Semiconductor nanostructures such as nanowires are promising building blocks of future nanoelectronic, nanophotonic and nanosensing devices. Their physical properties are primarily determined by the epitaxy process which is rather different from the conventional thin film growth. This book shows how the advanced nucleation theory can be used in modeling of growth properties, morphology and crystal phase of such nanostructures. The book represents a systematic account of modern nucleation theory in open systems, nanostructure nucleation and growth mechanisms, and possibilities for tuning the nanostructure properties to the desired values.

This book presents a new filter design approach and concentrates on the circuit techniques that can be utilized when designing continuous-time low-pass filters in modern ultra-deep-submicron CMOS technologies for integrated wideband radio receivers. Coverage includes system-level issues related to the design and implementation of a complete single-chip radio receiver and related to the design and implementation of a filter circuit as a part of a complete single-chip radio receiver.

Presents a new filter design approach, emphasizing low-voltage circuit solutions that can be implemented in modern, ultra-deep-submicron CMOS technologies;Includes filter circuit implementations designed as a part of a single-chip radio receiver in modern 1.2V 0.13um and 65nm CMOS;Describes design and implementation of a continuous-time low-pass filter for a multicarrier WCDMA base-station;Emphasizes system-level considerations throughout.

Harmonically modulated luminescence combines the advantages of highly sensitive luminescence metrology with an immediate dynamic access to carrier lifetime in semiconductors at a minimum of required a priori information. The present work covers theoretical, conceptual, and experimental advances of the harmonically modulated luminescence technique. Theoretical constraints of dynamic carrier lifetime techniques are rigorously elaborated, including the proof of their differential nature and their characteristics at nonuniform spatial distributions of recombination rate. The pathway toward a unified, reliable, and versatile harmonically modulated carrier lifetime metrology is delineated - covering the entire solar cell production chain from bare ingots to finished solar cells. Accurate access to miscellaneous relevant recombination and transport properties via harmonically modulated luminescence is demonstrated and experimentally validated, embracing injection-dependent carrier lifetimes at extremely low injection conditions, a spatially resolved carrier lifetime calibration of luminescence images, and accurate approaches to both net dopant concentration and minority carrier mobility.

This text on the electrical, optical, magnetic, and thermal properties of materials stresses concepts rather than mathematical formalism. Suitable for advanced undergraduates, it is intended for materials and electrical engineers who want to gain a fundamental understanding of alloys, semiconductor devices, lasers, magnetic materials, and so forth. The book is organized to be used in a one-semester course; to that end each section of applications, after the introduction to the fundamentals of electron theory, can be read independently of the others. Many examples from engineering practice serve to provide an understanding of common devices and methods. Among the modern applications covered are: high-temperature superconductors, optoelectronic materials, semiconductor device fabrication, xerography, magneto-optic memories, and amorphous ferromagnetics. The fourth edition has been revised and updated with an emphasis on the applications sections, which now cover devices of the next generation of electronics.

"Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors" is a well-established, specialist conference, held every two years, covering a range of topics of current interest to R&D in semiconductor physics/materials, optoelectronics, nanotechnology, quantum information processing. Papers accepted for publication are selected and peer-reviewed by members of the Program Committee during the conference to ensure both rapid and high-quality processing.

This volume provides expert coverage of the state-of-the-art in sol-gel materials for functional applications in energy, environment and electronics. The use of sol-gel technology has become a hotbed for cutting edge developments in many fields due to the accessibility of advanced materials through low energy processes. The book offers a broad view of this growing research area from basic science through high-level applications with the potential for commercialization and industrial use. Taking an integrated approach, expert chapters present a wide range of topics, from photocatalysts, solar cells and optics, to thin films and materials for energy storage and conversion, demonstrating the combined use of chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering in the search for solutions to some of the most challenging problems of our time.

