Low-voltage equipment is designed for handling low voltages at consumer-level. This includes computing and telecommunications systems, power distribution grids and PV systems, and EV charging facilities. Exposure to sudden high voltage surges, for example, from switching or lightning, can damage or destroy low-voltage equipment. Protection of low-voltage equipment and systems from such phenomena is thus vital for human safety as well as preventing damages, and so understanding the processes and protective countermeasures is of great importance. This book offers a systematic and thorough treatise of the topic for researchers in industry and universities as well as utility experts and advanced students and more generally for all people involved in electromagnetic compatibility or designing surge protection systems and lightning protection systems. The book aims to provide answers to all readers' questions from the simplest to the most complicated, including guidance on the application of surge protective devices (SPD) illustrated by many cases studies. Following an introduction, chapters cover lightning and surges, risk assessment, standard environment, surge protection (surge protective components and surge protective devices), and their applications, new trends and unsolved challenges.

This timely book examines the significant challenges and possible solutions for enabling efficient modernization of electric power systems. It addresses rapidly changing electricity infrastructure needs and technical requirements and provides a practical introduction to the past, present, and future of energy efficiency and power quality concepts. The book also looks at recent developments in custom power conditioners that help improve the performance of transmission and distribution systems, ensure reliability, and reduce costs. Modernization of Electric Power Systems is a valuable resource for practicing engineers, students, and researchers interested in exploring and implementing energy efficiency and power quality in modern energy systems with renewables. 

Emerging Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage presents the state-of-art of emerging materials for energy conversion technologies (solar cells and fuel cells) and energy storage technologies (batteries, supercapacitors and hydrogen storage). The book is organized into five primary sections, each with three chapters authored by worldwide experts in the fields of materials science, physics, chemistry and engineering. It covers the fundamentals, functionalities, challenges and prospects of different classes of emerging materials, such as wide bandgap semiconductors, oxides, carbon-based nanostructures, advanced ceramics, chalcogenide nanostructures, and flexible organic electronics nanomaterials. The book is an important reference for students and researchers (from academics, but also industry) interested in understanding the properties of emerging materials.

Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding explains the latest technologies used in the integration of low-salinity and smart waterflooding in other EOR processes to reduce risks attributed to numerous difficulties in existing technologies, also introducing the synergetic effects. Covering both lab and field work and the challenges ahead, the book delivers a cutting-edge product for today's reservoir engineers.

With the integration of more distributed or aggregated renewables, and the wide utilization of power electronic devices, modern power systems are facing new stability and security challenges, such as the weakly damped oscillation caused by wind farms connected through long distance transmission lines, the frequency stability problem induced by the reduction of inertia and the voltage stability issue resulting from the interactions between transmission systems and dynamic loads. Meanwhile, synchronized phasor measurement technology developed very fast in the last decade, and more phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide area measurement systems (WAMSs) have been deployed. These provide more insights into the system dynamics and approaches to overcoming the new challenges. This book addresses the emerging concepts, methodologies and applications of wide area monitoring, control and protection in power systems with integrated large scale renewables. Chapters cover monitoring, modelling and validation, control, and data mining with an emphasis on synchrophasor technology, and experiences with real power grids.

Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, Volume Five: Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research, the companion to volumes 1-4, includes the latest research findings about coal and peat fires in the United States, China, India, France, Spain, Poland, and Ireland. Included are chapters about the discovery of microarthropods at two mine fires, the oldest recorded uses of burning coal, the effects of combustion and coal waste on a riverine system, remote sensing analysis of coal fires, gas explosion and spontaneous combustion experiments, and phases associated with the by-products of combustion. This essential reference, along with volumes 1-4, includes a companion website with an interactive world map of coal and peat fires, a collection of slide presentations, research data, and videos: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859

