The pursuit of the golden balance between oversimplification and overload with theory has always been the primary goal of every author of book on rheology. Rheology. Concepts, Methods, and Applications, 2nd Ed. is a tool for chemists and chemical engineers to solve many practical problems. They have to learn what to measure, how to measure, and what to do with the data. But, the learning process should not take users away from their major goals, such as manufacturing quality products, developing new materials, analysis of material durability.

In the book various aspects of theoretical rheology as well as methods of measurement and raw data treatment and how to use rheological methods in different groups of products are discusses.

The authors share their experiences of many years of experimental studies and teaching to show use of rheology in studies of materials. They and were very meticulous in giving historical background of contributors to rheology as a science and as the method of solving many practical problems.

This book is very useful as a teaching tool in universities and colleges because it is consistent with programs of rheology courses. Practicality of this book will prepare students for typical tasks in industry. Equally it serves the industry and accomplished rheologists because it contains expert advice of two very famous and accomplished scientists and teachers who know discoveries first-hand because they may have taken part in some of them.
introductory rheology for students and scientistseasy to understandmany practical examples

The flow of granular materials such as sand, snow, coal, and catalyst particles is common occurrence in natural and industrial settings. The mechanics of these materials is not well understood. They are important since a large fraction of the materials handled and processed in the chemical, metallurgical, pharmaceutical, and food processing industries are granular in nature. This book describes the theories for granular flow based mainly on continuum models although alternative discrete models are also discussed briefly. The level is appropriate for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. The goal is to inform the reader about observed phenomena, some available models, and their shortcomings and to visit some issues that remain unresolved. There is a selection of problems at the end of the chapters to encourage exploration, and extensive references are provided.

Turbulent ?ows are ubiquitous in most application ?elds, ranging from - gineering to earth sciences and even life sciences. Therefore, simulation of turbulent ?ows has become a key tool in both fundamental and applied - search. The complexity of Navier-Stokes turbulence, which is illustrated by the fact that the number of degrees of freedom of turbulence grows faster 11/4 thanO(Re ), where Re denotes the Reynolds number, renders the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of turbulence inapplicable to most ?ows of - terest. To alleviate this problem, truncated solutions in both frequency and wavenumbermaybesought, whosecomputationalcostismuchlowerandmay ideally be arbitrarily adjusted. The most suitable approach to obtain such a low-cost three-dimensional unsteady simulation of a turbulent ?ow is Large- EddySimulation(LES), whichwaspioneeredtocomputemeteorological?ows in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. One of the main issues raised by LES is a closure problem: because of the non-linearity of the Navier-Stokes equations, the e?ect of unresolved scales must be taken into account to recover a reliable description of resolved scales of motion (Chap. 2). This need to close the governing equations of LES has certainly been the main area of investigation since the 1960s, and numerous closures, alsoreferredtoassubgridmodels, havebeenproposed. Mostexisting subgrid models have been built using simpli?ed viewsof turbulence dynamics, the main physical phenomenon taken into account being the direct kinetic - ergycascade from largeto small scales that is observed in isotropic turbulence and high-Reynolds fully developed turbulent ?ows. The most popular pa- digm for interscale energy transfer modeling is subgrid viscosity (C

The numerical simulation of turbulent flows is a subject of great practical importance to scientists and engineers. The difficulty in achieving predictive simulations is perhaps best illustrated by the wide range of approaches that have been developed and are still being used by the turbulence modeling community. In this book the authors describe one of these approaches, Implicit Large Eddy Simulation (ILES). ILES is a relatively new approach that combines generality and computational efficiency with documented success in many areas of complex fluid flow. This book synthesizes the current understanding of the theoretical basis of the ILES methodology and reviews its accomplishments. ILES pioneers and lead researchers combine here their experience to present the first comprehensive description of the methodology. This book should be of fundamental interest to graduate students, basic research scientists, as well as professionals involved in the design and analysis of complex turbulent flows.

