This book traces the quest to use nanostructured media for novel and improved optoelectronic devices. Starting with the invention of the heterostructure laser, the progression via thin films to quasi zero-dimensional quantum dots has led to novel device concepts and tremendous improvements in device performance. Along the way sophisticated methods of material preparation and characterization have been developed. Novel physical phenomena have emerged and are now used in devices such as lasers and optical amplifiers. Leading experts - among them Nobel laureate Zhores Alferov - write here about the fundamental concepts behind nano-optoelectronics, the material basis, physical phenomena, device physics and systems.

1 Structures of and Bonding in Electronic Materials.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Structure of the Group IV Elements and of III-V and II-VI Semiconductors.- 3. Bonding in and Relationships Between Zinc Blende and Wurtzite-Type Compounds.- 4. Other Structure Types.- References.- 2 Electron Energy Bands.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Models.- 2.1. The Nearly Free Electron Model.- 2.2. The Tight-Binding Model.- 2.3. The Relationship Between the Results of the Two Models.- 2.4. The Relationship Between Maximum Energy and k.- 2.5. Three-Dimensional Effects.- 2.6. Real Materials.- 3. Effective Mass.- 4. Positive Holes.- 5. Methods of Computing Band Structure.- 6. Conductance, the Octet Rule, and Bands.- 7. Postscript: The Kronig-Penney Model.- References.- 3 Electrical Properties of Semiconductors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intrinsic Semiconductors.- 3. Extrinsic Semiconductors.- 4. Scattering and Mobility of Charge Carriers.- 5. High-Field Effects.- 4 Optical Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Classical Approach.- 2.1. Relation to Conductivity.- 2.2. Optical Constants and Relative Permittivity.- 2.3. Resonance.- 3. Absorption Mechanisms.- 3.1. Fundamental Absorption.- 3.2. Other Mechanisms.- 4. Photoconductivity.- 5. Emission.- 5.1. Spontaneous Emission.- 5.2. Stimulated Emission.- 5.3. Nonradiative Recombination.- 6. Anisotropic Materials.- 7. Polarized Light.- 8. Thin-Film Systems.- 5 Interfaces and Low-Dimensional Structures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Band Structure at a Heterojunction Interface.- 3. Low-Dimensional Effects.- 4. New Effects in Low-Dimensional Structures.- 5. Materials Growth.- 6. Other Low-Dimensional Structures.- 7. Applications.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Key Electrical Devices.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Semiconductor Diodes.- 2.1. The p-n Junction Diode.- 2.2. The Metal-Semiconductor or Schottky Diode.- 2.3. Ohmic Contacts.- 3. Bipolar Junction Transisistors.- 4. Field Effect Transistors.- 4.1. MOSFETs.- 4.2. JFETs and MESFETs.- 5. Materials for Electronic Devices: The Significance of Silicon.- 6. Gallium-Arsenide-Based Transistors.- 6.1. The GaAs MESFET.- 6.2. Heterojunction-Based Devices.- 7. Other Materials.- 8. Conclusions and Future Prospects.- References.- 7 Key Optoelectronic Devices.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials Technologies.- 2.1. Important Optoelectronic Materials.- 2.2. Epitaxy.- 3. Light-Emitting Devices.- 3.1. Basic Principles.- 3.2. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs).- 3.3. Semiconductor Lasers.- 4. Optical Detectors.- 5. Waveguide Components.- 6. Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits.- 7. Conclusions.- 8 Thermodynamics and Defect Chemistry of Compound Semiconductors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Elements of Multicomponent Phase Equilibria.- 2.1. Gibbs's Phase Rule.- 2.2. Pressure-Temperature Equilibrium.- 2.3. Solid-Liquid Equilibria in Multicomponent Systems.- 2.4. Representation of the Activity Coefficients.- 3. Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria in Ternary III-V Compounds...- 4. Solid-Gas Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent III-V compounds.- 5. Native Point Defects in Compound Semiconductors.- 6. The Incorporation of Solute (Dopant) Atoms.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9 Single Crystal Growth I: Melt Growth.- 1. Introduction: General Principles.- 2. Role of Melt Growth.- 3. Constraints to Melt Growth.- 3.1. Chemical Reactivity.- 3.2. Vapor Pressure.- 3.3. Mechanical.- 3.4. Fundamental.- 4. Techniques of Melt Growth.- 4.1. Vertical Pulling or Czochralski Growth.- 4.2. Float Zone.- 4.3. Horizontal Bridgman.- 4.4 Liquid Encapsulation.- 5. Fundamentals.- References.- 10 Single Crystal Growth II: Epitaxial Growth.- 1. Introduction: General Principles.- 2. Role of Epitaxy.- 3. Constraints to Epitaxial Growth.- 3.1. Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE).- 3.2. Vapor Phase Epitaxy (VPE).- 4. Techniques of Epitaxial Growth.- 4.1. Liquid Phase Epitaxy.- 4.2. Vapor Phase Epitaxy: Conventional Inorganic Epitaxy.- 4.3. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE): Metalorganic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MOMBE).- 4.4. Metalorganic Vapor Phase Ep...

