Recent advances in molecular biology have provided new dimensions in the study of the reproductive system. There has been major progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hormone action in the past few' years. The symposium on "Molecular Basis of Reproductive Endocrinology" was organized to highlight new research findings on the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The emphasis of the symposium was on physiological questions answered by the molecular biology approach. Studies on the functional relevance of gonadotropin releasing hormone and LH and FSH gene expression were presented, together with research on the molecular biology of ovarian and testicular steroidogenic enzymes and protein hormones. Also, several novel aspects of hormone gene expression in placental tissues were reviewed. The symposium was held July 25 to 26, 1991, immediately prior to the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, on the campus of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Serono Symposia, USA generously financed and coordinated the meeting. We are indebted to Dr. Bruce K. Burnett and Dr. L. Lisa Kern for their professional assistance in the organization of the symposium. We would also like to thank Drs. Victor Gomel, Basil Ho Yuen, and John Challis, who served as session moderators. Most of all, we truly appreciate the efforts of all the invited speakers, poster presenters, and discussants in making this a memorable event as the largest one-day meeting of the Serono Symposia USA, series.

The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in the field ofneuroendocrinology. The conjoint research contributions by clinicians and basic scientists have promulgated revolutionary concepts at a breakneck speed. This first volume in Clinical Surveys in Endocrinology, The Pituitary Gland, has been written with but one purpose in mind: to integrate the current knowledge in this dynamic field with the existing body of information already available to the clinician. The chapters in this book attempt to portray current research information seen through the eyes of a clinician. The contributions of pioneers in each field have been placed in a perspective relevant to the practicing endocrinologist. The selection of the almost 1500 references from a bewil of literature has been inftuenced by the degree to which these dering body articles-original as weil as review papers-contributed to the growth of pi tuitary endocrinology. Despite the most scrutinizing attempts, it is inevitable and regrettable that works of importance must be excluded due to the practical limitations of any comprehensive work. Nevertheless, to the researcher these references are complete enough to serve as a significant resource. To the reader who wishes to gain an indepth clinical perspective of pituitary disor ders, this work is written precisely from that vantage point. The single authorship of this work notwithstanding, several friends have been instrumental in the completion of this work. I deeply appreciate the incessant zeal and excellent assistance of Ms."

The findings of immunogenetic linkages, autoantibodies including autoislet cell and autoinsulin antibodies-and viruses in diabetes has attracted increasing interest among immunologists, virologists, geneticists and clinicians. To gather together the recent avalanche ef new and exciting information emerging in this area, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology has put together two volumes on this subject. The first volume, CTMI 156, (see page VI for contents) provided data on the animal models and experimental approaches currently employed to evaluate both the autoimmune and virologic factors contributing to the causation and patho genesis of diabetes. The second is this current volume. It is edited by Drs. BAEKKESKOV and HANSEN and focuses on current knowledge in human diabetes. This volume on human diabetes contains ten chapters from leading researchers. The book is arranged in two components. The first part critically analyzes the genes in man that playa role in susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The second segment analyzes the role(s) that various environ mental factors play in IDDM and provides data on the autoantigens, aberrant immune responses, and the role of cytokines and free radicals in the pathogenesis of diabetes. La Jolla, California MICHAEL B. A. OLDSTONE, M.D. This collection of studies was conceived as part of a two-volume review of the immunology of diabetes. The contents of Volume 156, which forms part 1, are listed below."

For many years now I have devoted much of my time to lecturing and writing on the subject of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this book I have outlined the development of my approach to this problem. I must admit that the details of my theories have undergone continuous modification as a result of the lessons learned in treating a large number of patients, but the basic message has remained the same. I believe that the delay in the utilization oftestosterone treatment for CVD has arisen from a failure by specialists in endocrinology, biochemistry, physi ology, and cardiology to understand each other's point of view and therefore to effectively coordinate their clinical efforts. This is like four people starting to climb the various faces of a pyramid, unaware of each other's presence until they reach the apex. It is hoped that bringing specialists in these different disciplines together at "summit meetings" will help them discover the true nature of this disease, the cardiovascular specialist understanding the underlying lack of anabolic steroids, and the other three grasping the way in which treatment with these compounds can effectively counteract the metabolic disturbance which is the cause of CVD. Even apart of the language barrier, writing this book has by no means been an easy task. Please consider my situation; one cannot be a cardiologist, endocrinologist, biologist, biochemist, and physiologist all in one person. This fact may open me to criticism.

