Unlike electroplating, electroless plating allows uniform deposits of coating materials over all surfaces, regardless of size, shape and electrical conductivity. Electroless copper and nickel-phosphorus deposits provide protective and functional coatings in industries as diverse as electronics, automotive, aerospace and chemical engineering. This book discusses the latest research in electroless depositions. After an introductory chapter, part one focuses on electroless copper depositions reviewing such areas as surface morphology and residual stress, modelling surface structure, adhesion strength of electroless copper deposit, electrical resistivity and applications of electroless copper deposits. Part two goes on to look at electroless nickel-phosphorus depositions with chapters on the crystallisation of nickel-phosphorus deposits, modelling the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallisation of nickel-phosphorus deposits, artificial neural network (ANN) modelling of crystallisation temperatures, hardness evolution of nickel-phosphorus deposits and applications of electroless nickel-phosphorus plating. Written by leading experts in the field Electroless copper and nickel-phosphorus plating: Processing, characterisation and modelling is an invaluable guide for researchers studying electroless deposits or materials science as well as for those working in the chemical, oil and gas, automotive, electronics and aerospace industries.

Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring Systems presents complete coverage of phasor measurement units (PMUs), bringing together a rigorous academic approach and practical considerations on the implementation of PMUs to the power system. In addition, it includes a complete theory and practice of PMU technology development and implementation in power systems.

Silicon Carbide Biotechnology: A Biocompatible Semiconductor for Advanced Biomedical Devices and Applications, Second Edition, provides the latest information on this wide-band-gap semiconductor material that the body does not reject as a foreign (i.e., not organic) material and its potential to further advance biomedical applications. SiC devices offer high power densities and low energy losses, enabling lighter, more compact, and higher efficiency products for biocompatible and long-term in vivo applications, including heart stent coatings, bone implant scaffolds, neurological implants and sensors, glucose sensors, brain-machine-interface devices, smart bone implants, and organ implants. This book provides the materials and biomedical engineering communities with a seminal reference book on SiC for developing technology, and is a resource for practitioners eager to identify and implement advanced engineering solutions to their everyday medical problems for which they currently lack long-term, cost-effective solutions.

Today, air-to-surface vessel (ASV) radars, or more generally maritime surveillance radars, are installed on maritime reconnaissance aircraft for long-range detection, tracking and classification of surface ships (ASuW - Air to Surface Warfare) and for hunting submarines (ASW - anti-submarine warfare). Such radars were first developed in the UK during WWII as part of the response to the threat to shipping from German U-Boats. This book describes the ASV radars developed in the UK after WWII (1946-2000) and used by the RAF for long-range maritime surveillance.

Semiconductor Nanowires: Part B, and Volume 94 in the Semiconductor and Semimetals series, focuses on semiconductor nanowires.

The rheological properties of magnetorheological (MR) materials, such as their viscosity and dynamic modulus, can be tuned or controlled by changing the intensity of the magnetic field using appropriate control schemes. Thanks to their robustness, performance and smart properties, numerous studies have been undertaken on the development of new MR materials, and microscopic and macroscopic modelling approaches. Novel applications include engine mounts and clutch systems in the automotive industry, shock absorbing safety devices for cockpit seats in aerospace, and shock absorption from movement in semi-active human prosthetic legs. This book introduces magnetorheological fluids and elastomers, and explores their material properties, related modelling techniques and applications in turn. The book offers insights into the relationships between the properties and characterisation of MR materials and their current and future applications, making it useful reading for researchers, engineers and graduate students who work in the field of smart materials and structures.

This volume, number 91 in the Semiconductor and Semimetals series, focuses on defects in semiconductors. Defects in semiconductors help to explain several phenomena, from diffusion to getter, and to draw theories on materials' behavior in response to electrical or mechanical fields. The volume includes chapters focusing specifically on electron and proton irradiation of silicon, point defects in zinc oxide and gallium nitride, ion implantation defects and shallow junctions in silicon and germanium, and much more. It will help support students and scientists in their experimental and theoretical paths.

The atomic arrangement and subsequent properties of a material are determined by the type and conditions of growth leading to epitaxy, making control of these conditions key to the fabrication of higher quality materials. Epitaxial Growth of Complex Metal Oxides reviews the techniques involved in such processes and highlights recent developments in fabrication quality which are facilitating advances in applications for electronic, magnetic and optical purposes. Part One reviews the key techniques involved in the epitaxial growth of complex metal oxides, including growth studies using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, pulsed laser deposition, hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, sputtering processes and chemical solution deposition techniques for the growth of oxide thin films. Part Two goes on to explore the effects of strain and stoichiometry on crystal structure and related properties, in thin film oxides. Finally, the book concludes by discussing selected examples of important applications of complex metal oxide thin films in Part Three.

