With the advent of portable and autonomous computing systems, power con sumption has emerged as a focal point in many research projects, commercial systems and DoD platforms. One current research initiative, which drew much attention to this area, is the Power Aware Computing and Communications (PAC/C) program sponsored by DARPA. Many of the chapters in this book include results from work that have been supported by the PACIC program. The performance of computer systems has been tremendously improving while the size and weight of such systems has been constantly shrinking. The capacities of batteries relative to their sizes and weights has been also improv ing but at a rate which is much slower than the rate of improvement in computer performance and the rate of shrinking in computer sizes. The relation between the power consumption of a computer system and it performance and size is a complex one which is very much dependent on the specific system and the technology used to build that system. We do not need a complex argument, however, to be convinced that energy and power, which is the rate of energy consumption, are becoming critical components in computer systems in gen eral, and portable and autonomous systems, in particular. Most of the early research on power consumption in computer systems ad dressed the issue of minimizing power in a given platform, which usually translates into minimizing energy consumption, and thus, longer battery life."

This book systematically discusses the modeling and application of transfer manipulation for flexible electronics packaging, presenting multiple processes according to the geometric sizes of the chips and devices as well as the detailed modeling and computation steps for each process. It also illustrates the experimental design of the equipment to help readers easily learn how to use it. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and graduate students in the research field of microelectronics.

This work provides a comprehensive discussion of the bias dependence of equivalent circuit parameters for the three devices and an extensive discussion of temperature dependence. It: covers recess-etched MESFETs and self-aligned MESFETs with and without lightly-doped-drains and JFETs; analyzes GaAs-based pHEMTS and InP lattice-matched HEMT equivalent circuits; and describes a large-signal, temperature-dependent model extractor for A1GaAs-GaAs HBTs. The book is intended for circuit designers, process and device developers and test engineers.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the Josephson effect, a topic of never-ending interest in both fundamental and applied physics. In this volume, world-renowned experts present the unique aspects of the physics of the Josephson effect, resulting from the use of new materials, of hybrid architectures and from the possibility of realizing nanoscale junctions. These new experimental capabilities lead to systems where novel coherent phenomena and transport processes emerge. All this is of great relevance and impact, especially when combined with the didactic approach of the book. The reader will benefit from a general and modern view of coherent phenomena in weakly-coupled superconductors on a macroscopic scale. Topics that have been only recently discussed in specialized papers and in short reviews are described here for the first time and organized in a general framework. An important section of the book is also devoted to applications, with focus on long-term, future applications. In addition to a significant number of illustrations, the book includes numerous tables for comparative studies on technical aspects.

The book considers the main growth-related phenomena occurring during epitaxial growth, such as thermal etching, doping, segregation of the main elements and impurities, coexistence of several phases at the crystal surface and segregation-enhanced diffusion.
It is complete with tables, graphs and figures, which allow fast determination of suitable growth parameters for practical applications.

To control mechanical processes one needs to obtain information about the state of the system, to process the information, and then to act on the results. Originally, the simplest controls were purely mechanical feedback systems; more complex systems required human intervention. At present, most controls are provided by purely electromechanical systems, but there are also many situations in which one needs sophisticated measurements for later analysis.

Developments in electronic information processing have over the past few decades far outpaced the developments in the sensors and actuators that provide the input and output of the control systems; as a result, the transducers account for the major part of the expense, mass, and failure points of many modern machines. Improvements in control systems thus depend on a clear and thorough understanding of the principles of transducers. It is the aim of this book to help meet that need. Unlike other treatments of sensors or actuators, this book approaches the devices from the point of view of the fundamental coupling mechanism between the electrical and mechanical behavior. Thus, for example, a solenoid can b used either to detect horizontal motion and position (i.e. as a sensor), or to impose a motion on a piston (i.e. as an actuator); the principles of operation of the solenoid are the same in both cases, and this book thus treats them together.

The book begins with a discussion of systems analysis as a tool for modeling transducers. It then turns to a detailed discussion of transduction mechanisms (electric and magnetic fields, piezo- and pyro-electric effects, electromagnetic induction, and so forth). The book concludes with an input/output analysis of transducers.