The European School of Oncology came into existence to respond to a need for information, education and training in the field of the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. There are two main reasons why such an initiative was considered necessary. Firstly, the teaching of oncology requires a rigorously multidiscipli nary approach which is difficult for the Universities to put into practice since their system is mainly disciplinary orientated. Secondly, the rate of technological development that impinges on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has been so rapid that it is not an easy task for medical faculties to adapt their curricula flexibly. With its residential courses for organ pathologies and the seminars on new techniques (laser, monoclonal antibodies, imaging techniques etc.) or on the principal therapeutic controversies (conservative or mutilating surgery, primary or adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy alone or integrated), it is the ambition of the European School of Oncology to fill a cultural and scientific gap and, thereby, create a bridge between the University and Industry and between these two and daily medical practice. One of the more recent initiatives of ESO has been the institution of permanent study groups, also called task forces, where a limited number of leading experts are invited to meet once a year with the aim of defining the state of the art and possibly reaching a consensus on future developments in specific fields of on cology."

This book is part of a series dedicated to recent advances on preventive, predictive and personalised medicine (PPPM). It focuses on the theme of "Drug delivery systems: advanced technologies potentially applicable in personalised treatments". The critical topics involving the development and preparation of effective drug delivery systems, such as: polymers available, self-assembly, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical formulations, three dimensional structures, molecular modeling, tailor-made solutions and technological tendencies, are carefully discussed. The understanding of these areas constitutes a paramount route to establish personalised and effective solutions for specific diseases and individuals.

Early embryonic loss is a continuing social and economic global problem. In human populations the estimates of interruptions early in pregnancy range from 35-60%. In animal husbandry (swine, ruminants) fully 30% of pregnancies fail to survive early events of gestation. The futility associated with this persistant high risk is even more unsettling because of advances made in assisted reproductive technology which, although this very selective methodology has added to our knowledge of embryo-endometrial interactions, has resulted in a birth rate of only 14%. These studies have instigated comparisons of the live relative contributions of the embryo and the uterus to the outcome of pregnancy. These analyses have shown that we have learned significantly less about the role of the uterus in deciding the outcome of either natural or assisted pregnancies. In 1979 a quotation by George Corner was used to set the tone of a meeting that was devoted to discussion of the cellular and molecular aspects of implantation. In spite of the proliferation in research activity which occurred in the following 15 years our real understanding of the embryo transfer process has fallen short of our expectations. We use the Corner quotation, once again, to preface this symposium so that we may recall that the fundamental nature of the process which regulates embryo-endometrial interactions still escapes us.

This monograph brings together our work concerning the relationships be tween the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis. The studies span approximate ly a decade of collaborative work. Over this period our contributions and those of many others have advanced greatly our understanding of many aspects of male reproductive biology. This monograph attempts to survey these developments and to highlight many unresolved issues. It also provides an opportunity to demonstrate the value of investigations which relate bio chemical to structural parameters and to illustrate the importance of animal studies in elucidating biological principles with clinical applications. The reverse is also important since the pathophysiology of human disorders of ten provides insight into hitherto unsuspected basic mechanisms. In any rapidly expanding field it is difficult to stop revising and extending a manuscript. It is equally difficult to quote every reference in the field but we trust that those of significance have not been omitted. Some of our former students have collaborated with us as co-authors in producing this monograph. It is equally important to recognise the contributions of our other former students and colleagues who have physically participated in the studies and without whose intellectual contributions a number of concepts would not have been elucidated. Their work is acknowledged in the text of the monograph and the extensive list of references."

The role of electrical signalling in the control of endocrine secretions by the brain has been clear for many years. Recently, the influences of hormones on synthetic events in neuroendocrine cells have raised new questions concerning the peptides released from such neurons. This volume concentrates on the relation between these two fields and asks how electrical action potentials facilitate secretion of substances from nerve cells which control endocrine events. While stimulus-secretion coupling has been studied extensively in other physiological contexts, this is the first treatment of the phenomenon in an exclusively neuroendocrine setting.