This book reviews the state of the art in the use of organic materals as physical, chemical and biomedical sensors in a variety of application settings. Topics covered include organic semiconductors for chemical and physical sensing; conducting polymers in sensor applications; chemically functionalized organic semiconductors for highly selective sensing; composite organic-inorganic sensors; artificial skin applications; organic thin film transistor strain gauges for biomedical applications; OTFT infrared sensors for touchless human-machine interaction; smart fabric sensors and e-textile technologie; image capture with organic sensors; organic gas sensors and electronic noses; electrolyte gated organic transistors for bio-chemical sensing; ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors; DNA biosensors; metabolic organic sensors; and conductive polymer based sensors for biomedical applications.

Volume 7 & 8
The device sizes in the semiconductor industries are shrinking, devices become more vulnerable to smaller contaminant particles, and most conventional cleaning techniques employed in the industry are not effective at smaller scales. New cleaning techniques will have to be considered and employed for contaminant removal. Similarly, new cleaning techniques for molecular contaminants will also have to be deployed.
The book series Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning as a whole will provide an excellent source of information on these alternative cleaning techniques as well as methods for characterization and validation of surface contamination. Each volume has a particular topical focus, covering the key techniques and recent developments in the area.
Volume 8: Wet and Dry Cleaning Methods
Several novel wet and dry surface cleaning methods are addressed in this Volume. Many of these methods have not been reviewed previously, or the previous reviews are dated. These methods are finding increasing commercial application and the information in this book will be of high value to the reader.
Volume 7 & 8
Edited by the leading experts in small-scale particle surface contamination, cleaning and cleaning control this book will be an invaluable reference for researchers and engineers in R&D, manufacturing, quality control and procurement specification situated in a multitude of industries such as: aerospace, automotive, biomedical, defense, energy, manufacturing, microelectronics, optics and xerography. Researchers in an academic setting will also find these volumes excellent source books.
This Volume complements other volumes in this series and:
provides a state-of-the-art survey and best-practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or handling the consequences of surface contamination
addresses the continuing trends of shrinking device size and contamination vulnerability in a range of industries, spearheaded by the semiconductor industry and other
covers novel wet and dry surface cleaning methods of increasing commercial importance"

Volume 7 & 8

The device sizes in the semiconductor industries are shrinking, devices become more vulnerable to smaller contaminant particles, and most conventional cleaning techniques employed in the industry are not effective at smaller scales. New cleaning techniques will have to be considered and employed for contaminant removal. Similarly, new cleaning techniques for molecular contaminants will also have to be deployed.

The book series "Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning" as a whole will provide an excellent source of information on these alternative cleaning techniques as well as methods for characterization and validation of surface contamination. Each volume has a particular topical focus, covering the key techniques and recent developments in the area.

Volume 7: Contamination Sources, Measurement, Validation, and Regulatory Aspects

The chapters in this Volume addressthesources of surface contaminants and various methods for theircollection and characterization, as well as methods for cleanliness validation. Regulatory aspects of cleaning are also covered. The collection of topics in this book is unique and complements other volumes in this series.

Volume 7 & 8

Edited by the leading experts in small-scale particle surface contamination, cleaning and cleaning control this book will be an invaluable reference for researchers and engineers in R&D, manufacturing, quality control and procurement specification situated in a multitude of industries such as: aerospace, automotive, biomedical, defense, energy, manufacturing, microelectronics, optics and xerography. Researchers in an academic setting will also find these volumes excellent source books.
This Volume complements other volumes in this series and:
provides a state-of-the-art survey and best-practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or handling the consequences of surface contamination
addresses the continuing trends of shrinking device size and contamination vulnerability in a range of industries, spearheaded by the semiconductor industry and other
Volume 7]
includes new regulatory aspects"

Today, air-to-surface vessel (ASV) radars, or more generally airborne maritime surveillance radars, are installed on maritime reconnaissance aircraft for long-range detection, tracking and classification of surface ships (ASuW--anti-surface warfare) and for hunting submarines (ASW--anti-submarine warfare). Such radars were first developed in the UK during WWII as part of the response to the threat to shipping from German U boats. This book describes the ASV radars developed in the UK and used by RAF Coastal Command during WWII for long-range maritime surveillance.