Tidal Energy Systems: Design, Optimization and Control provides a comprehensive overview of concepts, technologies, management and the control of tidal energy systems and tidal power plants. It presents the fundamentals of tidal energy, including the structure of tidal currents and turbulence. Technology, principles, components, operation, and a performance assessment of each component are also covered. Other sections consider pre-feasibility analysis methods, plant operation, maintenance and power generation, reliability assessment in terms of failure distribution, constant failure rate and the time dependent failure model. Finally, the most recent research advances and future trends are reviewed. In addition, applicable real-life examples and a case study of India's tidal energy scenario are included. The book provides ocean energy researchers, practitioners and graduate students with all the information needed to design, deploy, manage and operate tidal energy systems. Senior undergraduate students will also find this to be a useful resource on the fundamentals of tidal energy systems and their components.

Strategic Planning for the Sustainable Production of Biofuels presents several optimization models for the design and planning of sustainable biorefinery supply chains, including issues surrounding the potential of biomass feedstocks in multiple harvesting sites, availability and seasonality of biomass resources, different potential geographical locations for processing plants that produce multiple products using diverse production technologies, economies of scale for production technologies, demands and prices of multiple products, locations of storage facilities, and a number of transportation modes. Sustainability considerations are incorporated into the proposed models by including simultaneous economic, environmental and social performance in the evaluation of the supply chain designs.

Containing papers from the 3rd International Conference on Energy Production and Management: The Quest for Sustainable Energy, this book discusses the future creation and use of energy resources. It also examines the issue of converting new sustainable sources of energy into useful forms, while finding efficient methods of storage and distribution. An important objective of the book is discussing ways in which more efficient use can be made of conventional as well as new energy sources. This relates to savings in energy consumption, reduction of energy losses, as well as the implementation of smart devices and the design of intelligent distribution networks. This volume provides a comparison of conventional energy sources, particularly hydrocarbons, with a number of other ways of producing energy, emphasising new technological developments, based on renewable resources such as solar, hydro, wind and geothermal. In many cases the challenges lie as much with production of such renewable energy at an acceptable cost, including damage to the environment, as with integration of those resources into the existing infrastructure. The changes required to progress from an economy based mainly on hydrocarbons to one taking advantage of sustainable energy resources are massive and require considerable scientific research as well as the development of advanced engineering systems. Such progress demands close collaboration between different disciplines in order to arrive at optimum solutions.

Compression Machinery for Oil and Gas is the go-to source for all oil and gas compressors across the industry spectrum. Covering multiple topics from start to finish, this reference gives a complete guide to technology developments and their applications and implementation, including research trends. Including information on relevant standards and developments in subsea and downhole compression, this book aids engineers with a handy, single resource that will help them stay up-to-date on the compressors needed for today's oil and gas applications.

With an increase of global energy demand arising in urban settlements, the key challenges for the urban energy transition include analysis of energy efficiency options and the potential of renewable energy systems within the existing building stock, making cities a key actor in the transition success. In Urban Energy Systems for Low Carbon Cities, indicators to evaluate urban energy performance are introduced and the status quo of monitoring and efficiency valuation schemes are discussed. The book discusses advances on the state-of-the-art of research in a number of key areas: Energy demand and consumption mapping and monitoring Optimization of design and operation of urban supply and distribution systems Integration of renewable energy and urban energy network models Demand side management strategies to better match renewable supply and demand and increase flexibilities With innovative modelling methods this book gives a real bottom-up modelling approach used for the simulation of energy consumption, energy conversion systems and distribution networks using engineering methods.

