Comprises four parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topics that are developed from fundamental principles to more advanced levels in the other parts. Presents in the second part an in-depth introduction to the relevant background in molecular and cellular biology and in physical chemistry, which should be particularly useful for students without a formal background in these subjects. Provides in the third part a detailed treatment of microscopy techniques and optics, again starting from basic principles. Introduces in the fourth part modern statistical approaches to the determination of parameters of interest from microscopy data, in particular data generated by single molecule microscopy experiments. Uses two topics related to protein trafficking (transferrin trafficking and FcRn-mediated antibody trafficking) throughout the text to motivate and illustrate microscopy techniques

This textbook entitled Fundamentals of Perovskite Oxides: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications summarizes the structure, synthesis routes, and potential applications of perovskite oxide materials. Since these perovskite-type ceramic materials offer opportunities in a wide range of fields of science and engineering, the chapters are broadly organized into four sections of perovskite-type oxide materials and technology. Covers recent developments in perovskite oxides Serves as a quick reference of perovskite oxides information Describes novel synthesis routes for nanostructured perovskites Discusses comprehensive details for various crystal structures, synthesis methods, properties, and applications Applies to academic education, scientific research, and industrial R&D for materials research in real-world applications like bioengineering, catalysis, energy conversion, energy storage, environmental engineering, and data storage and sensing This book serves as a handy and practical guideline suitable for students, engineers, and researchers working with advanced ceramic materials.

2D Materials for Infrared and Terahertz Detectors provides an overview of the performance of emerging detector materials, while also offering, for the first time, a comparison with traditional materials used in the fabrication of infrared and terahertz detectors. Since the discovery of graphene, its applications to electronic and optoelectronic devices have been intensively researched. The extraordinary electronic and optical properties allow graphene and other 2D materials to be promising candidates for infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) photodetectors, and yet it appears that the development of new detectors using these materials is still secondary to those using traditional materials. This book explores this phenomenon, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using 2D materials. Special attention is directed toward the identification of the most-effective hybrid 2D materials in infrared and terahertz detectors, as well as future trends. Written by one of the world's leading researchers in the field of IR optoelectronics, this book will be a must-read for researchers and graduate students in photodetectors and related fields. Features * Offers a comprehensive overview of the different types of 2D materials used in fabrication of IR and THz detectors, and includes their advantages/disadvantages * The first book to compare new detectors to a wide family of common, commercially available detectors that use traditional materials.

Short, comprehensive overview concentrating on major breakthroughs, disruptive ideas, and unexpected results Accessible to all interested in subatomic physics with little prior knowledge required Contains the latest developments in this exciting field

Short, comprehensive overview concentrating on major breakthroughs, disruptive ideas, and unexpected results Accessible to all interested in subatomic physics with little prior knowledge required Contains the latest developments in this exciting field

To celebrate Professor Avi Bar-Cohen's 65th birthday, this unique volume is a collection of recent advances and emerging research from various luminaries and experts in the field. Cutting-edge technologies and research related to thermal management and thermal packaging of micro- and nanoelectronics are covered, including enhanced heat transfer, heat sinks, liquid cooling, phase change materials, synthetic jets, computational heat transfer, electronics reliability, 3D packaging, thermoelectrics, data centers, and solid state lighting.This book can be used by researchers and practitioners of thermal engineering to gain insight into next generation thermal packaging solutions. It is an excellent reference text for graduate-level courses in heat transfer and electronics packaging.

Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications helps readers acquire a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of solids at the nanoscale level in addition to their applications including operation and properties of recent nanoscale devices. This book includes seven chapters that give an overview of electrons in solids, carbon nanotube devices and their applications, doping techniques, construction and operational details of channel-engineered MOSFETs, and spintronic devices and their applications. Structural and operational features of phase-change memory (PCM), memristor, and resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) are also discussed. In addition, some applications of these phase-change devices to logic designs have been presented. Aimed at senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering, micro-electronics engineering, physics, and device physics, this book: Covers a wide area of nanoscale devices while explaining the fundamental physics in these devices Reviews information on CNT two- and three-probe devices, spintronic devices, CNT interconnects, CNT memories, and NDR in CNT FETs Discusses spin-controlled devices and their applications, multi-material devices, and gates in addition to phase-change devices Includes rigorous mathematical derivations of the semiconductor physics Illustrates major concepts thorough discussions and various diagrams