Tremendous progress has been made in the last few years in the growth, doping and processing technologies of the wide bandgap semiconductors. As a result, this class of materials now holds significant promis for semiconductor electronics in a broad range of applications.
The principal driver for the current revival of interest in III-V Nitrides is their potential use in high power, high temperature, high frequency and optical devices resistant to radiation damage.
This book provides a wide number of optoelectronic applications of III-V nitrides and covers the entire process from growth to devices and applications making it essential reading for those working in the semiconductors or microelectronics.
Broad review of optoelectronic applications of III-V nitrides

This book covers the basics, realization and materials for high power laser systems and high power radiation interaction with matter. The physical and technical fundamentals of high intensity laser optics and adaptive optics and the related physical processes in high intensity laser systems are explained. A main question discussed is: What is power optics? In what way is it different from ordinary optics widely used in cameras, motion-picture projectors, i.e., for everyday use? An undesirable consequence of the thermal deformation of optical elements and surfaces was discovered during studies of the interaction with powerful incident laser radiation. The requirements to the fabrication, performance and quality of optical elements employed within systems for most practical applications are also covered. The high-power laser performance is generally governed by the following: (i) the absorption of incident optical radiation (governed primarily by various absorption mechanisms), (ii) followed by a temperature increase and response governed primarily by thermal properties and (iii) the thermo-optical and thermo-mechanical response of distortion, stress, fracture, etc. All this needs to be understood to design efficient, compact, reliable and useful high power systems for many applications under a variety of operating conditions, pulsed, continuous wave and burst mode of varying duty cycles. The book gives an overview of an important spectrum of related topics like laser resonator configurations, intermetallic optical coatings, heat carriers for high power optics, cellular materials, high-repetition-rate lasers and mono-module disk lasers for high power optics.

The transmission speed of data communication systems is forecast to increase exponentially over the next decade. Development of both Si-based high-speed drivers as well as III-V-semiconductor-based high-speed vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are prerequisites for future ultrahigh data-rate systems. This thesis presents: - a survey of the present state of the art of VCSELs - a systematic investigation of the various effects limiting present VCSELs - a catalogue of solutions to overcome present limits - detailed progress in modelling, fabricating and testing the currently most advanced VCSELs at the two commercially most important wavelengths.

This thesis provides a detailed introduction to quantum oscillation measurement and analysis and offers a connection between Fermi surface properties and superconductivity in high-temperature superconductors. It also discusses the field of iron-based superconductors and tests the models for the appearance of nodes in the superconducting gap of a 111-type pnictide using quantum oscillation measurements combined with band structure calculation. The same measurements were carried out to determine the quasiparticle mass in BaFe2(As1-xPx)2, which is strongly enhanced at the expected quantum critical point. While the lower superconducting critical field shows evidence of quantum criticality, the upper superconducting critical field is not influenced by the quantum critical point. These findings contradict conventional theories, demonstrating the need for a theoretical treatment of quantum critical superconductors, which has not been addressed to date. The quest to discover similar evidence in the cuprates calls for the application of extreme conditions. As such, quantum oscillation measurements were performed under high pressure in a high magnetic field, revealing a negative correlation between quasiparticle mass and superconducting critical temperature.

For the technological progress in communication technology it is necessary that the advanced studies in circuit and software design are accompanied with recent results of the technological research and physics in order to exceed its limitations.

This book is a guide which treats many components used in mobile communications, and in particular focuses on non-volatile memories. It emerges following the conducting line of the non-volatile memory in the wireless system: On the one hand it develops the foundations of the interdisciplinary issues needed for design analysis and testing of the system. On the other hand it deals with many of the problems appearing when the systems are realized in industrial production. These cover the difficulties from the mobile system to the different types of non-volatile memories.

The book explores memory cards, multichip technologies, and algorithms of the software management as well as error handling. It also presents techniques of assurance for the single components and a guide through the Datasheet lectures.

Unlike most natural colours that are based on pigment absorption, the striking iridescent and intense colouration of many butterflies, birds or beetles stems from the interaction of light with periodic sub-micrometer surface or volume patterns, so called "photonic structures". These "structural colours" are increasingly well understood, but they are difficult to create artificially and exploit technologically. In this thesis the field of natural structural colours and biomimetic photonic structures is covered in a wide scope, ranging from plant photonics to theoretical optics. It demonstrates diffractive elements on the petal surfaces of many flowering plant species; these form the basis for the study of the role of structural colours in pollinator attraction. Self-assembly techniques, combined with scale able nanofabrication methods, were used to create complex artificial photonic structures inspired by those found in nature. In particular, the colour effect of a Papilio butterfly was mimicked and, by variation of its design motive, enhanced. All photonic effects described here are underpinned by state-of-the-art model calculations.

