This book provides in-depth information on basic and applied aspects of biofuels production from algae. It begins with an introduction to the topic, and follows with the basic scientific aspects of algal cultivation and its use for biofuels production, such as photo bioreactor engineering for microalgae production, open culture systems for biomass production and the economics of biomass production. It provides state-of-the-art information on synthetic biology approaches for algae suitable for biofuels production, followed by algal biomass harvesting, algal oils as fuels, biohydrogen production from algae, formation/production of co-products, and more. The book also covers topics such as metabolic engineering and molecular biology for algae for fuel production, life cycle assessment and scale-up and commercialization. It is highly useful and helps you to plan new research and design new economically viable processes for the production of clean fuels from algae.
Covers in a comprehensive but concise way most of the algae biomass conversion technologies currently availableLists all the products produced from algae, i.e. biohydrogen, fuel oils, etc., their properties and potential usesIncludes the economics of the various processes and the necessary steps for scaling them up

Small wind turbines utilize wind energy to produce power with rated capacities of 100 kilowatts and less. With this increasingly popular technology, individual businesses, farms, and homes can generate their own electricity, potentially cutting their energy bills drastically, while generating power in an environmentally sound manner. The challenges facing the engineers who are tasked with planning and developing these small wind systems are multifaceted, from choosing the best site and accurately estimating likely power output, to obtaining proper permitting and troubleshooting operational inefficiencies. Optimization of project development for small wind applications is a necessity. "Small Wind" "Planning and Building Successful Installations" provides a cohesive guide to achieving successful small wind installations from an informed expert. It is a comprehensive information resource from one of the world s most experienced small wind professionals, covering all the key issues for small wind system development, from site and machine selection to international standards compliance.
Establishes technical guidelines for the growing number of engineers called upon to plan small wind projects Identifies and explains the critical issues for small wind installations, including siting, turbine choice, applications and permitting, economics, load management, and grid integration Examples from real projects demonstrate key considerations for success, complete with template spreadsheets and measurements needed to support project planning efforts Includes reports on the most commonly used turbines and designs and synthesizes and clarifies relevant wind industry documentation, saving readers endless hours of research
"

"Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Heat MassExchanger Ducts" bridges the gap between fundamentals and recent discoveries, making it a valuable tool for anyone looking to expand their knowledge of heat exchangers. The first book on the market to cover conjugate heat and mass transfer in heat exchangers, author Li-Zhi Zhang goes beyond the basics to cover recent advancements in equipment for energy use and environmental control (such as heat and moisture recovery ventilators, hollow fiber membrane modules for humidification/dehumidification, membrane modules for air purification, desiccant wheels for air dehumidification and energy recovery, and honeycomb desiccant beds for heat and moisture control). Explaining the data behind and the applications of conjugated heat and mass transfer allows for the design, analysis, and optimization of heat and mass exchangers. Combining this recently discovered data into one source makes it an invaluable reference for professionals, academics, and other interested parties.
A research-based approach emphasizing numerical methods in heat mass transferIntroduces basic data for exchangers design (such as friction factors and the Nusselt/Sherwood numbers), methods to solve conjugated problems, the modeling of various heat and mass exchangers, and moreThe first book to include recently discovered advancements of mass transfer and fluid flow in channels comprised of new materialsIncludes illustrations to visually depict the book s key concepts"

Unconventional reservoirs of oil and gas represent a huge additional global source of fossil fuels. However, there is much still to be done to improve techniques for their processing to make recovery and refining of these particular energy sources more cost-effective. Brief but readable, "Heavy and Extra-heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies" provide readers with a strategy for future production (the up-stream) and upgrading (the down-stream). The book provides the reader with an understandable overview of the chemistry and engineering behind the latest developments and technologies in the industry as well as the various environmental regulations.

Clear and rigorous, "Heavy and Extra-heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies" will prove tool for those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science and technology of unconventional fossil fuels in general and upgrading technologies in particular. The use of microorganisms and a number of physical methods, such as ultrasound, median microwave, cold plasma, electrokinetic and monocrystalline intermetallics, etc., will be discussed for the first time.
Overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of oil sandsMicroorganisms and a number of physical methods such as ultrasound, median microwave, cold plasma, electrokinetic and monocrystalline intermetallicsEvolving and new environmental regulations regarding oil sands production processes