Internet of Things (IoT) enabled technology is evolving healthcare from conventional hub-based systems to more personalized eHealth systems, enabling faster and safer preventive care, lower overall cost, improved patient-centric practice and enhanced sustainability. Efficient IoT-enabled eHealth systems can be realized by providing highly customized access to rich medical information and efficient clinical decisions to each individual with unobtrusive monitoring. Wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) are at the heart of this concept, and their development is a key issue if such a concept is to achieve its potential. This book addresses the major challenges in realizing WMSNs in forthcoming IoT-based eHealth systems. Challenges vary from cost and energy efficiency to security and service quality, and to tackle such challenges WMSNs must meet certain expectations and requirements such as size constraints, manufacturing costs and resistance to environmental factors existing at deployment locations. Reflecting this the book focuses on both design and implementation aspects. Topics covered include the impact of medical sensor networks in smart-cities; an evaluation of mobile patient monitoring technologies; overview of wireless sensor devices in medical applications; cyber security issues in WMSNs and eHealth; smart hospital rooms and automated systems; medical sensor capabilities in smart cloud networks; swarm intelligence based medical diagnosis systems; and smart systems and device for the blind.

"Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) Technology: Manufacture and Applications" covers SOI transistors and circuits, manufacture, and reliability. The book also looks at applications such as memory, power devices, and photonics.

The book is divided into two parts; part one covers SOI materials and manufacture, while part two covers SOI devices and applications. The book begins with chapters that introduce techniques for manufacturing SOI wafer technology, the electrical properties of advanced SOI materials, and modeling short-channel SOI semiconductor transistors. Both partially depleted and fully depleted SOI technologies are considered. Chapters 6 and 7 concern junctionless and fin-on-oxide field effect transistors. The challenges of variability and electrostatic discharge in CMOS devices are also addressed. Parttwo covers recent and established technologies. These include SOI transistors for radio frequency applications, SOI CMOS circuits for ultralow-power applications, and improving device performance by using 3D integration of SOI integrated circuits. Finally, chapters 13 and 14 consider SOI technology for photonic integrated circuits and for micro-electromechanical systems and nano-electromechanical sensors.

The extensive coverage provided by "Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) Technology" makes the book a central resource for those working in the semiconductor industry, for circuit design engineers, and for academics. It is also important for electrical engineers in the automotive and consumer electronics sectors.
Covers SOI transistors and circuits, as well as manufacturing processes and reliabilityLooks at applications such as memory, power devices, and photonics"

Sensors are used for civil infrastructure performance assessment and health monitoring, and have evolved significantly through developments in materials and methodologies. "Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructure Volume II" provides an overview of sensor data analysis and case studies in assessing and monitoring civil infrastructures.

Partone focuses on sensor data interrogation and decision making, with chapters on data management technologies, data analysis, techniques for damage detection and structural damage detection. Parttwo is made up of case studies in assessing and monitoring specific structures such as bridges, towers, buildings, dams, tunnels, pipelines, and roads.

"Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructure" provides a standard reference for structural and civil engineers, electronics engineers, and academics with an interest in the field.
Provides an in-depth examination of sensor data management and analytical techniques for fault detection and localization, looking at prognosis and life-cycle assessmentIncludes case studies in assessing structures such as bridges, buildings, super-tall towers, dams, tunnels, wind turbines, railroad tracks, nuclear power plants, offshore structures, levees, and pipelines"

Sensors are used for civil infrastructure performance assessment and health monitoring, and have evolved significantly through developments in materials and methodologies. "Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructure Volume I" provides an overview of sensor hardware and its use in data collection.

The first chapters provide an introduction to sensing for structural performance assessment and health monitoring, and an overview of commonly used sensors and their data acquisition systems. Further chapters address different types of sensor including piezoelectric transducers, fiber optic sensors, acoustic emission sensors, and electromagnetic sensors, and the use of these sensors for assessing and monitoring civil infrastructures. Developments in technologies applied to civil infrastructure performance assessment are also discussed, including radar technology, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology.

"Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructure" provides a standard reference for structural and civil engineers, electronics engineers, and academics with an interest in the field.
Describes sensing hardware and data collection, covering a variety of sensorsExamines fiber optic systems, acoustic emission, piezoelectric sensors, electromagnetic sensors, ultrasonic methods, and radar and millimeter wave technologyCovers strain gauges, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), multifunctional materials and nanotechnology for sensing, and vision-based sensing and lasers

Recently, a new digital twin consortium has been established that aims to deploy digital twin technology in new markets as well as in the development of smart cities. Designing smart cities, smart communities, and smart ecosystems powered by optimal digital twin deployments is a vision that currently only futurists can entertain and requires some time to reach large-scale adoption. However, it is incumbent upon us as a society to educate and train future generations on how to leverage digital twin technologies in order to optimize our daily lives as well as increase our efficiency, productivity, and safety. Impact of Digital Twins in Smart Cities Development provides insights regarding the global landscape for current digital twin research and deployments and highlights some of the challenges and opportunities faced during large-scale adoptions. Critical domains such as ethics, data governance, cybersecurity, inclusion, diversity, and sustainability are also addressed and considered. Covering topics such as digital identity and digital economics, this reference work is ideal for urban planners, engineers, policymakers, industry leaders, scientists, economists, academicians, practitioners, researchers, instructors, and students.