The application areas of batteries are currently booming. The recent generation of devices combines a high energy density with a reasonable cost and life expectancy, making them suitable not only for cars but also electric bikes, scooters, forklifts, gardening and household tools, storage batteries as well as airborne applications such as drones, helicopters, and small airplanes. Since manufacturing batteries requires a lot of energy and minerals, extending the life of the battery is worthwhile from both an ecologic and an economic point of view. The use of Battery Management Systems (BMS) can extend battery life, if they are used with a sound understanding of the internal electrical processes. This book provides insight into the electric behaviour of batteries for researchers involved with the design of battery management systems, and experts involved with electric vehicle development. It covers a range of options for designing battery management and cell balancing systems, with a focus on inductive balancing. After an overview of previous and current battery types, chapters convey a number of cell-balancing techniques, such as passive and active equalizer circuits, with a focus on transformer and coupled inductor based balancing methods. In addition, cell voltage monitoring and charging are investigated. Furthermore, solutions are provided to reduce the number of inductive components, the number of windings, and practical implementation.

Energy Efficiency in Air Transportation explores the relationship between air transportation and energy use, starting with an analysis of air transport energy sources and their potential development. The book examines how different elements of the air transport system make use of energy, with an analysis of various methods for optimizing energy consumption. The book covers the consequences of energy use in terms of economics, environmental impact and sustainable development, with a review of the existing and proposed regulatory measures addressing those factors. Aeronautical and air transport engineers interested in aerial vehicle systems design, as well as public administrators and regulators concerned with energy efficiency or environmental issues in air transport, will benefit greatly from this comprehensive reference, which captures necessary background information along with the newest developments in the field.

The book addresses optimization in the petroleum industry from a practical, large-scale-application-oriented point of view. The models and techniques presented help to optimize the limited resources in the industry in order to maximize economic benefits, ensure operational safety, and reduce environmental impact. The book discusses several important real-life applications of optimization in the petroleum industry, ranging from the scheduling of personnel time to the blending of gasoline. It covers a wide spectrum of relevant activities, including drilling, producing, maintenance, and distribution. The text begins with an introductory overview of the petroleum industry and then of optimization models and techniques. The main body of the book details a variety of applications of optimization models and techniques within the petroleum industry. Applied  Optimization in the Petroleum Industry helps readers to find effective optimization-based solutions to their own practical problems in a large and important industrial sector, still the main source of the world’s energy and the source of raw materials for a wide variety of industrial and consumer products.

Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells for Portable Applications: Fundamentals, Engineering and Advances presents the fundamental concepts, technological advances and challenges in developing, modeling and deploying fuel cells and fuel cell systems for portable devices, including micro and mini fuel cells. The authors review the fundamental science of direct alcohol fuel cells, covering, in detail, thermodynamics, electrode kinetics and electrocatalysis of charge-transfer reactions, mass and heat transfer phenomena, and basic modeling aspects. In addition, the book examines other fuels in DAFCs, such as formic acid, ethylene glycol and glycerol, along with technological aspects and applications, including case studies and cost analysis. Researchers, engineering professionals, fuel cell developers, policymakers and senior graduate students will find this a valuable resource. The book's comprehensive coverage of fundamentals is especially useful for graduate students, advanced undergraduate students and those new to the field.

Information and communication technologies play an essential role in the effectiveness and efficiency of smart city processes. Recognizing the role of process analysis in energy usage and how it can be enhanced is essential to improving city sustainability. Smart Grid Analytics for Sustainability and Urbanization provides emerging research on the development of information technology and communication systems in smart cities and smart grids. While highlighting topics such as process mining, innovation management, and sustainability optimization, this publication explores technology development and the mobilization of different environments in smart cities. This book is an important resource for graduate students, researchers, academics, engineers, and government officials seeking current research on how process analysis in energy usage is manifested and how it can be enhanced.

Formation Damage during Improved Oil Recovery: Fundamentals and Applications bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and field practice by presenting information on formation damage issues that arise during enhanced oil recovery. Multi-contributed technical chapters include sections on modeling and simulation, lab experiments, field case studies, and newly proposed technologies and methods that are related to formation damage during secondary and tertiary recovery processes in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Focusing on both the fundamental theories related to EOR and formation damage, this reference helps engineers formulate integrated and systematic designs for applying EOR processes while also considering formation damage issues.