The exponential growth of the number of internet nodes has suddenly created a widespread demand for high-speed optical and electronic devices, circuits, and systems. The new optical revolution has replaced modular, general-purpose building blocks by end-to-end solutions. Greater levels of integration on a single chip enable higher performance and lower cost. The mainstream VLSI technologies such as BiCmos and CMOS continue to take over the territories thus far claimed by GaAs and InP devices. This calls for an up-to-date book describing the design of high-speed electronic circuits for optical communication using modern techniques in a low-cost CMOS process. High-Speed CMOS Circuits for Optical Receivers covers the design of the world's first and second 10 Gb/s clock and data recovery circuits fabricated in a pure CMOS process. The second prototype meets some of the critical requirements recommended by the SONET OC-192 standard. The clock and data recovery circuits consume a power several times lower than in prototypes built in other fabrication processes. High-Speed CMOS Circuits for Optical Receivers describes novel techniques for implementation of such high-speed, high-performance circuits in a pure CMOS process. High-Speed CMOS Circuits for Optical Receivers is written for researchers and students interested in high-speed and mixed-mode circuit design with focus on CMOS circuit techniques. Designers working on various high-speed circuit projects for data communication, including optical com., giga bit ethernet will also find it of interest.

The series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science. The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics. Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Single contributions can be specially commissioned. Readership: Polymer scientists, or scientists in related fields interested in polymer and biopolymer science, at universities or in industry, graduate students

With the ever-increasing speed of integrated circuits, violations of the performance specifications are becoming a major factor affecting the product quality level. The need for testing timing defects is further expected to grow with the current design trend of moving towards deep submicron devices. After a long period of prevailing belief that high stuck-at fault coverage is sufficient to guarantee high quality of shipped products, the industry is now forced to rethink other types of testing. Delay testing has been a topic of extensive research both in industry and in academia for more than a decade. As a result, several delay fault models and numerous testing methodologies have been proposed. Delay Fault Testing for VLSI Circuits presents a selection of existing delay testing research results. It combines introductory material with state-of-the-art techniques that address some of the current problems in delay testing. Delay Fault Testing for VLSI Circuits covers some basic topics such as fault modeling and test application schemes for detecting delay defects. It also presents summaries and conclusions of several recent case studies and experiments related to delay testing. A selection of delay testing issues and test techniques such as delay fault simulation, test generation, design for testability and synthesis for testability are also covered. Delay Fault Testing for VLSI Circuits is intended for use by CAD and test engineers, researchers, tool developers and graduate students. It requires a basic background in digital testing. The book can used as supplementary material for a graduate-level course on VLSI testing.

This volume starts with a description of the metrics and benchmarks used to design energy-efficient microprocessor systems, followed by energy-efficient methodologies for the architecture and circuit design, DC-DC conversion, energy-efficient software and system integration.

Lithium niobate, LiNbO , is an oxide ferroelectric with various kinds of pro- 3 nouncedphysicalproperties. Thisversatilityhaspromoteditscareerinscience anddevices. Ithasbeenparticularlyfruitfulintheopticalregime,wheremany e?ects have been found in LiNbO and devices introduced using it as a host. 3 One of the few big drawbacks, namely the low level laser damage threshold based on photorefraction due to extrinsic defects was discovered very early. A relatively new topic, not involved so far in any general description, is a fundamental dependence of the optical properties of LiNbO on intrinsic de- 3 fects. Their importance has been realised out due to the development of varies growthtechniquesintherecentpast. Theprogressinthegrowthandstudiesof LiNbO crystals with di?erent composition, particularly almost stoichiomet- 3 ric ones, has revealed a signi?cant and sometimes decisive role of the intrinsic defects. For example, the photoinduced charge transport, and therefore the photorefractive properties governing the recording of the phase gratings in LiNbO , are strongly controlled by the content of intrinsic defects. The re- 3 cently found impact of intrinsic defects on the coercive ?eld in LiNbO is 3 of fundamental importance for the creation of periodically poled structures (PPLN) aimed at the optical-frequency conversion in the quasi-phase mat- ing (QPM) mode of operation. As a consequence of these results, an idea of the intrinsic defects in LiNbO has been developed during the last decade 3 and involves microscopic studies on defects, photorefraction and ferroelectric switching using spectroscopic and structure methods.

This book presents selected papers from the fourth edition of the GraphX conference series, GraphITA 2015. Its content range from fundamentals to applications of graphene and other 2D material such as silicene, BN and MoS2. The newest technological challenges in the field are described in this book, written by worldwide known scientists working with 2D materials.The chapter 'Morphing Graphene-Based Systems for Applications: Perspectives from Simulations' is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Neutron stars are the most compact astronomical objects in the universe which are accessible by direct observation. Studying neutron stars means studying physics in regimes unattainable in any terrestrial laboratory.

