Communications research in aviation is widely regarded by many in the healthcare community as the 'gold standard' to emulate. Yet healthcare and aviation differ in many ways, as do the vital communications shared among members of clinical teams. Aviation team communication should, then, be understood in terms of what lessons will benefit those who work in healthcare. In Improving Healthcare Team Communication, renowned experts provide insights from 'sharp end' operator research in high-hazard sectors that shed light on the performance of cognitive tasks including resource availability assessment, allocation, anticipation, prediction, trade-off decisions, speculation and negotiation. The book reports on recent field research to address what is known, and what needs to be learned, about team communication among operators. Students, clinicians and healthcare managers can find answers in it to the questions they face daily. How can healthcare information be better shared? What can we expect from its improvement, and how do we get there? Lessons learned from team communication research and experience in aviation and healthcare will point the way to improved patient safety.

New chapters and updates highlight the second edition of Laser Safety: Tools and Training. This text provides background information relating to lasers and laser safety, and examines the components of laser work and laser safety from a different perspective. Written by a working laser safety officer, the book considers ways to keep users, as well as those around them, safe. The author encourages readers to think beyond protective eyewear. As it relates to safety, he determines that if eyewear is required, then the laser system is not ideal. This book factors in optics, the vibration elements of the optical table, the power meter, and user training, elements that are not commonly considered in the context of laser safety. It presents ways for users to evaluate the hazards of any laser procedure and ensure that they are following documented laser safety standards. The material serves as a fundamental means or road map for laser users seeking to utilize the safest system possible. What's New in the Second Edition: The second edition provides an inclusion of the Z136.8 Research Laser Standard, and offers updates and an explanation of eye exposure limits (MPE), presents new cases studies, and presents practical example images. It includes coverage of, laser lab design lessons, addresses user facility challenges and laser disposal. Presents case studies of real accidents, preventive measures, and templates for documenting potential laser risks and attendant safety measures Reviews factors often overlooked when one is setting up a laser lab Demonstrates how to investigate a laser incident This text which includes fundamental laser and laser safety information, as well as critical laser use information, is appropriate for both the novice and the seasoned professional.

The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction features 20 original chapters and a conclusion focusing on human-machine interaction (HMI) from analysis, design and evaluation perspectives. It offers a comprehensive range of principles, methods, techniques and tools to provide the reader with a clear knowledge of the current academic and industry practice and debate that define the field. The text considers physical, cognitive, social and emotional aspects and is illustrated by key application domains such as aerospace, automotive, medicine and defence. Above all, this volume is designed as a research guide that will both inform readers on the basics of human-machine interaction from academic and industrial perspectives and also provide a view ahead at the means through which human-centered designers, including engineers and human factors specialists, will attempt to design and develop human-machine systems.

Understanding the conditions under which variability in performance may arise, and the processes related to its emergence, gives us insight into the development of techniques for improving the quality of performance. Variability in Human Performance details the scientific and the practical implications of human performance variability by providing a broad perspective on how and why such variability occurs across a number of disciplinary domains. The text takes an approach that rests upon the idea of context, or design, specificity in performance, namely that variability in performance is closely referenced to design factors in the environment in which performance is occurring. An exploration of the link between variability and related processes, the book introduces a comprehensive framework for understanding human performance variability, presented in terms of how human control of behavior is closely tied to design factors in the performance environment. The authors introduce empirical evidence, as well as practical examples and application areas, in support of this framework. The book begins with coverage of neurobiological and biomechanical basis of movement variability, then examines rich and extensive empirical evidence available for context specificity in cognitive performance and learning, as a basis for cognitive performance variability. The book then reviews the evidence for context specificity in: Student learning Displaced feedback conditions Human error behavior Affective performance Social and team performance The authors also explore work performance as influenced by complex sociotechnical systems and as a basis for performance variability, applying control systems concepts to an interpretation of the nature and basis of performance variability in all of these domains. They conclude by taking an evolutionary perspective on the origins and behavioral significance of human performance variability. The book then provides strategies on how individuals, groups, and organizations can significantly reduce variability in human performance that often leads to systems failures.