Power and telecommunications systems are growing increasingly complex. This increases their vulnerability to lightning-related effects. Due to the high requirements for the reliability of power and telecommunications systems and the associated sensitive equipment, protection against lightning is of paramount importance. Lightning-induced effects are to be quantified in order to assess the risks and design adequate protection. This can be done with the traditional approach, which is based on the transmission-line theory and an electromagnetic-field-to-conductor coupling model, as well as with the advanced numerical techniques, such as the finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Interest in the FDTD method is steadily growing because of the availability of software and increased computer capabilities. This book provides an introduction to the FDTD method and its applications to studies of lightning-induced effects in power and telecommunication systems. It also contains background information on lightning, lightning models, and lightning electromagnetics. This book is essential reading for electrical engineers and researchers, who are interested in lightning surge protection studies, as well as for senior undergraduate and graduate students specializing in electrical engineering.

While covering the fascinating history of wind power as a whole, this timely handbook focuses on current technological developments and the promise-and pitfalls-of wind energy as part of the world's energy future. The use of wind power for the generation of electricity holds vast potential for solving the world's energy problems, but numerous technical and social issues must be addressed before that potential can be realized. This handbook will both educate students about current issues related to wind energy and introduce the ways in which mankind has harnessed the wind through the ages. The book covers topics as diverse as early windmills in Europe, the United States, China, and the Middle East; the development of wind farms for electricity generation; and political factors involved in the development of wind energy today. Conventional wind turbine mechanics are explained, as are the technical improvements that drive modern wind turbines and other wind systems. What makes the handbook unique is that it combines hard science with perspective pieces that address topics such as potential environmental damage that can result from modern wind technology, and how recent developments in wind turbine technology hold the promise for considerably reducing the cost of this alternate energy source, making it competitive with conventional fossil fuels. Readers will be engaged by extensive discussion of the economic, political, and ethical issues raised by the expanding use of wind energy in the United States and elsewhere, and they will be intrigued by a look at what wind power can mean to the planet's energy future. Serves as a comprehensive introduction to the topic and a guide for further study Features expert essays on issues and controversies related to the use of wind energy Covers the dangers wind power poses to wildlife as well as its impacts on communities' economic development Profiles key individuals and organizations in the field Includes statistical information on the production and consumption of wind energy in the United States and around the world

Sulfur is devoted to the methods of production and applications as they intertwined during different stages of industrial and technological developments. Commercial sulfuric acid production from the early 16th century until today is reviewed, spanning the Ancient and Renaissance periods, the Industrial Age (to which sulfur was vitally important), and the Sulfur War of 1840. The book introduces "the Sulfur Age" and the processes of this period -- such as the Nordhausen, Bell and Leblanc methods --, then goes on to review native sulfur production in Sicily, once a major supplier to the world. The 'Frasch method' is also covered in detail.

Moving to present day, the book presents "recovered" sulfur -- derived from sour gas and oil -- which constitutes 90% of today's elemental sulfur supply, and looks to Canada, a powerhouse supplier of Recovered Sulfur. An entire chapter is devoted to the modern-day sulfur entrepreneur, with a profile of various investors (from the reluctant to the private and institutional), and evaluates the benefits of adopting new and revolutionary technologies. Finally, the book forecasts the sulfur industry's future and potential supply sources, such as worldwide oil sands.
Covers the latest trends in sulfur production, and evaluates the costs and benefits of new processesDiscusses existing practices for removal of sulfur - a common contaminant - from oil and natural gasA fascinating and detailed history of sulfur processing technology

The extraction of natural gas from shale formations is no simple task and perhaps the
most expensive when compared to over unconventional gases. Although, its popularity
has grown over the years, there is much to be done to make their production and
processing more cost-effective. Brief butcomprehensive, "Shale Gas Production Processes
"begins with an overview of the chemistry, engineering and technology of shale gas. This
is quickly followed by self-contained chapters concerning new and evolving process
technologies and their applications as well as environmental regulations.
Written in an easy to read format, "Shale Gas Production Processes" will prove useful for
those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as
well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a
general overview or update of the science and technology of shale gas. In addition, the
book discusses methods used to reduce environmental footprint and improve
well performance.
Updates on the evolving processes and new processesProvides overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of shale gasGuides the readerthrough the latest environmental regulation regarding production and processing of shale "