Understanding their observed complex phenomena requires a wide range of scientific disciplines, including the nuclear and condensed matter physics of very dense matter in neutron star interiors, plasma physics and quantum electrodynamics of magnetospheres, and the relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics of electron-positron pulsar winds interacting with some ambient medium. Not to mention the test bed neutron stars provide for general relativity theories, and their importance as potential sources of gravitational waves. It is this variety of disciplines which, among others, makes neutron star research so fascinating, not only for those who have been working in the field for many years but also for students and young scientists.

The aim of this book is to serve as a reference work which not only reviews the progress made since the early days of pulsar astronomy, but especially focuses on questions such as: "What have we learned about the subject and how did we learn it?," "What are the most important open questions in this area?" and "What new tools, telescopes, observations, and calculations are needed to answer these questions?."

All authors who have contributed to this book have devoted a significant part of their scientific careers to exploring the nature of neutron stars and understanding pulsars. Everyone has paid special attention to writing educational comprehensive review articles with the needs of beginners, students and young scientists as potential readers in mind. This book will be a valuable source of information for these groups.

This manual is intended to guide and facilitate human anatomical dissections. It is flexible enough for use in long as well as short courses. It can be particularly useful as a link with real anatomy when used together with computerised-anatomy programs, or where students do not dissect but merely look at atlases, prosections and models. There is an introduction for each anatomical region; and for each section to be dissected there is an overview, a dissection schedule which guides the student through a set of instructions, a summary and a list of objectives that are clinically important. The terminology used is the latest. The manual is suitable for medical and dental students. It is also of value for advanced knowledge of anatomy for surgery and in relation to the interpretation of normal anatomy in non-invasive imaging of anatomy for clinical diagnosis, surgical practice on cadaveric material, and in discussions about clinical problems.

Advances in the semiconductor technology have enabled steady, exponential im- provement in the performance of integrated circuits. Miniaturization allows the integration of a larger number of transistors with enhanced switching speed. Novel transistor structures and passivation materials diminish circuit delay by minimizing parasitic electrical capacitance. These advances, however, pose several challenges for the thermal engineering of integrated circuits. The low thermal conductivities of passivation layers result in large temperature rises and temperature gradient magni- tudes, which degrade electrical characteristics of transistors and reduce lifetimes of interconnects. As dimensions of transistors and interconnects decrease, the result- ing changes in current density and thermal capacitance make these elements more susceptible to failure during brief electrical overstress. This work develops a set of high-resolution measurement techniques which de- termine temperature fields in transistors and interconnects, as well as the thermal properties of their constituent films. At the heart of these techniques is the thermore- flectance thermometry method, which is based on the temperature dependence of the reflectance of metals. Spatial resolution near 300 nm and temporal resolution near IOns are demonstrated by capturing transient temperature distributions in intercon- nects and silicon-on-insulator (SOl) high-voltage transistors. Analyses of transient temperature data obtained from interconnect structures yield thermal conductivities and volumetric heat capacities of thin films.

This invaluable manual is intended to guide and facilitate human anatomical dissections. It is flexible enough for use in long as well as short courses, and is thus structured in such a way that the dissection of the body can be completed in 110 to 160 hours. Although some medical schools have reduced the amount of dissection, the North American schools have lengthened their courses. The manual can also be used in those courses where only part of the body is dissected and even in the study of prosected material. It can be particularly useful as a link with real anatomy when used together with computerised-anatomy programs; many curricula emphasise that the student should go back and forth between the body and computer programs. The guide is also useful where students do not dissect but merely look at atlases, prosections and models, by providing a link to real, living and variable anatomy.Nowadays many anatomy courses are aimed solely at systems anatomy. Although important as systems are, regions are clinically vital since many more problems concern damage to several systems because the lesions are regional. This is where the guide is of considerable help.There is an introduction for each anatomical region; and for each section to be dissected there is an overview, a dissection schedule which guides the student through a set of instructions, a summary and a list of objectives that are clinically important. The terminology used is the latest.This manual is suitable for medical, dental, osteopathy and chiropody schools as well as human biology and science programs that include dissection in their undergraduate gross anatomy course. It is also of value for advanced knowledge of anatomy for surgery as required by further qualifications and in relation to specialised training involving interpretation of normal anatomy in non-invasive imaging of anatomy for clinical diagnosis, practice of clinical (surgical) skills on cadaveric material, and in discussions about clinical problems.