Applying Properties of Animals Skins to Inspire Architectural Envelopes Biology influences design projects in many ways; the related discipline is known as biomimetics or biomimicry. Using the animal kingdom as a source of inspiration, Ilaria Mazzoleni seeks to instill a shift in thinking about the application of biological principles to design and architecture. She focuses on the analysis of how organisms have adapted to different environments and translates the learned principles into the built environment. To illustrate the methodology, Mazzoleni draws inspiration from the diversity of animal coverings, referred to broadly as skin, and applies them to the design of building envelopes through a series of twelve case studies. Skin is a complex organ that performs a multitude of functions; namely, it serves as a link between the body and the environment. Similarly, building envelopes act as interfaces between their inhabitants and external elements. The resulting architectural designs illustrate an integrative methodology that allows architecture to follow nature. "Ilaria Mazzoleni, in collaboration with biologist Shauna Price, has developed a profound methodology for architectural and design incentives that anticipates and proposes novel ways to explore undiscovered biological inspirations for various audiences."-Yoseph Bar-Cohen

Drugs and the workplace just don't mix. Yes, most users of illicit drugs are employed adults and there's a high correlation between levels of stress, income and alcohol abuse amongst professional and managerial employees. But the risks associated with drug use and abuse in the workplace have been well defined. Addiction at Work enables you to understand the background and extent of the problem: the cost of drug abuse to your organization; the role your own organizational culture may have in encouraging drug misuse; the risks associated with dangerous or stressful jobs. There are also chapters to help you understand the symptoms of drug abuse and the potential risks associated with perfectly legal prescription or over-the-counter medicines. The right kind of drug policy can be a significant weapon to fight this problem. So Addiction at Work explores your responsibility as an employer and how to design, communicate and implement a policy that is appropriate for your organization. Finally, there are chapters on the tools and techniques open to your organization for tackling the problem head on; ways of addressing problem behaviours; the advantages and disadvantages of drug screening and the ethics associated with this practice; employee assistance programmes and specialist care and, finally, the employment law issues around drugs. Addiction at Work has been written by some of the world-authorities on drug use in the workplace. It is an essential reference for organizations seeking a way through the human, ethical and legal issues (and the risk they present to any employer) of a social problem that is increasingly impacting employees whatever their work or the nature of their workplace.

The book takes as its starting point the crisis of healthcare in the UK: impossible health targets managed through command and control management and a stomach-churning rise in racism, whistleblowing and victimisation in the NHS. The use of nationally set productivity targets combined with austerity cuts have increasingly put clinical best-practice into direct conflict with funding. Health targets have become politically controlled, and performance has become a cynical exercise in ticking boxes, cascaded within trusts and bulldozed through frontline services. This has led directly to a precarious system of employment relations, subject to the continual restructuring of services rather than the goal of creating functioning interdisciplinary teams that stand a chance of capturing clinical excellence. This book is written for workers and managers who are on the frontline of the battle for decent healthcare. The content of this book is based on the 'ordinary' expertise of the people who are actually surviving it and helpful ideas about making the best out of a bad lot. Surviving Work in Healthcare will be of interest to healthcare professionals and anyone working on the frontline of healthcare as well as students of management, human resources and psychology.

Occupational Safety and Hygiene V contains selected contributions from the International Symposium on Occupational Safety and Hygiene (SHO 2017, 10-11 April 2017, Guimaraes, Portugal). The contributions focus on a wide range of topics, including: - occupational safety - risk assessment - safety management - ergonomics - management systems - environmental ergonomics - physical environments - construction safety, and - human factors Occupational Safety and Hygiene V is mainly based on research carried out at universities and other research institutions, but also includes practical studies developed by OHS Practitioners within companies. Accordingly, this book will be a helpful text to get acquainted with the state-of-the-art in research in these domains, as well as with some practical tools and approaches that are currently used by OHS professionals worldwide.