Organic and printed electronics can enable a revolution in the applications of electronics and this book offers readers an overview of the state-of-the-art in this rapidly evolving domain. The potentially low cost, compatibility with flexible substrates and the wealth of devices that characterize organic and printed electronics will make possible applications that go far beyond the well-known displays made with large-area silicon electronics. Since organic electronics are still in their early stage, undergoing transition from lab-scale and prototype activities to production, this book serves as a valuable snapshot of the current landscape of the different devices enabled by this technology, reviewing all applications that are developing and those can be foreseen. "

From the reviews: " ...] a welcome addition to the literature. ...] This book promises to make a valuable contribution to the education of graduate students in electrical and computer engineering, and a very useful addition to the library of the maturer investigator in SoC designs or related fields." Microelectronics Reliability

This thesis explores thermal transport in selected rare-earth-based intermetallic compounds to answer questions of great current interest. It also sheds light on the interplay of Kondo physics and Fermi surface changes. By performing thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity measurements at temperatures as low as 25mK, the author demonstrates that the Wiedemann-Franz law, a cornerstone of metal physics, is violated at precisely the magnetic-field-induced quantum critical point of the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2. This first-ever observation of a violation has dramatic consequences, as it implies a breakdown of the quasiparticle picture. Utilizing an innovative technique to measure low-temperature thermal transport isothermally as a function of the magnetic field, the thesis interprets specific, partly newly discovered, high-field transitions in CeRu2Si2 and YbRh2Si2 as Lifshitz transitions related to a change in the Fermi surface. Lastly, by applying this new technique to thermal conductivity measurements of the skutterudite superconductor LaPt4Ge12, the thesis proves that the system is a conventional superconductor with a single energy gap. Thus, it refutes the widespread speculations about unconventional Cooper pairing in this material.

This book discusses group theory investigations of zincblende and wurtzite semiconductors under symmetry-breaking conditions. The text presents the group theory elements required to develop a multitude of symmetry-breaking problems, giving scientists a fast track to bypass the need for recalculating electronic states. The text is not only a valuable resource for speeding up calculations but also illustrates the construction of effective Hamiltonians for a chosen set of electronic states in crystalline semiconductors. Since Hamiltonians have to be invariant under the transformations of the point group, the crystal symmetry determines the multiplet structure of these states in the presence of spin-orbit, crystal-field, or exchange interactions. Symmetry-breaking leads to additional coupling of the states, resulting in shifts and/or splittings of the multiplets. Such interactions may be intrinsic, as in the case of the quasi-particle dispersion, or extrinsic, induced by magnetic, electric, or strain fields. Using a power expansion of the perturbations these interaction terms can be determined in their parameterized form in a unique way. The hierarchic structure of this invariant development allows to estimate the importance of particular symmetry-breaking effects in the Hamiltonian. A number of selected experimental curves are included to illustrate the symmetry-based discussions, which are especially important in optical spectroscopy. This text is written for graduate students and researchers who want to understand and simulate experimental findings reflecting the fine structure of electronic or excitonic states in crystalline semiconductors.