This book introduces the reader to a number of challenges for the operation of electronic devices in various harsh environmental conditions. While some chapters focus on measuring and understanding the effects of these environments on electronic components, many also propose design solutions, whether in choice of material, innovative structures, or strategies for amelioration and repair. Many applications need electronics designed to operate in harsh environments. Readers will find, in this collection of topics, tools and ideas useful in their own pursuits and of interest to their intellectual curiosity. With a focus on radiation, operating conditions, sensor systems, package, and system design, the book is divided into three parts. The first part deals with sensing devices designed for operating in the presence of radiation, commercials of the shelf (COTS) products for space computing, and influences of single event upset. The second covers system and package design for harsh operating conditions. The third presents devices for biomedical applications under moisture and temperature loads in the frame of sensor systems and operating conditions.

Both the demographics and lack of resources in the health and well-being industry are increasingly forcing us to find alternative solutions for individualized health and social care. In an effort to address this issue, smart technologies present enormous potential in solving this challenge. This book strives to enhance communication and collaboration between technology and health and social care sectors. The reader will receive an extensive overview of the possibilities of various technologies in care sectors (including ICT, electronics, automation, and sensor technology) written by experts from various countries. It will prove extremely useful for engineers developing well-being related systems, software, or other devices that can be used by professionals working with people with specialist needs, well-being and health service providers, educators teaching related courses, and upper level undergraduate students and graduate student studying related topics. The technology focus of the book is widespread and addresses elderly care and hospitals, in addition to solutions for various user groups, devices, and technologies. Beyond serving as a resource for nurses and people working in care sector, the book is also meant to give guidelines for engineers developing person-centered systems by exploring the integration of these technologies into service systems.

Provides an introduction to fundamental mixer types, as well as variations on the classical mixer designs.

The main focus of the book is to present the effects of nanostructuring on superconducting critical parameters. Optimizing systematically flux and condensate confinement in various nanostructured superconductors, ranging from single nano-cells to their huge arrays, critical fields and currents can be increased up to their theoretical limits, thus drastically improving the potential for practical applications of nanostructured superconductors.

Since their development in the 1990s, it has been discovered that diluted nitrides have intriguing properties that are not only distinct from those of conventional semiconductor materials, but also are conducive to various applications in optoelectronics and photonics. The book examines these applications and presents a broad and in-depth look at the basic electronic and optical properties of diluted nitrides. The aim of Physics and Applications of Diluted Nitrides is to provide graduate students, researchers and engineers with a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge and future perspectives of diluted nitrides. Co-authored by a group of leading scientists in the field, this book brings the reader up to speed on the development and current state of diluted nitride applications, as well as the technologies to be developed in the near future.

This book describes the physical mechanism of high-frequency (radio-frequency) capacitive discharge (RFCD) of low and medium pressure and the properties of discharge plasma in detail. The main properties and characteristics of RFCD, the features of electric breakdown in a high-frequency field are also investigated. The properties of near-electrode layers of a spatial discharge, the nature of the electric field in them, and the processes of charge transport to electrodes are explored. The work is intended for scientists engaged in gas discharge physics and low-temperature plasmas, graduate students and students of physics, physical chemistry, and relevant specialties.

This book systematically introduces physical characteristics and implementations of III-nitride wide bandgap semiconductor materials and electronic devices, with an emphasis on high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The properties of nitride semiconductors make the material very suitable for electronic devices used in microwave power amplification, high-voltage switches, and high-speed digital integrated circuits.

Recent advances in semiconductor technology offer vertical interconnect access (via) that extend through silicon, popularly known as through silicon via (TSV). This book provides a comprehensive review of the theory behind TSVs while covering most recent advancements in materials, models and designs. Furthermore, depending on the geometry and physical configurations, different electrical equivalent models for Cu, carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon (GNR) based TSVs are presented. Based on the electrical equivalent models the performance comparison among the Cu, CNT and GNR based TSVs are also discussed.