Solid State Gas Sensing offers insight into the principles, applications, and new trends in gas sensor technology. Developments in this field are rapidly advancing due to the recent and continuing impact of nanotechnology, and this book addresses the demand for small, reliable, inexpensive and portable systems for monitoring environmental concerns, indoor air quality, food quality, and many other specific applications. Working principles, including electrical, permittivity, field effect, electrochemical, optical, thermometric and mass (both quartz and cantilever types), are discussed, making the book valuable and accessible to a variety of researchers and engineers in the field of material science.

Emerging Memories: Technologies and Trends attempts to provide background and a description of the basic technology, function and properties of emerging as well as discussing potentially suitable applications.
This book explores a range of new memory products and technologies. The concept for some of these memories has been around for years. A few completely new. Some involve materials that have been in volume production in other type of devices for some time. Ferro-electrics, for example, have been used in capacitors for more than 30 years. In addition to looking at using known devices and materials in novel ways, there are new technologies being investigated such as DNA memories, light memories, molecular memories, and carbon nanotube memories, as well as the new polymer memories which hold the potential for the significant manufacturing reduction.
Emerging Memories: Technologies and Trends is a useful reference for the professional engineer in the semiconductor industry.

This book is dedicated to the new two-dimensional one-atomic-layer-thick materials such as graphene, metallic chalcogenides, silicene and other 2D materials. The book describes their main physical properties and applications in nanoelctronics, photonics, sensing and computing. A large part of the book deals with graphene and its amazing physical properties. Another important part of the book deals with semiconductor monolayers such as MoS2 with impressive applications in photonics, and electronics. Silicene and germanene are the atom-thick counterparts of silicon and germanium with impressive applications in electronics and photonics which are still unexplored. Consideration of two-dimensional electron gas devices conclude the treatment. The physics of 2DEG is explained in detail and the applications in THz and IR region are discussed. Both authors are working currently on these 2D materials developing theory and applications.

This book contains the selected papers of the Sixth International Workshop on Medical and Service Robots (MESROB 2018), held in Cassino, Italy, in 2018. The main topics of the workshop include: design of medical devices, kinematics and dynamics for medical robotics, exoskeletons and prostheses, anthropomorphic hands , therapeutic robots and rehabilitation, cognitive robots, humanoid and service robots, assistive robots and elderly assistance, surgical robots, human-robot interfaces, haptic devices, and medical treatments.

This excellent volume covers a range of materials used for flexible electronics, including semiconductors, dielectrics, and metals. The functional integration of these different materials is treated as well. Fundamental issues for both organic and inorganic materials systems are included. A corresponding overview of technological applications, based on each materials system, is presented to give both the non-specialist and the researcher in the field relevant information on the status of the flexible electronics area.

'Designing Embedded Processors' examines the many ways in which processor based systems are designed to allow low power devices. It looks at processor design methods, memory optimization, dynamic voltage scaling methods, compiler methods, and multi processor methods. Each section has an introductory chapter to give a breadth view, and have a few specialist chapters in the area to give a deeper perspective. The book provides a good starting point to engineers in the area, and to research students embarking upon the exciting area of embedded systems and architectures.

This book focuses on the fundamental phenomena at nanoscale. It covers synthesis, properties, characterization and computer modelling of nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, bionanotechnology, involving nanodevices. Further topics are imaging, measuring, modeling and manipulating of low dimensional matter at nanoscale. The topics covered in the book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging technologies employed or to be employed in most industries, communication, healthcare, energy, conservation , biology, medical science, food, environment, and education, and consequently have great impact on our society.

Ferroelectric memories have changed in 10 short years from academic curiosities of the university research labs to commercial devices in large-scale production. This is the first text on ferroelectric memories that is not just an edited collection of papers by different authors. Intended for applied physicists, electrical engineers, materials scientists and ceramists, it includes ferroelectric fundamentals, especially for thin films, circuit diagrams and processsing chapters, but emphazises device physics. Breakdown mechanisms, switching kinetics and leakage current mechanisms have lengthly chapters devoted to them. The book will be welcomed by research scientists in industry and government laboratories and in universities. It also contains 76 problems for students, making it particularly useful as a textbook for fourth-year undergraduate or first-year graduate students.

Primary goal of this book is to provide a cohesive description of the vast field of semiconductor quantum devices, with special emphasis on basic quantum-mechanical phenomena governing the electro-optical response of new-generation nanomaterials. The book will cover within a common language different types of optoelectronic nanodevices, including quantum-cascade laser sources and detectors, few-electron/exciton quantum devices, and semiconductor-based quantum logic gates. The distinguishing feature of the present volume is a unified microscopic treatment of quantum-transport and coherent-optics phenomena on ultrasmall space- and time-scales, as well as of their semiclassical counterparts. Content Level Research