Active RC filters were first applied in the late 1950s. Since then, there has been a rapid development in both theoretical research and practical realization methods, as witnessed by the appearance of some 3,000 publications on active RC filters. This abundance of literature has, however, caused a great deal of confusion for non-specialist engineers. In order to solve a problem of filter design, a prolonged study is usually needed in order to make the correct choice between a wide variety of filter structures. Furthermore, most publications are intended to solve detailed problems for experts in the field, with little useful contribution for practising electrical engineers.
Now, with the aid of this book, the designer can find the structure and circuit elements of a specified active RC filter with relatively few calculations. Moreover, the filter thus designed will have transfer characteristics within the specified tolerances, and will comprise the least expensive (i.e. highest tolerance) components.

Despite the recent development and interest in the photonics of metallic wire structures, the relatively simple concepts and physics often remain obscured or poorly explained to those who do not specialize in the field. Electromagnetic Behaviour of Metallic Wire Structures provides a clear and coherent guide to understanding these phenomena without excessive numerical calculations. Including both background material and detailed derivations of the various different formulae applied, Electromagnetic Behaviour of Metallic Wire Structures describes how to extend basic circuit theory relating to voltages, currents, and resistances of metallic wire networks to include situations where the currents are no longer spatially uniform along the wire. This lays a foundation for a deeper understanding of the many new phenomena observed in meta-electromagnetic materials. Examples of applications are included to support this new approach making Electromagnetic Behaviour of Metallic Wire Structures a comprehensive and self-contained volume suitable for use by specialists, non-specialist, researchers and professionals in other relevant fields and even students.

This is a comprehensive guide to fault injection techniques used to evaluate the dependability of a digital system. The description and the critical analysis of different fault injection techniques and tools are authored by key scientists in the field of system dependability and fault tolerance.

This book is a thoroughly practical way to explore the 8051 and discover C programming through project work. Through graded projects, Dogan Ibrahim introduces the reader to the fundamentals of microelectronics, the 8051 family, programming in C, and the use of a C compiler. The specific device used for examples is the AT89C2051 - a small, economical chip with re-writable memory, readily available from the major component suppliers.
A working knowledge of microcontrollers, and how to program them, is essential for all students of electronics. In this rapidly expanding field many students and professionals at all levels need to get up to speed with practical microcontroller applications. Their rapid fall in price has made microcontrollers the most exciting and accessible new development in electronics for years - rendering them equally popular with engineers, electronics hobbyists and teachers looking for a fresh range of projects.

Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051 is an ideal resource for self-study as well as providing an interesting, enjoyable and easily mastered alternative to more theoretical textbooks.
Dogan Ibrahim has been Associate Professor and Head of Department at the Near East University, Cyprus, lecturer at South Bank University, London, Principal Research Engineer at GEC Hirst Research Centre, and is now a hardware and software systems consultant to London's Traffic Control Systems Unit.
Practical projects that enable students and practitioners to get up and running straight away with 8051 microcontrollers
A hands-on introduction to practical C programming
A wealth of project ideas for students and enthusiasts

Lead-free solders are used extensively as interconnection materials in electronic assemblies and play a critical role in the global semiconductor packaging and electronics manufacturing industry. Electronic products such as smart phones, notebooks and high performance computers rely on lead-free solder joints to connect IC chip components to printed circuit boards." Lead Free Solder: Mechanics and Reliability" provides in-depth design knowledge on lead-free solder elastic-plastic-creep and strain-rate dependent deformation behavior and its application in failure assessment of solder joint reliability. It includes coverage of advanced mechanics of materials theory and experiments, mechanical properties of solder and solder joint specimens, constitutive models for solder deformation behavior; numerical modeling and simulation of solder joint failure subject to thermal cycling, mechanical bending fatigue, vibration fatigue and board-level drop impact tests.

The demand for high-performance submarine power cables is increasing as more and more offshore wind parks are installed, and the national electric grids are interconnected. Submarine power cables are installed for the highest voltages and power to transport electric energy under the sea between islands, countries and even continents. The installation and operation of submarine power cables is much different from land cables. Still, in most textbooks on electrical power systems, information on submarine cables is scarce. This book is closing the gap. Different species of submarine power cables and their application are explained. Students and electric engineers learn on the electric and mechanic properties of submarine cables. Project developers and utility managers will gain useful information on the necessary marine activities such as pre-laying survey, cable lay vessels, guard boats etc., for the submarine cable installation and repair. Investors and decision makers will find an overview on environmental aspects of submarine power cables. A comprehensive reference list is given for those who want further reading.