This book presents the latest work in the area of naturalistic decision making (NDM) and its extension into the area of macrocognition. It contains 18 chapters relating research centered on the study of expertise in naturalistic settings, written by international experts in NDM and cognitive systems engineering. The objective of the book is to present the reader with exciting new developments in this field of research, which is characterized by its application-oriented focus. The work addresses only real-world problems and issues. For instance, how do multi-national teams collaborate effectively? How can surgeons best be supported by technology? How do detectives make sense of complex criminal cases? In all instances the studies have been carried out on experts within their respective domains. The traditional field of NDM is extended in this work by focusing on macrocognitive functions other than decision making, namely sense-making, coordination and planning. This has broadened the scope of the field. The book also contains a theoretical discussion of the macro-micro distinction. Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition will be relevant to graduate students, researchers and professionals (including professionals and researchers in business, industry and government) who are interested in decision making, expertise, training methods and system design. The material may be used in two ways: theoretically, to advance understanding of the field of naturalistic decision making; and practically, to gain insight into how experts in various domains solve particular problems, understand and deal with issues and collaborate with others.

The Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design covers basic human factors issues relating to screen design, input devices, and information organization and processing, as well as addresses newer features which will become prominent in the next generation of Web technologies. These include multimodal interfaces, wireless capabilities, and agents that can improve convenience and usability. Written by leading researchers and/or practitioners in the field, this volume reflects the varied backgrounds and interests of individuals involved in all aspects of human factors and Web design and includes chapters on a full range of topics. Divided into 12 sections, this book covers: historical backgrounds and overviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) specific subfields of HFE issues involved in content preparation for the Web information search and interactive information agents designing for universal access and specific user populations the importance of incorporating usability evaluations in the design process task analysis, meaning analysis, and performance modeling specific Web applications in academic and industrial settings Web psychology and information security emerging technological developments and applications for the Web the costs and benefits of incorporating human factors for the Web and the state of current guidelines The Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design is intended for researchers and practitioners concerned with all aspects of Web design. It could also be used as a text for advanced courses in computer science, industrial engineering, and psychology.

This book presents a human factors and ergonomics evaluation of a digital Mission Planning and Battle-space Management (MP/BM) system. An emphasis was placed on the activities at the Brigade (Bde) and the Battle Group (BG) headquarters (HQ) levels. The analysts distributed their time evenly between these two locations. The human factors team from Brunel University, as part of the HFI DTC, undertook a multi-faceted approach to the investigation, including: - observation of people using the traditional analogue MP/BM processes in the course of their work - cognitive work analysis of the digital MP/BM system - analysis of the tasks and goal structure required by the digital MP/BM - assessment against a usability questionnaire - analysis of the distributed situation awareness - an environmental survey. The book concludes with a summary of the research project's findings and offers many valuable insights. For example, the recommendations for short-term improvements in the current generation of digital MP/BM system address general design improvements, user-interface design improvements, hardware improvements, infrastructure improvements and support improvements. In looking forward to the next generation digital MP/BM systems, general human factors design principles are presented and human factors issues in digitising mission planning are considered.

The third edition of a bestseller, Hazardous Materials Chemistry for Emergency Responders continues to provide the fundamentals of "street chemistry" required by emergency response personnel. Emergency response and hazmat expert Robert Burke takes the basics of chemistry appropriate for response personnel and puts it into understandable terms. The author has retained the style and format that made the previous editions so popular while updating the information to keep the book relevant. See What's in the Third Edition: Expanded section on Ethanol and its hazards to responders Update of NFPA 472 Chemistry requirements Revised section on "hazmat elements" with more hazards and response issues Includes a focus on the importance of the "hazmat elements" of chemical families New incident examples New photographs and graphics The chapters are organized by the nine U.S. Department of Transportation's hazard classes. Almost every hazardous material presents more than one hazard; the DOT's placarding and labeling system only identifies the most severe hazards. Therefore, the book provides additional information about hidden hazards for each hazard class. It discusses individual chemicals, their hazards and their physical and chemical characteristics, both as distinct chemicals and within chemical families. The book offers a concise presentation of the topics of most importance to emergency responders on a day-to-day basis. It provides the basic chemistry a responder needs to understand chemical terminology and communicate with others about the chemicals involved in hazardous materials incidents.

It is estimated that, in the United States, around 20 percent of all Police-reported road crashes involve driver distraction as a contributing factor. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence (reviewed in this volume) suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication. Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. This book adds to the accumulating evidence-base on driver distraction and inattention. With 24 chapters by 52 authors from more than 10 countries, it provides important new perspectives on the definition and meaning of driver distraction and inattention, the mechanisms that characterize them, the measurement of their effects, strategies for mitigating their effects, and recommendations for further research. The goal of this book is to inspire further research and countermeasure development to prevent and mitigate the potentially adverse effects of driver distraction and driver inattention, and, in doing so, to save lives.