The field of steroid hormone action has continued to expand into the realm of molecular biology at a pace even faster than most of us ever imagined. techniques of molecular biology have made it possible to clone The hormone-regulated genes and to examine steroid-receptor interactions with these genes. Nucleotide sequences of these genes, which show preferential binding of steroid receptors, have been identified. These results are complemented by the identification of chromatin acceptor proteins, which also show preferential binding for steroid-receptor complexes. Thus, one can envision the day when cloned genes, purified acceptor proteins, and receptor-steroid complexes will be recombined in vitro to form a functional unit. Cellular localization of steroid receptors has undergone recent revision, and it now appears that receptors are localized primarily in the nuclear compartment. These findings, although controversial, will lead to a reassessment of many of the previous concepts of steroid-receptor interactions and regulation. The way in which these observations at the of physiology, molecular and cellular levels fit into the overall scheme development, and evolution are continuing to progress, and the future promises some very exciting syntheses of understanding at all levels of biological organization. The third Meadow Brook Conference on hormones was held in order to bring together investigators who will undoubtedly contribute heavily to this future synthesis and to permit a free exchange of ideas and concepts as they relate to the current state-of-the-art in molecular endocrinology. Spring 1986 ARUN K. Roy JAMES H. CLARK Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Even a brief scan of the table of contents of the present volume is enough to disclose the diversity of research interests and opinions in the field of lipidology. It is precisely this diversity that is the strength of our field and that was showcased by the XII International Symposium of DRUGS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM (DALM). The papers published here from these proceedings may be divided into three categories: those that define-and refine---our understanding ofthe clinical benefit of aggressive lipid management, those that develop our knowledge of ris!. assessment, and those that discuss the genetic, bio~hemical, and biophysical mechanisms underlying the pathology of coronary heart disease. On the clinical front, further analysis of the results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) has indicated the cost-effectiveness of therapy in patients with established coronary heart disease. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), whose methodology was described at the DALM XII symposium, has demonstrated in a mostly primary-prevention population what 4S demonstrated for secondary prevention the year before: aggressive lipid-regulating therapy reduces coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality rates without concurrently increasing mortality from noncardiovascular causes. In the future, important considerations will be to develop protocols that maximize benefit in groups underrepresented in traditional clinical research for example, women and the elderly-and to improve compliance to existing treatment regimens. Furthermore, antioxidant, omega-3 fatty acid, and gene therapies warrant further investigation.

Experts in the field of endocrinology as well as ophthalmologists, oncologists, orthopedists and oral surgeons discuss the nature and mechanism of action of growth-stimulating substances whose biological and clinical activities in humans have been demonstrated or are being investigated. The monograph represents a good sampler of current basic and applied knowledge in the field.

This volume, The Adrenal Gland, is the second in the Clinical Surveys in Endo crinology series. Like its predecessor on the pituitary gland, this work is written with one purpose in mind-to view the vast, relevant adrenal literature through a clinician's eyes. The intricate, and often complex, interrelationship between the clinical and research perspectives of "adrenology" poses a challenge. This is, in part, due to the commonly held belief that the milieux of steroid hormone research and clinical medicine are parallel phenomena, not destined to meet. But the twain do meet, and often with relative ease, when viewed as twin facets of the same gem. The view presented in this work is from the vantage point of the clinical endocrinologist who applies the research literature to understand adre nal diseases more clearly. Adrenal pathology is arguably the most fascinating of all endocrinopathies. The images of patients suffering from adrenal diseases are of kaleidoscopic quality: the newborn child with ambiguous genitalia, in whom the very first ritual of assigning sex becomes shrouded with uncertainty; the revitalized pa tient with hitherto undiagnosed Addison's disease, who but for the cognitive powers of the endocrinologist would have ultimately succumbed, undiagnosed; the virilized female with adrenal tumor and its attendant onslaught on the body and mind; the febrile patient with pheochromocytoma masquerading as fever of undetermined origin for months."