This book explores the new materials and the resultant new field of piezotronics. The growth and alignment of the zinc oxide nanostructures are discussed in detail because of its wide adoption in this field and its significance in optics, health, and sensing applications. The characterization of the piezotronic effect and how to distinguish it from other similar but, fundamentally different effects, like piezoresistive effect is also considered. The huge potential in the wearable and flexible devices, as well as organic materials, is further examined. The stain/stress sensing is introduced as an example of an application with piezotronic materials.

This book introduces physical effects and fundamentals of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. It gives a comprehensive overview of piezoelectric materials such as quartz crystals and polycrystalline ceramic materials. Different modeling approaches and methods to precisely predict the behavior of piezoelectric devices are described. Furthermore, a simulation-based approach is detailed which enables the reliable characterization of sensor and actuator materials. One focus of the book lies on piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. An optical approach is presented that allows the quantitative determination of the resulting sound fields. The book also deals with various applications of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. In particular, the studied application areas are * process measurement technology, * ultrasonic imaging, * piezoelectric positioning systems and * piezoelectric motors. The book addresses students, academic as well as industrial reseachers and development engineers who are concerned with piezoelectric sensors and actuators.

The book is devoted to the problem of microgeometry properties and anisotropy relations in modern piezo-active composites. These materials are characterized by various electromechanical properties and remarkable abilities to convert mechanical energy into electric energy and vice versa. Advantages of the performance of the composites are discussed in the context of the orientation effects, first studied by the authors for main connectivity patterns and with due regard to a large anisotropy of effective piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling factors. The novelty of the book consists in the systematization results of orientation effects, the anisotropy of piezoelectric properties and their role in forming considerable hydrostatic piezoelectric coefficients, electromechanical coupling factors and other parameters in the composites based on either ferroelectric ceramic or relaxor-ferroelectric single crystals.

TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications is the first book to provide an overview of this rapidly growing field. Vertically oriented, highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays are unique and easily fabricated materials with an architecture that demonstrates remarkable charge transfer as well as photocatalytic properties. This volume includes an introduction to TiO2 nanotube arrays, as well as a description of the material properties and distillation of the current research. Applications considered include gas sensing, heterojunction solar cells, water photoelectrolysis, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, as well as several biomedical applications. Written by leading researchers in the field, TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications is a valuable reference for chemists, materials scientists and engineers involved with renewable energy sources, biomedical engineering, and catalysis, to cite but a few examples.

This book, "Integrated Chemical Microsensor Systems in CMOS Technology," provides a comprehensive treatment of the highly interdisciplinary field of CMOS chemical microsensor systems. It is targeted at students, scientists and engineers who are interested in gaining an introduction to the field of chemical sensing since all the necessary fundamental knowledge is included. However, as it provides detailed information on all important issues related to the realization of chemical microsensors in CMOS technology, it also addresses experts well familiar with the field.

After a brief introduction, the fundamentals of chemical sensing are presented. Fabrication and processing steps that are commonly used in the semiconductor industry are then detailed followed by a short description of the microfabrication techniques, and of the CMOS substrate and materials. Thereafter, a comprehensive overview of semiconductor-based and CMOS-based transducer structures for chemical sensors is given. CMOS-technology is then introduced as platform technology, which enables the integration of these microtransducers with the necessary driving and signal conditioning circuitry on the same chip. In a next section, the development of monolithic multisensor arrays and fully developed microsystems with on-chip sensor control and standard interfaces is described. A short section on packaging shows that techniques from the semiconductor industry can be applied to chemical microsensor packaging. The book concludes with a brief outlook on future developments, such as the realization of more complex integrated microsensor systems and methods to interface biological materials, such as cells, with CMOS microelectronics.