Broadly defined as the science and technology of systems responding to neural processes in the brain, neuroadaptive systems (NASs) has become a rapidly developing area of study. One of the first books available in this emerging area, Neuroadaptive Systems: Theory and Applications synthesizes knowledge about human behavior, cognition, neural processing, and technology and how it can be used to optimize the design, development, modeling, simulation, and applications of complex neuro-based systems. Balancing coverage of theory and applications, the book examines the general aims of NASs and how neurogenomics can be applied in training applications. It includes important results and findings gathered from approximately two decades of brain computer interaction research. But more than this, the book details the underlying rationale for using NASs compared to other kinds of human-machine systems and raises questions and concerns about budding neuro-scientific areas that gives insight into the way humans may interact with neuro-technological systems in the future. With contributions from international professionals and researchers, this book presents state-of-the-art developments in neuroscience, human factors, and brain activity measurement. Packed with models, case studies, research results, and illustrations, it discusses approaches to understanding the functions of neuronal networks, and then explores challenges and applications of neuroadaptive systems. It provides tools for future development and the theory to support it.

This book is the fourth in the series and describes some of the most recent advances and examines emerging problems in engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. It bridges the gap between the academic theoreticians, who are developing models of human performance, and practitioners in the industrial sector, responsible for the design, development and testing of new equipment and working practices.

The book is in three parts, which consider training from the perspective of the learner, the instructor and the organization. Its intended readership includes civil and military training and senior pilots, flying instructors, check pilots, CRM facilitators, Human Factors and safety departments, and aviation and educational psychologists as well as those in operations and air traffic management and regulatory authorities.

This book is the third in the series and describes some of the most recent advances and examines emerging problems in engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. It bridges the gap between the academic theoreticians, who are developing models of human performance, and practitioners in the industrial sector, responsible for the design, development and testing of new equipment and working practices.

Survival for Aircrew is essential reading for any aviation personnel who might at any time fly over water or inhospitable terrain. The ability to conquer nature and survive long enough to be rescued is a skill that could have saved the lives of countless aircrew and passengers in the past, and could save many lives in the future. Designed to be an easy-to-read instructional resource, this book teaches aircrews all the survival methods they are ever likely to need, in any eventuality. Illustrated throughout for ease of reference, this book looks at the aircrew role in an aviation survival situation, at the equipment required and at the possible scenarios. Its emphasis on crew behaviour makes the book unique, whether the reader is involved in general aviation, airline industry or government service. Features include: *

This is the first of two edited volumes from an international group of researchers and specialists, which together comprise the edited proceedings of the First International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, organized by Cranfield College of Aeronautics at Stratford-upon-Avon, England in October 1996. The applications areas include aerospace and other transportation, human-computer interaction, process control and training technology. Topics addressed include: the design of control and display systems; human perception, error, reliability, information processing, and human perception, error, reliability, information processing, and awareness, skill acquisition and retention; techniques for evaluating human-machine systems and the physiological correlates of performance. This volume covers Human Factors in transportation systems. Part One opens with a chapter by Chris Wickens on attentional issues in head-up displays; its concluding chapter by Peter Jorna, pulls together the Human Factors issues in air traffic management from both the pilot's and the air traffic controller's perspectives. Part Two considers the ground-based aspects to air traffic control, while Part Three emphasizes the psychology of the individual. The opening chapter of Part Four uses lessons learned from aviation to avoid similar mistakes in road vehicles. The final part contains topics such as naval command and control, and automation in trains and armoured fighting vehicles.