Master Today's Best Practices for Building Reusable .NET Frameworks, Libraries, and Components ".NET Core [contains] advances important to cloud application developers: performance, resource utilization, container support, and others. This third edition of Framework Design Guidelines adds guidelines related to changes that the .NET team adopted during transition from the world of client-server application to the world of the Cloud." -From the Foreword by Scott Guthrie Framework Design Guidelines has long been the definitive guide to best practices for developing components and component libraries in Microsoft .NET. Now, this third edition has been fully revised to reflect game-changing API design innovations introduced by Microsoft through eight recent updates to C#, eleven updates to .NET Framework, and the emergence and evolution of .NET Core. Three leading .NET architects share the same guidance Microsoft teams are using to evolve .NET, so you can design well-performing components that feel like natural extensions to the platform. Building on the book's proven explanatory style, the authors and expert annotators offer insider guidance on new .NET and C# concepts, including major advances in asynchronous programming and lightweight memory access. Throughout, they clarify and refresh existing content, helping you take full advantage of best practices based on C# 8, .NET Framework 4.8, and .NET Core. Discover which practices should always, generally, rarely, or never be used-including practices that are no longer recommended Learn the general philosophy and fundamental principles of modern framework design Explore common framework design patterns with up-to-date C# examples Apply best practices for naming, types, extensibility, and exceptions Learn how to design libraries that scale in the cloud Master new async programming techniques utilizing Task and ValueTask Make the most of the Memory and Span types for lightweight memory access This guide is an indispensable resource for everyone who builds reusable .NET-based frameworks, libraries, or components at any scale: large system frameworks, medium-size reusable layers of large distributed systems, extensions to system frameworks, or even small shared components. Register your book for convenient access to downloads, updates, and/or corrections as they become available. See inside book for details.

A thoroughly updated third edition of an classic and widely adopted text, perfect for practical transistor design and in the classroom. Covering a variety of recent developments, the internationally renowned authors discuss in detail the basic properties and designs of modern VLSI devices, as well as factors affecting performance. Containing around 25% new material, coverage has been expanded to include high-k gate dielectrics, metal gate technology, strained silicon mobility, non-GCA (Gradual Channel Approximation) modelling of MOSFETs, short-channel FinFETS, and symmetric lateral bipolar transistors on SOI. Chapters have been reorganized to integrate the appendices into the main text to enable a smoother learning experience, and numerous additional end-of-chapter homework exercises (+30%) are included to engage students with real-world problems and test their understanding. A perfect text for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking advanced semiconductor devices courses, and for practicing silicon device professionals in the semiconductor industry.

The purpose of virtual reality is to make possible a sensorimotor and cognitive activity for a user in a digitally created artificial world. Recent advances in computer technology have led to a new generation of VR devices such as VR headsets. Accordingly, virtual reality poses many new scientific challenges for researchers and professionals. The aim of this book, a manual meant for both designers and users of virtual reality, is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of VR headsets in the most complete way possible. The book is divided into 13 chapters. The objective of the first chapter is to give an introduction to VR and clarify its scope. The next chapter presents a theoretical approach to virtual reality through our Immersion and Interaction methodology also known as "3I(2) model''. Then, a chapter about human senses is necessary to understand the sensorimotor immersion, especially vision. These chapters are followed by several chapters which present the different visual interfaces and the VR headsets currently available on the market. These devices can impart comfort and health problems due to sensorimotor discrepancies. A chapter is devoted to these problems, followed by a chapter that gives a detailed discussion of methods and 32 solutions to dispel, or at least to decrease, VR sickness. The following three chapters present different VR applications that use VR headsets (behavioural sciences, industrial uses and Digital Art) and the final chapter provides conclusions and discusses future VR challenges.