The ability to actively or passively manipulate a flow field to bring about a desired change is of immense technological importance. The potential benefits of improving flow control systems range from saving billions of dollars in fuel costs for land, air and sea vehicles to achieving more economically competitive and environmentally sound industrial processes involving fluid flows. This book provides a thorough treatment of the basics of flow control and control practices that can be used to produce desired effects. Among topics covered are transition delay, separation prevention, drag reduction, lift augmentation, turbulence suppression, noise abatement, and heat and mass transfer enhancement. The final chapter explores the frontiers of flow control strategies, especially as applied to turbulent flows. Intended for engineering and physics students, researchers and practitioners, Flow Control brings together in a single source a wealth of information on practices and developments in this very active field.

TUrbulence modeling encounters mixed evaluation concerning its impor tance. In engineering flow, the Reynolds number is often very high, and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) based on the resolution of all spatial scales in a flow is beyond the capability of a computer available at present and in the foreseeable near future. The spatial scale of energetic parts of a turbulent flow is much larger than the energy dissipative counterpart, and they have large influence on the transport processes of momentum, heat, matters, etc. The primary subject of turbulence modeling is the proper es timate of these transport processes on the basis of a bold approximation to the energy-dissipation one. In the engineering community, the turbulence modeling is highly evaluated as a mathematical tool indispensable for the analysis of real-world turbulent flow. In the physics community, attention is paid to the study of small-scale components of turbulent flow linked with the energy-dissipation process, and much less interest is shown in the foregoing transport processes in real-world flow. This research tendency is closely related to the general belief that universal properties of turbulence can be found in small-scale phenomena. Such a study has really contributed much to the construction of statistical theoretical approaches to turbulence. The estrangement between the physics community and the turbulence modeling is further enhanced by the fact that the latter is founded on a weak theoretical basis, compared with the study of small-scale turbulence."

Incompressible Fluid Dynamics is a textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students of engineering, applied mathematics, and geophysics. The text comprises topics that establish the broad conceptual framework of the subject, expose key phenomena, and play an important role in the myriad of applications that exist in both nature and technology. The first half of the book covers topics that include the inviscid equations of Euler and Bernoulli, the Navier-Stokes equation and some of its simpler exact solutions, laminar boundary layers and jets, potential flow theory with its various applications to aerodynamics, the theory of surface gravity waves, and flows with negligible inertia, such as suspensions, lubrication layers, and swimming micro-organisms. The second half is more specialised. Vortex dynamics, which is so essential to many natural phenomena in fluid mechanics, is developed in detail. This is followed by chapters on stratified fluids and flows subject to a strong background rotation, both topics being central to our understanding of atmospheric and oceanic flows. Fluid instabilities and the transition to turbulence are also covered, followed by two chapters on fully developed turbulence. The text is largely self-contained, and aims to combine mathematical precision with a breadth of engineering and geophysical applications. Throughout, physical insight is given priority over mathematical detail.

The study of wall-bounded turbulent ows is of considerable interest from both scienti c and practical view points. As such it has attracted a great deal of research over the last 100 years. Much research has concentratedon ows over smooth walls since these are simpler from experimental, numerical and theoretical standpoints. The ow over rough walls has still received considerable attention but progress has necessarilybeenslower.Perhapsthemostessentialproblem(certainlyfromaprac- cal point of view) is to be able to predict the skin-frictiondrag acting on a plate (or a body) given a certain known roughness characteristic of the surface. Unfortunately this has proved to be very dif cult since even the simplest rough surfaces can be characterised by a number of different parameters and we still cannot directly c- nectthese tothe uiddynamicdragin a givensituation.Varioustheoriesandmodels have been proposed in order to make progress but there is still some disagreement in the community as to the correct understanding of these important ows.