"Man's natural instinct, in fact, is never toward what is sound and true. It is toward what is specious and false . . . The ideas that conquer the race most rapidly and arouse the wildest enthusiasm and are held most tenaciously are precisely the ideas that are most insane. This has been true since the first 'advanced' gorilla put on underwear, cultivated a frown and began his first lecture tour, . . . " H. L. Mencken, from Meditation On Meditation in the Smart Set, June, 1920 pp 45-46 In our opinion there is no field of clinical medicine in such a state of dynamic disequilibrium as clin ical thyroidology. Thyroid diseases are very common. The moderately complex but easily understandable physiological interrelationships between the thyroid, pituitary and hypothalamus have provided stimuli for the application of mod ern technology in the development of an array of diagnostic procedures. Although therapeutic methods have been more stable, and recent advances more limited, their application by phy- Joel I. Hambufl er. M. D. sicians representing different disciplines has pro vided an ample basis for the expression of differ ing viewpoints. Unfortunately there are few opportunities for in-depth exploration of different attitudes and experience relevant to issues of current interest. The review process employed by medical journals often seems to stifle the expression of controver sial viewpoints."

The first Meadowbrook Symposium was held in 1978 and during the intervening ten years our knowledge concerning how steroid hormones function at the level of gene expression has advanced by leaps and bounds. In this volume, which sum marizes our fourth meeting, these advances are very evident. What seemed like science fiction ten years ago has become commonplace science. Who would have imagined that we could synthesize a nucleotide sequence that binds a specific steroid receptor and acts as a controlling element for gene expression? No one; but as is evident from the results reported in several chapters, this technique is yielding a wealth of information. Using these and other techniques it has become apparent that gene transcription is controlled by interactions between transacting factors and DNA recognition sequences (response elements). These transacting factors appear to be members of a large gene family that includes steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, protooncogenes and homeobox proteins. Thus a great deal has been learned, but as usual, questions remain. Many of these questions are posed by the findings and observations found in several chapters in this volume. Non hormone binding forms of steroid receptors and their relevance to receptor down regulation, recycling and biological response remain a mystery. The quantitative relationship between receptor binding and biological response still presents agonizing problems. These and many other intriguing questions are discussed in this volume and set the stage for what should be a most rewarding time in endocrinology. Winter 1989 ARUN K."

The XIIth North American Testis Workshop was held in Tampa, Florida, April 13 to 16, 1993. The program consisted of 23 invited lectures and 120 poster presentations. In keeping with the tradition of the Testis Workshop, every attempt was made to emphasize recent develop- ments in the study of endocrine and gametogenic functions of the male gonad. Although the main emphasis, reflected in the title of the pro- ceedings, was on the function and control of somatic cells in the testis, one session was devoted to germ cells and one to the studies of male reproductive development and function. The last session of the workshop was included in the program of the Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Andrology, which held its annual meeting in Tampa imme- diately following the workshop. This volume consists of 21 chapters prepared by the speakers and 8 chapters contributed by presenters of the posters. The Program Committee consisted of Drs. Nancy Alexander, C. Wayne Bardin, Andrzej Bartke (Chairman), Kevin J. Catt, Claude Desjardins, Maria Dufau, Michael Griswold, Norman Hecht, Aaron Hsueh, Dolores J. Patanelli, Bernard Robaire, and Richard Sherins. The workshop was generously funded by Serono Symposia, USA, which also agreed to handle registration, local arrangements, and publication of this volume. On behalf of the Program Committee and all participants, I would like to thank Dr. Bruce Burnett of Serono Symposia, USA and his staff for their efforts and support in every aspect of the organization of the workshop.

Key workers in vascular medicine and biology apply state-of-the-art techniques in cell and molecular biology to study the endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The distinguished scientists and clinicians open a new area of endocrinology, which sees the vasculature and kidney as endocrine organs and sheds new light on the hormonal regulation of the cardiovascular system. They also add significantly to our current understanding of the autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine regulation of vascular function in health and in those vascular disease states that accompany diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Endocrinology of the Vasculature is the first book to comprehensively and systematically explore the vasculature as an endocrine organ.

