmission of data, hardware Trojan detection, protection against hardware Trojan, use of secure element, ultra-lightweight cryptography, and digital rights management. This book serves as a single-source reference to design space exploration of hardware security and IP protection.