The subject of turbulence remains and probably will remain as the most exciting one for the mind of researchers in a variety of ?elds. Since publication of the ?rst edition of this book in November 2001 a number of otherbooksonturbulencehaveappeared,forexampleBernardandWallace (2002), Oberlack and Busse (2002), Foias et al. (2001), Biskamp (2003), Davidson(2004),Jovanovich(2004),SagautandCambon(2008)tomention afew. Soonehastoaskagain thequestionwhyasecondeditionofonebook from a ?eld of so many on the same subject? Does it make any di?erence? Thereareadditionalreasonsapartofthosegiveninthe?rstedition. One of thebasic premises of this bookis thatWeabsolutelymustleave roomfor doubtor thereis noprogress and nolearning. Thereis nolearning without posing a question. And a question requires doubt...Now the freedom of doubt,whichisabsolutelyessentialforthedevelopmentofscience,wasborn from astruggle with constituted authorities...R. Feynmann (1964). This is closely related to the term 'conceptual ': the book has now a di?erent title An informal conceptual introduction to turbulence. One of the main f- tures of the ?rst edition was indeed its conceptual orientation. The second edition is an attempt to make this feature dominant. Consequently items whicharesecondaryfromthispointofview werereducedandeven removed in favour of those added which are important conceptually. This required addressing in more detail most common misconceptions, which are con- quencesoftheprofounddi?cultiesofthesubjectandwhichtravel fromone publication to another. Consequently a one page Appendix D listing some of these misconceptions in the ?rst edition became chapter 9 titled Ana- gies,misconceptions and ill de?ned concepts.

Turbulent ?ows are ubiquitous in most application ?elds, ranging from - gineering to earth sciences and even life sciences. Therefore, simulation of turbulent ?ows has become a key tool in both fundamental and applied - search. The complexity of Navier-Stokes turbulence, which is illustrated by the fact that the number of degrees of freedom of turbulence grows faster 11/4 thanO(Re ), where Re denotes the Reynolds number, renders the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of turbulence inapplicable to most ?ows of - terest. To alleviate this problem, truncated solutions in both frequency and wavenumbermaybesought, whosecomputationalcostismuchlowerandmay ideally be arbitrarily adjusted. The most suitable approach to obtain such a low-cost three-dimensional unsteady simulation of a turbulent ?ow is Large- EddySimulation(LES), whichwaspioneeredtocomputemeteorological?ows in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. One of the main issues raised by LES is a closure problem: because of the non-linearity of the Navier-Stokes equations, the e?ect of unresolved scales must be taken into account to recover a reliable description of resolved scales of motion (Chap. 2). This need to close the governing equations of LES has certainly been the main area of investigation since the 1960s, and numerous closures, alsoreferredtoassubgridmodels, havebeenproposed. Mostexisting subgrid models have been built using simpli?ed viewsof turbulence dynamics, the main physical phenomenon taken into account being the direct kinetic - ergycascade from largeto small scales that is observed in isotropic turbulence and high-Reynolds fully developed turbulent ?ows. The most popular pa- digm for interscale energy transfer modeling is subgrid viscosity (C

The "Turbulence and Interactions 2006" (TI2006) conference was held on the island of Porquerolles, France, May 29-June 2, 2006. The scientific sponsors of the conference were * Association Francaise de Mecanique, * CD-adapco, * DGA * Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), * ERCOFTAC : European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, * FLUENT, * The French Ministery of Foreign Affairs, * Laboratoire de Modelisation en Mecanique, Paris 6, * ONERA. The conference was a unique event. Never before have so many organisations concerned with turbulence works come together in one conference. As the title "Turbulence and Interactions" anticipated, the workshop was not run with parallel sessions but instead of one united gathering where people had strong interactions and discussions. Many of the 85 or so attendants were veterans of previous ERCOFTAC conferences. Some young researchers attended their very first int- national meeting. The organisers were fortunate in obtaining the presence of the following - vited speakers: N. Adams (TUM, Germany), C. Cambon (ECL, France), J.-P. Dussauge (Polytech Marseille, France), D.A. Gosman (Imperial College, UK), Y. Kaneda (Nagoya University, Japan), O. Simonin (IMFT, France), G. Tryggvason (WPI, USA), D. Veynante (ECP, France), F. Waleffe (University of Wisconsin, USA), Y.K. Zhou (University of California, USA). The topics covered by the 59 papers ranged from experimental results through theory to computations. The papers of the conference went through the usual - viewing process for two special issues of international journals : Computers and Fluids, and Flow, Turbulence and Combustion.