This handbook addresses the development of energy-efficient, environmentally friendly solid-state light sources, in particular semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs) and other solid-state lighting devices. It reflects the vast growth of this field and impacts in diverse industries, from lighting to communications, biotechnology, imaging, and medicine. The chapters include coverage of nanoscale processing, fabrication of LEDs, light diodes, photodetectors and nanodevices, characterization techniques, application, and recent advances. Readers will obtain an understanding of the key properties of solid-state lighting and LED devices, an overview of current technologies, and appreciation for the challenges remaining. The handbook will be useful to material growers and evaluators, device design and processing engineers, newcomers, students, and professionals in the field.

In spite of the increasing importance of microcavities, device physics or the observable phenomena in optical microcavities such as enhanced or inhibited spontaneous emission and its relation with the laser oscillation has not been systematically well-described-until now. Spontaneous Emission and Laser Oscillation in Microcavities presents the basics of optical microcavities. The volume is divided into ten chapters, each written by respected authorities in their areas. The book surveys several methods describing free space spontaneous emission and discusses changes in the feature due to the presence of a cavity. The effect of dephasing of vacuum fields on spontaneous emission in a microcavity and the effects of atomic broadening on spontaneous emission in an optical microcavity are examined. The book details the splitting in transmission peaks of planar microcavities containing semiconductor quantum wells. A simple but useful way to consider the change in the spontaneous emission rate from the viewpoint of mode density alteration by wavelength-sized cavities is provided. Authors also discuss the spontaneous emission in dielectric planar microcavities. Spontaneous emission in microcavity surface emitting lasers is covered, as are the effects of electron confinement in semiconductor quantum wells, wires, and boxes also given. The volume extends the controlling spontaneous emission phenomenon to laser oscillation. Starting from the Fermi golden rule, the microcavity laser rate equations are derived, and the oscillation characteristics are analyzed. Recent progress in optical microcavity experiments is summarized, and the applicability in massively optical parallel processing systems and demands for the device performance are explored. This volume is extremely useful as a textbook for graduate and postgraduate students and works well as a unique reference for researchers beginning to study in the field.

Handbook of Optoelectronics offers a self-contained reference from the basic science and light sources to devices and modern applications across the entire spectrum of disciplines utilizing optoelectronic technologies. This second edition gives a complete update of the original work with a focus on systems and applications. Volume I covers the details of optoelectronic devices and techniques including semiconductor lasers, optical detectors and receivers, optical fiber devices, modulators, amplifiers, integrated optics, LEDs, and engineered optical materials with brand new chapters on silicon photonics, nanophotonics, and graphene optoelectronics. Volume II addresses the underlying system technologies enabling state-of-the-art communications, imaging, displays, sensing, data processing, energy conversion, and actuation. Volume III is brand new to this edition, focusing on applications in infrastructure, transport, security, surveillance, environmental monitoring, military, industrial, oil and gas, energy generation and distribution, medicine, and free space. No other resource in the field comes close to its breadth and depth, with contributions from leading industrial and academic institutions around the world. Whether used as a reference, research tool, or broad-based introduction to the field, the Handbook offers everything you need to get started. (The previous edition of this title was published as Handbook of Optoelectronics, 9780750306461.) John P. Dakin, PhD, is professor (emeritus) at the Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, UK. Robert G. W. Brown, PhD, is chief executive officer of the American Institute of Physics and an adjunct full professor in the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic at the University of California, Irvine.

Advanced High Speed Devices covers five areas of advanced device technology: terahertz and high speed electronics, ultraviolet emitters and detectors, advanced III-V field effect transistors, III-N materials and devices, and SiC devices. These emerging areas have attracted a lot of attention and the up-to-date results presented in the book will be of interest to most device and electronics engineers and scientists. The contributors range from prominent academics, such as Professor Lester Eastman, to key US Government scientists, such as Dr Michael Wraback.

The role of manufacturing in a country's economy and societal development has long been established through their wealth generating capabilities. To enhance and widen our knowledge of materials and to increase innovation and responsiveness to ever-increasing international needs, more in-depth studies of functionally graded materials/tailor-made materials, recent advancements in manufacturing processes and new design philosophies are needed at present. The objective of this volume is to bring together experts from academic institutions, industries and research organizations and professional engineers for sharing of knowledge, expertise and experience in the emerging trends related to design, advanced materials processing and characterization, and advanced manufacturing processes.