Safety suffers from the variety of methods and models that are used to assess human performance. For example, operation is concerned primarily with human error, while design deals with aligning the system to workload or situational awareness, and the gap between the two disassociates safety assessment from design. As a result, system design creates constraints for the operator working at the sharp-end, which will inevitably lead to human error. Accidents and incidents across all industries have demonstrated the safety significance of this gap. Cognition and Safety provides an integrated view of cognitive human issues to better enhance safety. It combines operational with design-related concepts of cognitive performance to provide an approach for safely managing cognitive issues throughout the lifecycle of a system, from operational to senior management levels. The book will be of direct interest to operational managers, designers, training specialists, safety managers and operational staff dealing with human factors and safety issues; scientists in the area of safety, ergonomics and human factors; regulators dealing with safety and human factors, and practitioners in the field of human reliability.

This two volume set presents the reader with new strategies for the contributions of psychology and Human Factors to the safe and effective functioning of aviation organizations and systems. The volumes comprise the edited contributions to the Fourth Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium. The chapters within are orientated towards presenting and developing practical solutions for the current and future challenges facing the aviation industry. Each volume covers areas of vital and enduring importance within today's complex aviation system. Volume 2 covers Selection, Training, Human-Machine Interface, Air Traffic Control, Maintenance and Situational Awareness. Invited chapters include contributions from Capt. DaA+/-iel Maurino (ICAO), Professor Bob Helmreich (University of Texas), Jean Paries and Dr. Ashleigh Merritt (Dedale), Professor Ron Westrum (Eastern Michigan University), Capt. Azmi Radzi (Malaysian Airlines), Nicole SvA!tek (Virgin Atlantic), Professor Patrick Hudson (Leiden University), Dr. Sherry Chappell (Delta Technology), Dr. Nick McDonald (Trinity College, Dublin), Professor Jan Davies (University of Calgary), Capt. John Bent (Cathay Pacific Airways), Dr. Carol Manning (FAA), Dr. Manfred Barberino and Dr. Anne Isaac (EUROCONTROL), Dr. Drew Dawson (University of South Australia), Rebecca Chute and Professor Earl Wiener (NASA Ames), Dr. Gavan Lintern (AMRL), Bert Ruitenberg (IFATCA) and Dr. Mica Endsley (SA Technologies)

Recent years have witnessed several tragedies during school and youth expeditions. This in turn has led to legislation and the tight regulation of Outdoor Activity Centres, with successive governments issuing guidelines for teachers and others supervising such activities. Inevitably there will always be risk in relation to adventurous pursuits in the outdoors, but the law in this area seeks a balance between the educational benefits gained and the need to safeguard against potential hazards. Mythologies have arisen, including the suggestion that a 'blame culture' is so overwhelming that no youth worker or teacher can sensibly engage anymore in such activities. This succinct guide to the legal position refers to a wide range of outdoor activities and recent legal cases. It demolishes some of the myths, pointing out common pitfalls noted in the research and in the litigation, together with an outline of robust safety features to combat potential hazards.

Written by a hazardous materials consultant with over 40 years of experience in emergency services, the five-volume Hazmatology: The Science of Hazardous Materials, suggests a new approach dealing with the most common aspects of hazardous materials, containers, and the affected environment. It focuses on innovations in decontamination, monitoring instruments, personal protective equipment in a scientific way utilizing common sense, and takes a risk-benefit approach to hazardous material response. This set provides the reader with a hazardous materials "Tool Box" and a guide for learning which tools to use under what circumstances. Options for stabilization can very widely depending on the scope and size of the incident and the hazards involved. Volume Four, Common Sense Emergency Response, covers this process and includes science and risk analysis and the part it plays in a successful outcome of the stabilization portion of the response. FEATURES Offers a risk-benefit approach based upon science and history Provides an exploration of current research Outlines a systematic approach based on science and risk management Includes hazmat case studies Focuses on common sense utilization of hazmat tool box

This text focuses on the applied physiology of work in modern industry. After covering the biological background to work physiology and its relationship to work psychology and occupational medicine it goes on to explore the problems encountered via case studies. Rodhal describes methods for assessment of individual work capacities and workloads, and evaluation of working environments. Further chapters highlight: mental and emotional stresses, including case studies from management and air-traffic controllers; industrial heat and cold stress, with studies of polar and sea-going workers; and problems encountered in polluted atmospheres.

A thorough explanation of the quantifying of manual lifting. The failure to match strength to task costs billions of dollars each year in medical and compensation payments. Ayoub and Mital argue forcefully for pre-employment testing of manual workers. They cover variables in materials handling task