Multiphase Particulate Systems in Turbulent Flows: Fluid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Dispersions provides methods necessary to analyze complex particulate systems and related phenomena including physical, chemical and mathematical description of fundamental processes influencing crystal size and shape, suspension rheology, interfacial area of drops and bubbles in extractors and bubble columns. Examples of mathematical model formulation for different processes taking place in such systems is shown. Discussing connections between turbulent mixing mechanisms and precipitation, it discusses influence of fine-scale structure of turbulence, including its intermittent character, on breakage of drops, bubbles, cells, plant cell aggregates. An important aspect of the mathematical modeling presented in the book is multi-fractal, taking into account the influence of internal intermittency on different phenomena. Key Features Provides detailed descriptions of dispersion processes in turbulent flow, interactions between dispersed entities, and continuous phase in a single volume Includes simulation models and validation experiments for liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, and solid-liquid dispersions in turbulent flows Helps reader learn formulation of mathematical models of breakage or aggregation processes using multifractal theory Explains how to solve different forms of population balance equations Presents a combination of theoretical and engineering approaches to particulate systems along with discussion of related diversity, with exercises and case studies

This textbook presents a systematic study of the qualitative and geometric theory of nonlinear differential equations and dynamical systems. Although the main topic of the book is the local and global behavior of nonlinear systems and their bifurcations, a thorough treatment of linear systems is given at the beginning of the text. All the material necessary for a clear understanding of the qualitative behavior of dynamical systems is contained in this textbook, including an outline of the proof and examples illustrating the proof of the Hartman-Grobman theorem, the use of the Poincare map in the theory of limit cycles, the theory of rotated vector fields and its use in the study of limit cycles and homoclinic loops, and a description of the behavior and termination of one-parameter families of limit cycles. In addition to minor corrections and updates throughout, this new edition includes materials on higher order Melnikov theory and the bifurcation of limit cycles for planar systems of differential equations, including new sections on Francoise's algorithm for higher order Melnikov functions and on the finite codimension bifurcations that occur in the class of bounded quadratic systems.

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical measurement technique which allows capturing several thousand velocity vectors within large flow fields instantaneously. Today, the PIV technique has spread widely and differentiated into many distinct applications, from micro flows over combustion to supersonic flows for both industrial needs and research. Over the past decade the measurement technique and the hard- and software have been improved continuously so that PIV has become a reliable and accurate method for "real life" investigations. Nevertheless there is still an ongoing process of improvements and extensions of the PIV technique towards 3D, time resolution, higher accuracy, measurements under harsh conditions and micro- and macroscales. This book gives a synopsis of the main results achieved during the EC-funded network PivNet 2 as well as a survey of the state of the art of scientific research using PIV techniques in different fields of application.

Many fundamental aspects of experimental research never appear in standard scientific reports, since writing space is limited in scientific journals. Often a researcher building a new experiment says: why they do not tell us this clearly ? This book is intended to introduce the experimental researchers, the screwdriver scientists, to state-of-the-art techniques in the study of the dynamics of complex liquids. In Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in Complex Liquids, the contributors concentrate on time-resolved optical spectroscopy, which recently produced many relevant results and new information about complex liquids. This is an emerging topic of soft-matter science, studying the innovative phenomena appearing in molecular liquids when a process of strong intermolecular interaction takes place. In the book, the contributors stress the experimental aspects, even the simple ones. This book succeeds in the full description of the experimental procedure, overcoming the often-ocurring break between introduction and the results discussion.

Thermal and flow processes are ubiquitous in mechanical, aerospace and chemical engineering systems. Experimental methods including thermal and flow diagnostics are therefore an important element in preparation of future engineers and researchers in this field. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of experimentation, a fundamental guidance book is essential in the engineering curriculum and as a technical reference. Thermal and Flow Measurements provides a synthesis of the basic science and engineering of diagnostic methods that students and engineers need to understand, design and apply to measurements in mechanical, aerospace and chemical engineering processes. A clear exposition is given on the basic concepts and application aspects of a wide range of thermal and flow diagnostics, starting from basic sensors, flow visualization, velocimetry, laser optical diagnostics, particle sizing methods, gas sampling methods, to micro-, nano-scale sensors and lidars. The presentation of topics allow readers to see the fundamental principles behind each methodology as well as the application details.