Combining ready-to-use programs, design formulas, design theory and optimization algorithms for linear microwave circuits, this book contains source code for the various programs cited in the text. A special floppy disk that contains the source code is available.

"Integrated 60GHz RF Beamforming in CMOS "describes new concepts and design techniques that can be used for 60GHz phased array systems. First, general trends and challenges in low-cost high data-rate 60GHz wireless system are studied, and the phased array technique is introduced to improve the system performance. Second, the system requirements of phase shifters are analyzed, and different phased array architectures are compared. Third, the design and implementation of 60GHz passive and active phase shifters in a CMOS technology are presented. Fourth, the integration of 60GHz phase shifters with other key building blocks such as low noise amplifiers and power amplifiers are described in detail. Finally, this book describes the integration of a 60GHz CMOS amplifier and an antenna in a printed circuit-board (PCB) package.

The book gives an overview of the state-of-the-art in SigmaDelta design and of the challenges for future realizations. It provides an understanding of the fundamental power efficiency of SigmaDelta converters. In addition, it presents an analysis of the power consumption in the decimation filter. Understanding these power/performance trade-offs, it becomes clear that straight-forward digitization of a conditioning channel, i.e. exchanging analog for digital conditioning, comes at a major power penalty.

This book covers high-transition temperature (Tc) s-wave superconductivity and the neighboring Mott insulating phase in alkali-doped fullerides. The author presents (1) a unified theoretical description of the phase diagram and (2) a nonempirical calculation of Tc. For these purposes, the author employs an extension of the DFT+DMFT (density-functional theory + dynamical mean-field theory). He constructs a realistic electron-phonon-coupled Hamiltonian with a newly formulated downfolding method. The Hamiltonian is analyzed by means of the extended DMFT. A notable aspect of the approach is that it requires only the crystal structure as a priori knowledge. Remarkably, the nonempirical calculation achieves for the first time a quantitative reproduction of the experimental phase diagram including the superconductivity and the Mott phase. The calculated Tc agrees well with the experimental data, with the difference within 10 K. The book provides details of the computational scheme, which can also be applied to other superconductors and other phonon-related topics. The author clearly describes a superconducting mechanism where the Coulomb and electron -phonon interactions show an unusual cooperation in the superconductivity thanks to the Jahn-Teller nature of the phonons.

CMOS Test and Evaluation: A Physical Perspective is a single source for an integrated view of test and data analysis methodology for CMOS products, covering circuit sensitivities to MOSFET characteristics, impact of silicon technology process variability, applications of embedded test structures and sensors, product yield, and reliability over the lifetime of the product. This book also covers statistical data analysis and visualization techniques, test equipment and CMOS product specifications, and examines product behavior over its full voltage, temperature and frequency range.

Formal Verification: An Essential Toolkit for Modern VLSI Design, Second Edition presents practical approaches for design and validation, with hands-on advice to help working engineers integrate these techniques into their work. Formal Verification (FV) enables a designer to directly analyze and mathematically explore the quality or other aspects of a Register Transfer Level (RTL) design without using simulations. This can reduce time spent validating designs and more quickly reach a final design for manufacturing. Building on a basic knowledge of SystemVerilog, this book demystifies FV and presents the practical applications that are bringing it into mainstream design and validation processes. New sections cover advanced techniques, and a new chapter, The Road To Formal Signoff, emphasizes techniques used when replacing simulation work with Formal Verification. After reading this book, readers will be prepared to introduce FV in their organization to effectively deploy FV techniques that increase design and validation productivity.

This book covers the topic of vibration energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric materials are analyzed in the context of their electromechanical coupling, heterogeneity, microgeometry and interrelations between electromechanical properties. Piezoelectric ceramics and composites based on ferroelectrics are advanced materials that are suitable for harvesting mechanical energy from vibrations using inertial energy harvesting which relies on the resistance of a mass to acceleration and kinematic energy harvesting which couples the energy harvester to the relative movement of different parts of a source. In addition to piezoelectric materials, research efforts to develop optimization methods for complex piezoelectric energy harvesters are also reviewed. The book is important for specialists in the field of modern advanced materials and will stimulate new effective piezotechnical applications.