Diabetes and Wellbeing presents a range of effective psychological principles proven to positively impact the emotional wellbeing of individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The guide takes an explicitly CBT approach to motivate sufferers in essential self-care tasks. * Written in a practical style, for those newly diagnosed with diabetes, individuals managing its challenges for many years, and healthcare professionals * Reveals how the stress of daily diabetes management can affect an individual s ability to stay motivated and engaged in essential self-care tasks that are vital for good health * Presents proven techniques for improving emotional wellbeing * First book to take an explicitly CBT approach to diabetes, simultaneously drawing on solution-focused behavioural therapy and mindfulness approaches * Fills the gap information of this kind among healthcare professionals and individuals with diabetes

In this book on diabetes mellitus both the pathogenesis and treat ment of the disease will be discussed. Pathogenetic studies have led to the distinction between type I and type II diabetes. In type I hyperglycaemia is due predominantly to insulin deficiency; in type II insulin resistance is more important. Three pathogenetic factors are thought to play a role in the etiol ogy of type I diabetes: heredity, viral infections and immunity. There may be a relationship between these three aspects since genetic pre disposition changes the susceptibility to viral infections and/or the immunological defence against these infections. Insulitis ensues. Auto immune processes initiated by this chain of events may contribute to the destruction of the B cells in the islets of Langerhans and diabetes -may eventually follow. This means that at the time of the sudden out break of the disease, the destructive process has already been active for years."

From 11 to 15 July 1977 about 60 physiologists, endo crinologists, ecologists and other biologists from 14 countries convened at the University Montpellier for a symposium on Environmental Endocrinology. This meet ing was organized as a Satellite Symposium of the 27th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Paris, 18-23 July 1977. This volume is a record of the com munications presented at the symposium. The objectives of the program were to examine the role of the endocrine system in a wide spectrum of adjustments and adaptations to changes in environmental conditions by various spe cies of animals, including man, and to promote an ex change of ideas among investigators who have approached these functions from diverse aspects. The diversity of the information and ideas communicated is great. Of necessity, they represent only an extremely modest se lection of the many facets of endocrine function in the interaction of animals with their environments. Be yond the usefulness of the communications individually, we hope that they collectively demonstrate the substan tial heuristic value of the concept of environmental endocrinology as it was perceived by the participants. We acknowledge gratefully the kindness and sympathy of Professor Jaques ROUZAUD, President of the University of Montpellier II, for his generous extension of the hospitality of the University to the Symposium. We are most grateful to Mrs. Monique VIEU who effected so well the secretarial organization of the Sympos."

These four volumes comprlslng "GnRH Analogues in Cancer and Human Reproduction" are a distillation of the presentations of the invited speakers at a landmark International Symposium bearing the same name, organized by one of us (B. L. ) and held in Geneva, SwitLerland in February 1988. The Symposium was truly interdisciplinary spanning gonadal hormone dependent disease including various forms of cancer and ranging to control of fertility, both pro- and conception. The international flavor can be caught from the 480 participants and 259 contributors drawn from 14 countries. The Symposium, and therefore this book, would not have been possible without the backing of The International Commitlee for Research in Reproduction and the sponsorship of the International Society of Gynecologic Endocrinology, The Swiss Society of fertility and Sterility, The University of Geneva School of Medicine, The Swiss Society of Endocrinology and The US foundation for Studies in Reproduction Inc. , and help from the World Health Organization. B. H. Vickery B. Lunenfeld June 1989 xiii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SERIES A. Abbondante H. Bartermann First Institute of Obstetrics and Urologische Universitatsklinik Kiel Gynecology Arnold-Heller Strasse 7 University "La Sapienza" D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG Rome, Italy M. Bartholomew P. Abel Department of Medicine/Endocrinology Department of Urology Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hammersmith Hospital Pennsylvania State University DuCaneRoad PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA London W12 OHS, UK D. Beck H.

