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Books > Social sciences > Politics & government > International relations > Diplomacy
This book showcases how the People's Republic of China (PRC) has
been utilizing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to reshape the
global order. Dissecting China's increasingly assertive
international behaviour, the book demonstrates how the PRC projects
its self-perception onto the international order. The book outlines
five aspects of China's international role projection, which the
PRC applies selectively, depending on its target audience: (1) The
bearer of traditional Chinese culture; (2) The humiliated nation;
(3) The socialist state with Chinese characteristics; (4) The
developing state and promoter of international development; (5) The
authoritarian globalization optimist.Drawing on an in-depth
analysis of hundreds of primary BRI documents, the book offers a
comprehensive overview of China's most crucial foreign policy
agenda item. It demonstrates how, through the BRI, the PRC has
introduced mechanisms to the international level, which reflect its
domestic policy-making mode. In addition, the PRC has
institutionalized the initiative by establishing China-centered BRI
networks across a wide range of policy areas. Within those emerging
China-centered BRI networks, the PRC systematically increases its
international discursive power, for example, by inserting Chinese
vocabulary into UN resolutions or by promoting Beijing's approaches
vis-a-vis 'the rule of law' across a range of developing states.
This book also further discusses the implications of the BRI for
the international legal order.
This book evaluates China's energy diplomacy across the globe and
how it transcends the barriers to maintain both its security and
its Chinese characteristics. How China graduated from
'self-sufficiency' to 'Go out' policy. How will China's energy
security evolve within the ambit of Chinas new normal? For China,
its energy security has been of primary importance, both
domestically and internationally. This book explores the foreign
dimension. The energy security in the Mao era was a necessity, a
policy in the Deng era and a strategy in the period henceforth. The
book identifies the evolution of China from a manufacturer to an
investor, that is, its outbound direct investments in the energy
field and the shift in its focus from traditional fuels to
renewable energy sources. It goes beyond the traditional choices of
energy like West Asia and Africa and explore the lesser suppliers
who could have a stronger say in the future to come.
South Africa is the most industrialized power in Africa. It was
rated the continent's largest economy in 2016 and is the only
African member of the G20. It is also the only strategic partner of
the EU in Africa. Yet despite being so strategically and
economically significant, there is little scholarship that focuses
on South Africa as a regional hegemon. This book provides the first
comprehensive assessment of South Africa's post-Apartheid foreign
policy. Over its 23 chapters - -and with contributions from
established Africa, Western, Asian and American scholars, as well
as diplomats and analysts - the book examines the current pattern
of the country's foreign relations in impressive detail. The
geographic and thematic coverage is extensive, including chapters
on: the domestic imperatives of South Africa's foreign policy;
peace-making; defence and security; bilateral relations in
Southern, Central, West, Eastern and North Africa; bilateral
relations with the US, China, Britain, France and Japan; the
country's key external multilateral relations with the UN; the
BRICS economic grouping; the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
(ACP); as well as the EU and the World Trade Organization (WTO). An
essential resource for researchers, the book will be relevant to
the fields of area studies, foreign policy, history, international
relations, international law, security studies, political economy
and development studies.
This book examines the political and legal challenges of regional
governance of the 28 countries of the European Union and the 48 in
the Council of Europe. The contributions, dilemmas, and moral
hazards from this record of nearly seven decades of regional
inter-governmental institutions has kept the peace, but produced
episodes of crisis from overstretching jurisdictions, thematically
and geographically. Polarization between nationalist and
integrative forces has displaced the idealistic aspirations of
prior decades to build the rule of law and deter violence.
Academics and policy makers will learn from the various legal and
political efforts to integrate supranational and inter-governmental
agencies with national political systems.
Drawing on a variety of sources, ranging from interviews with key
figures to unpublished archival material, Saban Halis Calis traces
this ambition back to the 1930s. In doing so, he demonstrates that
Turkey's policy has been shaped not just by US and Soviet
positions, but also by its own desire both to reinforce its
Kemalist character and to 'Westernise'. The Cold War, therefore,
can be seen as an opportunity for Turkey to realise its long-held
goal and align itself economically and politically with the West.
This book will shed new light on the Cold War and Turkey's modern
diplomacy, and re-orientate existing understandings of modern
Turkish identity and its diplomatic history.
The United Nations in International History argues for a new way of
examining the history of this central global institution by
integrating more traditional diplomacy between states with new
trends in transnational and cultural history to explore the
organization and its role in 20th- and 21st-century history. Amy
Sayward looks at the origins of the U.N. before examining a range
of organizations and players in the United Nations system and
analysing its international work in the key arenas of diplomacy,
social & economic development programs, peace-keeping, and
human rights. This volume provides a concise introduction to the
broad array of international work done by the United Nations,
synthesizes the existing interdisciplinary literature, and
highlights areas in need of further research, making it ideal for
students and beginning researchers.