For thousands of years, forest biomass or wood has been among the main energy sources of humans around the world. Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels have replaced wood and become the dominant source of energy. The use of fossil fuels has the disadvantage of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially carbon dioxide (CO2), with the consequent warming of global climate and changes in precipitation. In this context, the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources like forest biomass is among the ways to mitigate climate change. This book summarizes recent experiences on how to manage forest land to produce woody biomass for energy use and what are the potentials to mitigate climate change by substituting fossil fuels in energy production. In this context, the book addresses how management can affect the supply of energy biomass using short-rotation forestry and the conventional forestry applying long rotations. Furthermore, the book outlines the close interaction between the ecological systems and industrial systems, which controls the carbon cycle between the atmosphere and biosphere. In this context, sustainable forest management is a key to understand and control indirect carbon emissions due to the utilization of forest biomass (e.g. from management, harvesting and logistics, and ecosystem processes), which are often omitted in assessing the carbon neutrality of energy systems based on forest biomass. The focus in this book is on forests and forestry in the boreal and temperate zones, particularly in Northern Europe, where the woody biomass is widely used in the energy industry for producing energy.

Direct Current (DC) transmission and distribution technologies have evolved in recent years. They offer superior efficiency, current carrying capacity, and response times as compared to conventional AC systems. Further, substantial advantages are their natural interface with many types of renewable energy resources, such as photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems at relatively high voltage, and compliance with consumer electronics at lower voltages, say, within a household environment. One of the core building blocks of DC-based technologies, especially at medium voltage levels, is power electronic systems technology. This cannot be emphasized enough as these units process, convert, and regulate all DC power and provide intelligence and sensing as electric power grids evolve. These advantages have led to a rise in the utilization and applications of DC in modern power systems. This includes high voltage DC transmission systems, DC distribution grids, DC microgrids, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and the maritime industry. However, there are still substantial challenges to the operation of these systems. Examples include a lack of standards for DC based power infrastructure and DC system protection. This book presents the state of the art in medium voltage DC systems research and development, covering grid architecture, power converter design, transformers, control and protection for both traditional and mobile DC applications such as all-electric ships. This text, the first of its kind, provides essential information for researchers and research-oriented engineers working for academia, a manufacturer or utility, who wish to broaden or update their knowledge of medium voltage DC systems and associated equipment.

Comprises four parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topics that are developed from fundamental principles to more advanced levels in the other parts. Presents in the second part an in-depth introduction to the relevant background in molecular and cellular biology and in physical chemistry, which should be particularly useful for students without a formal background in these subjects. Provides in the third part a detailed treatment of microscopy techniques and optics, again starting from basic principles. Introduces in the fourth part modern statistical approaches to the determination of parameters of interest from microscopy data, in particular data generated by single molecule microscopy experiments. Uses two topics related to protein trafficking (transferrin trafficking and FcRn-mediated antibody trafficking) throughout the text to motivate and illustrate microscopy techniques

This book describes the state-of-the-art in energy efficient, fault-tolerant embedded systems. It covers the entire product lifecycle of electronic systems design, analysis and testing and includes discussion of both circuit and system-level approaches. Readers will be enabled to meet the conflicting design objectives of energy efficiency and fault-tolerance for reliability, given the up-to-date techniques presented.

An essential guide to the stability and control of power systems integrating large-scale renewable energy sources The rapid development of smart grids and the integration of large scale renewable energy have added daunting new layers of complexity to the long-standing problem of power system stability control. This book offers a systematic stochastic analysis of these nonlinear problems and provides comprehensive countermeasures to improve power system performance and control with large-scale, hybrid power systems. Power system stability analysis and control is by no means a new topic. But the integration of large scale renewable energy sources has added many new challenges which must be addressed, especially in the areas of time variance, time delay, and uncertainties. Robust, adaptive control strategies and countermeasures are the key to avoiding inadequate, excessive, or lost loads within hybrid power systems. Written by an internationally recognized innovator in the field this book describes the latest theory and methods for handling power system angle stability within power networks. Dr. Jing Ma analyzes and provides control strategies for large scale power systems and outlines state-of-the-art solutions to the entire range of challenges facing today's power systems engineers. Features nonlinear, stochastic analysis of power system stability and control Offers proven countermeasures to optimizing power system performance Focuses on nonlinear time-variance, long time-delays, high uncertainties and comprehensive countermeasures Emphasizes methods for analyzing and addressing time variance and delay when integrating large-scale renewable energy Includes rigorous algorithms and simulations for the design of analysis and control modeling Power System Wide-area Stability Analysis and Control is must-reading for researchers studying power system stability analysis and control, engineers working on power system dynamics and stability, and graduate students in electrical engineering interested in the burgeoning field of smart, wide-area power systems.