ZnO has been the central theme of research in the past decade due to its various applications in band gap engineering, and textile and biomedical industries. In nanostructured form, it offers ample opportunities to realize tunable optical and optoelectronic properties and it was also termed as a potential material to realize room temperature ferromagnetism. This book presents 17 high-quality contributory chapters on ZnO related systems written by experts in this field. These chapters will help researchers to understand and explore the varied physical properties to envisage device applications of ZnO in thin film, heterostructure and nanostructure forms.

The problem of conventional, low-temperature superconductivity has been regarded as solved since the seminal work of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) more than 50 years ago. However, the theory does not allow accurate predictions of some of the most fundamental properties of a superconductor, including the superconducting energy gap on the Fermi surface. This thesis describes the development and scientific implementation of a new experimental method that puts this old problem into an entirely new light. The nominee has made major contributions to the development and implementation of a new experimental method that enhances the resolution of spectroscopic experiments on dispersive lattice-vibrational excitations (the "glue" responsible for Cooper pairing of electrons in conventional superconductors) by more than two orders of magnitude. Using this method, he has discovered an unexpected relationship between the superconducting energy gap and the geometry of the Fermi surface in the normal state, both of which leave subtle imprints in the lattice vibrations that could not be resolved by conventional spectroscopic methods. He has confirmed this relationship on two elemental superconductors and on a series of metallic alloys. This indicates that a mechanism qualitatively beyond the standard BCS theory determines the magnitude and anisotropy of the superconducting gap.

A comprehensive and state-of-the-art resource for the design and fabrication of IGBT

Semiconductor devices, particularly the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), form the heart of the power electronics industry and play a pivotal role in the regulation and distribution of energy in the world. Since its conception as a switching device, improvements and innovative design ideas have established IGBT as a rugged contender in the competitive electronics field.

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT): Theory and Design covers basic theory and design aspects of IGBTs, including the selection of silicon, achieving targeted specifications through device and process design, and device packaging. After laying the groundwork in MOS and bipolar disciplines, the author constructs the foundation of power device physics necessary for clearly understanding the subject matter, including chapters on:

• Non-punchthrough, punchthrough, vertical double diffused MOSFET and trench-gate IGBTs; improved lateral and novel IGBT structures; and emerging technologies
• Steady-state and dynamic operation, and soft switching performance; safe operating area and reliability tests of IGBT
• IGBT physics, device and circuit models
• IGBT unit cell design and latching suppression techniques
• IGBT fabrication steps and process design
• IGBT power modules

Unique in focusing on IGBT in its entirety, this book will be an invaluable resource for engineering students and professionals alike.

The objective of this book is to provide an up-to-date comprehensive descr- tion of the Kamimura-Suwa model, which is the ?rst of the present rep- sentative two-component theories in high temperature superconductivity. In 1986 George Bednorz and Karl Alex Muller .. made the remarkable discovery ofsuperconductivitywithanunbelievinglyhighvalueofT = 35K,bysubs- c 2+ 3+ tuting Ba ions for La ions in the antiferromagnetic insulator La CuO . 2 4 Soon after this discoveryT rose to 90K by synthesizing YBa Cu O with c 2 3 7?? ade?citinoxygen. Furtherexplorationfornewcopperoxidesuperconducting materials with higherT led to the discovery of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O, Tl-Ba-Ca- c Cu-O and Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O compounds in subsequent years. The new class of copper oxide compounds mentioned above is called "cuprates". At present T = 135K under ambient pressure andT = 164K under 31 GPa observed c c in HgBa Ca Cu O are the highest value so far obtained. The Kamimura- 2 2 3 8 Suwa model, which was originally developed in 1993, is a theory of these real copper oxide superconducting materials. Since undoped La CuO is a 2 4 Mott-Hubbard antiferromagnetic insulator, its electronic structure can not beexplained bytheordinaryone-electron energybandtheory. Inthiscontext the important role of electron-correlation was pointed out. 2+ On theother hand, ad-hole state in each Cu ion in theligand ?eld with octahedral symmetry is orbitally doubly-degenerate so that it is subject to strong Jahn-Teller interaction in La CuO. Asaresult,aCuO octahedron 2 4 6 in La CuO is elongated along thec-axis due to the Jahn-Teller distortion.