This book advances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (henceforth,
NATO) burden analysis through a decomposition of the political,
financial, social, and defense burdens members take on for the
institution. The overemphasis of committing a minimum of 2% of
member state Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to defense spending, as a
proxy indicator of alliance commitment does not properly reflect
how commitments reduce risks should Article V be invoked through
attack (i.e., 2% is a political & symbolic target adopted by
Defense Ministers in 2006 at Riga). Considering defense burdens
multi-dimensionally explains why some members overcontribute, as
well as, why burden sharing negotiations cause friction among 30
diverse members with differing threats and risks. In creating a
comprehensive institutional burden management model and focusing on
risks to members, the book explores the weaknesses of major
theories on the study and division of collective burdens and
institutional assets. It argues that member risks and threats are
essential to understanding how burdens are distributed across a set
of overlapping institutions within NATO's structure providing its
central goods. The importance of the USA, as a defense underwriter
for some, affects negotiations despite its absence from research
empirically; new data permit testing the argument (Kavanaugh 2014).
This book contributes conceptual innovation and theoretical
analysis to advance student, researcher, and policymaker
understanding of burden management, strategic bargaining, and
defense cooperation. The contribution is a generalizable risk
management model of IO burden sharing using NATO as the case for
scientific study due to its prominence.
In 1965, fed up with President Lyndon Johnson's refusal to make
serious diplomatic efforts to end the Vietnam War, a group of
female American peace activists decided to take matters into their
own hands by meeting with Vietnamese women to discuss how to end
U.S. intervention. While other attempts at women's international
cooperation and transnational feminism have led to cultural
imperialism or imposition of American ways on others, Jessica
M.Frazier reveals an instance when American women crossed
geopolitical boundaries to criticize American Cold War culture, not
promote it. The American women Frazier studies not only solicited
Vietnamese women's opinions and advice on how to end the war but
also viewed them as paragons of a new womanhood by which American
women could rework their ideas of gender, revolution, and social
justice during an era of reinvigorated feminist agitation. Unlike
the many histories of the Vietnam War that end with an explanation
of why the memory of the war still divides U.S. society, by
focusing on linkages across national boundaries, Frazier
illuminates a significant moment in history when women formed
effective transnational relationships on genuinely cooperative
terms.
This study analyzes the unique triangular relationship between
Israel's diplomatic representatives, pro-Israel advocates, and US
administrations draws on a wealth of Hebrew and English primary
documentation that includes; government archives, surveillance
records, wiretappings, personal oral interviews, and diaries of key
individuals. Natan Aridan demonstrates how a small new state
succeeded in establishing a level of political, economic and
military aid that has made for an alliance that is unique in the
American experience. Revealed in considerable depth are the
dilemmas facing Israeli and US leaders, and pro-Israel
organizations and the extent to which individual Jewish leaders
maneuvered as conduits between Israeli governments and US
administrations, whose senior dramatis personae in turn attempted
to influence, moderate, restrain, and change the course of policy
decisions and actions. Each administration had multiple voices and
international contingencies presented different challenges, all of
which had a major impact in fluctuations, and shifts in policies
toward Israel. There was nothing inevitable about military and
financial support for Israel. It was only by the end of the period
that a distinct pattern began to emerge. Eventual qualified US
support took a long and complicated path developed over many
decades on multidimensional levels. The book refutes insidious
allegations that from Israel's inception Jewish influence and a
powerful Israel lobby hijacked US foreign policy to achieve
unreserved military and financial support for Israel that
undermined the best interests of the US. The author illustrates one
of the poorly misunderstood aspects on the subject by demonstrating
how Israeli governments were more astute and powerful than previous
scholars have realized and that they were in fact pulling the
strings far more than AIPAC and wealthy Jews. He also demonstrates
that a contributing factor on the decision to aid Israel
(understated in previous research) lay in Israel exploiting its
'nuisance value.'
This book explores Mexico's foreign policy using the 'principled
pragmatism' approach. It describes and explains main external
actions from the country's independence in the nineteenth century
to Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador's administration. The principal
argument is that Mexico has resorted to principled pragmatism due
to geographic, historical, economic, security, and political
reasons. In other words, the nation uses this instrument to deal
with the United States, defend national interests, appease domestic
groups, and promote economic growth. The key characteristics of
Mexico's principled pragmatism in foreign policy are that the
nation projects a double-edged diplomacy to cope with external and
domestic challenges at the same time. This policy is mainly for
domestic consumption, and it is also linked to the type of actors
that are involved in the decision-making process and to the kind of
topics included in the agenda. This principled pragmatism is
related to the nature of the intention: principism is deliberate
and pragmatism is forced; and this policy is used to increase
Mexico's international bargaining power.
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