Tamoxifen has persisted as a widely accepted and administered drug for almost 25 years. Following the many scientific papers and books on the subject, it has remained a very intriguing substance. This, perhaps, is the reason for another monograph on Tamoxifen. It is regrettably true that overviews, even when up to date after exhaustive research - the shibboleth of our cultures -, rapidly lose relevance with the passage of time. Scientists can sometimes be pictured as deep sea divers, who plunge into the unknown in search of a hitherto unknown world. Their descent is exciting, but eventually they must come up for air and integrate their experiences with others who also had to resurface. This book intends to collect and, where possible, to collate recent, but sometimes seemingly unrelated information. To quote Stephane Mallarme: "Everything in the world exists to end up in a book." Even if this is a tad cynical, it might not be far from the truth. If a little knowledge is a dangerous commodity, one can also add - tongue in cheek - that a vast amount of knowledge can be truly hazardous. It is likely that what might seem as entangled data is confusing, especially for those satisfied with the comfortable interpretation of Tamoxifen as an antiestrogen which has long been found insufficient. The complexity of its mechanisms and effects defies simple explanations and may even seem capricious, but only because of our ignorance.

The subject of this book is neuroendocrinology, that branch of biological science devoted to the interactions between the two major integrative organ systems of animals-the endocrine and nervous systems. Although this science today reflects a fusion of endocrinology and neurobiology, this synthetic ap proach is relatively recent. At the beginning of the 20th century, when the British physiologists, Bayliss and Starling, first proposed endocrinology to be an independent field of inquiry, they went to great lengths to establish the autonomy of chemical secretions in general and their independence from nervous control in particular (Bayliss, W. M. , and Starling, E. H. , 1902, The mechanism of pancreatic secretion,]. Physiol. 28:325). They argued with Pav lov, who said that there was a strong influence of the nervous system on the gastrointestinal phenomena the endocrinologists were studying. For several decades, the English physiologists prevailed, at least in the West; and Pavlov's critique was not taken to heart by the practitioners of the newly emerging discipline of endocrinology. Through the work of Harris, the Scharrers, Sawyer, Everett, and others, there has been something of a scientific detente in the latter half of this century; the hybrid field of neuroendocrinology is now regarded as one of the corner stones of modern neural science and is of fundamental importance in basic and clinical endocrinology.

In 1980 a case of myxedema was treated in Lisbon by the implantation of a sheep thyroid gland with the immediate improvement in the patient s condition. A few years later, medications for the then ill-explained condition of the menopause included tablets made from cow ovaries. In the first quarter of the 20th century the identification vitamin D3 and its sunlight driven production in skin paved the way to the elimination of rickets as a major medical problem. Twenty years or so later Sir Vincent Wigglesworth established the endocrine basis of developmental moulting in insects, arguably the most commonly performed animal behaviour on Planet Earth. A paradigm that would unify these disparate observations arose between in 1985 and 1987 beginning with the identification of the glucocorticoid receptor and the nuclear receptor super-family. What follows is a timely and positive manifestation of the capacity, productivity and value of international human scientific endeavour. Based on intrigue, lively competition and cooperation a global effort has rapidly fostered a school of biology with widespread ramifications for the understanding of metazoan animals, the human condition and the state of the planet. This book is the first this century to try and capture the spirit of this endeavour, to depict where the field is now and to identify some of the challenges and opportunities for the future. "

The conference represented by this book was made possible by support from NICHD and a planning committee headed by Dr. Richard Sherins. Two general areas of research are included: the first encompasses steroid hormone synthesis, metabolism and transport in the testis; and the second relates to hormonal regula tion of the seminiferous tubule with special emphasis on the con trol of Sertoli cell function. In addition, there are sections on the purification of unique testicular proteins and morpho logical studies with particular emphasis on the Sertoli cell. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Sherins and his staff at NICHD and to all of the people at the University of North Carolina who participated in the Conference arrangements, to Dr. Judson J. Van Wyk, Chief of the Pediatric Endocrinology Division, and Dr. H. Stanley Bennett, Director of the Laboratories for Reproductive Biology. Our very special thanks to Mrs. Carolyn Jaros for her help in handling the local arrangements. Mrs. Martha Byrd and Mrs. Linda Rollins typed the manuscripts. Miss Leslie Wells and Mr. Albert Smith kindly assisted in proof reading, and Dr. Elizabeth Wilson gave much help with the final editing process. To all of these people, we are most grateful."