Evolvable hardware (EHW) is based on the idea of combining a reconfigurable hardware device with genetic algorithms to execute reconfiguration autonomously. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and PLD (Programmable Logic Devices) are typical examples of reconfigurable hardware devices, for which there is already a market worth more than USD2 Billion US dollars and growing at 23 per cent per year. An example of EHW is NASA's Space Technology 5 nanosatellites, which are scheduled to start measuring Earth's magnetosphere in late 2004. They were designed by NASA engineers using genetic algorithms and 32 Linux PCs. The computers generated small antenna-constructing programs (the genotypes) and executed them to produce designs (the phenotypes). If deployed it will be the first piece of evolved hardware ever to be launched into space.

This book is about the work of 10 great scientists; who they were and are, their personal background and how they achieved their outstanding results and took their prominent place in science history. We follow one of physics and science history's most enigmatic phenomena, superconductivity, through 100 years, from its discovery in 1911 to the present, not as a history book in the usual sense, but through close ups of the leading characters and their role in that story, the Nobel laureates, who were still among us in the years 2001-2004 when the main round of interviews was carried out. Since then two of them already passed away. For each one of the 10 laureates, the author tells their story by direct quotation from interviews in their own words. Each chapter treats one laureate. The author first gives a brief account of the laureates' scientific background and main contribution. Then each laureate tells his own story in his own words. This book is unique in its approach to science history.

Better understand the mechanism of degradation, and gain insight into the major degradation modes of optical devices fabricated from three different systems with this book. It explains the character of defects and imperfections induced during material growth and fabrication, presents techniques for failure analysis, and describes methods for elimination of defect-generating mechanisms.

This book provides an overview of recent developments in experiments probing the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states of the second Landau level, especially the \nu=5/2 state. It summarizes the state-of-the-art understanding of these FQH states. It furthermore describes how the properties of the FQH states can be probed experimentally, by investigating tunneling and confinement properties. The progress towards the realization of an experiment, allowing to probe the potentially non-Abelian statistics of the quasiparticle excitations at \nu=5/2 is discussed. The book is intended as a reference for graduate students, PostDocs and researchers starting in the field. The experimental part of this book gives practical advice for solving the experimental challenges which researchers studying highly fragile FQH states are faced with.

This book explores the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect, which has opened new avenues for the development of advanced luminogenic materials in the aggregate or solid state. By enabling light emission in the practically useful solid state, AIE has the potential to significantly expand the technological applications of luminescent materials. This book addresses principles, methods, and applications of AIEs, offering a new platform for the investigation of light-emitting processes from luminogen aggregates. Applications of AIE include biomedical diagnostics, sensor materials, and optoelectronic devices, among others, and are described in detail within the book. The development of a new generation of AIEgens, a deep understanding of the AIE mechanism(s), and the exploration of advanced technological applications will enable this exciting field to develop further. Headed by the pioneering researcher who started the field, Professor Ben Zhong Tang, this book combines both principles and applications and brings together global researchers in the field to report the progress, current challenges, and potential breakthroughs that may be accomplished in the near future. Provides an authoritative account of the fundamentals, properties, and potential of AIE by the pioneer of this active, highly-researched field; Highlights technological applications of AIE spanning biomedicine, sensor materials, and optoelectronics, among others; Presents a comprehensive view on challenges in the further development of AIE and derived technologies.

Integrated Optics explains the subject of optoelectronic devices and their use in integrated optics and fiber optic systems. The approach taken is to emphasize the physics of how devices work and how they can be (and have been) used in various applications as the field of optoelectronics has progressed from microphotonics to nanophotonics. Illustrations and references from technical journals have been used to demonstrate the relevance of the theory to currently important topics in industry. By reading this book, scientists, engineers, students and engineering managers can obtain an overall view of the theory and the most recent technology in Integrated Optics.

This book presents highlighted results coming up from NanoCarbon2011, a Brazilian Carbon event. The topics cover the latest advances in Brazilian basic and applied research related to different carbon materials. The chapters address reviews on their fundamental and outstanding properties and describe various classes of new promising high-tech applications for carbon materials.