Besides turbulence there is hardly any other scientific topic which has been considered as a prominent scientific challenge for such a long time. The special interest in turbulence is not only based on it being a difficult scientific problem but also on its meaning in the technical world and our daily life. This carefully edited book comprises recent basic research as well as research related to the applications of turbulence. Therefore, both leading engineers and physicists working in the field of turbulence were invited to the iTi Conference on Turbulence held in Bad Zwischenahn, Gemany 25th - 28th of September 2005. Discussed topics include, for example, scaling laws and intermittency, thermal convection, boundary layers at large Reynolds numbers, isotropic turbulence, stochastic processes, passive and active scalars, coherent structures, numerical simulations, and related subjects.

This volume contains a well balanced combination of theoretical and experimental state-of-the-art results of Active Flow Control. It combines new developments in actuator technology, sensing, robust and optimal open- and closed-loop control and model reduction for control. Numerical and experimental applications are considered from aeronautics, turbo-machinery and combustors. The contributions to this book were presented at the conference Active Flow Control 2006, held September 27-29, 2006, at the Technische UniversitAt Berlin, Germany. The conference was organized by the Collaborative Research Center SFB 557 a ~Control of complex turbulent shear flowsa (TM), which is funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation).

The field of Large Eddy Simulations is reaching a level of maturity that brings this approach to the mainstream of engineering computations, while it opens opportunities and challenges. The main objective of this volume is to bring together leading experts in presenting the state-of-the-art and emerging approaches for treating complex effects in LES. A common theme throughout is the role of LES in the context of multiscale modeling and simulation.

The ability to actively or passively manipulate a flow field to bring about a desired change is of immense technological and economical importance. This volume provides a thorough, up-to-date treatment of the basics of flow control and control practices that can be used to produce desired effects. The author explores the frontiers of flow control strategies, especially as applied to turbulent flows. Intended for engineering and physics students, researchers, and practitioners, Flow Control brings together in a single source a wealth of state-of-the-art information on this very active field.

High Speed Flow covers subsonic and supersonic flight, shock waves, high-speed aerofoils, and temperature changes. Starting from first principles, the book gives complete and elementary derivations of all results, and takes the reader to research level in the subject. C.J. Chapman includes many exercises and an extensive bibliography, providing access to the entire literature from 1860 to the present, with over two hundred items published since 1990. An extensive set of formulae on thermodynamics and oblique shock waves is also included.

This book deals with the simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for laminar and turbulent flows. The book is limited to explaining and employing the finite difference method. It furnishes a large number of source codes which permit to play with the Navier-Stokes equations and to understand the complex physics related to fluid mechanics. Numerical simulations are useful tools to understand the complexity of the flows, which often is difficult to derive from laboratory experiments. This book, then, can be very useful to scholars doing laboratory experiments, since they often do not have extra time to study the large variety of numerical methods; furthermore they cannot spend more time in transferring one of the methods into a computer language. By means of numerical simulations, for example, insights into the vorticity field can be obtained which are difficult to obtain by measurements. This book can be used by graduate as well as undergraduate students while reading books on theoretical fluid mechanics; it teaches how to simulate the dynamics of flow fields on personal computers. This will provide a better way of understanding the theory. Two chapters on Large Eddy Simulations have been included, since this is a methodology that in the near future will allow more universal turbulence models for practical applications. The direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations (DNS) is simple by finite-differences, that are satisfactory to reproduce the dynamics of turbulent flows. A large part of the book is devoted to the study of homogeneous and wall turbulent flows. In the second chapter the elementary concept of finite difference is given to solve parabolic and elliptical partial differential equations. In successive chapters the 1D, 2D, and 3D Navier-Stokes equations are solved in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Finally, Large Eddy Simulations are performed to check the importance of the subgrid scale models. Results for turbulent and laminar flows are discussed, with particular emphasis on vortex dynamics. This volume will be of interest to graduate students and researchers wanting to compare experiments and numerical simulations, and to workers in the mechanical and aeronautic industries.

Five leading specialists reflect on different and complementary approaches to fundamental questions in the study of the Fluid Mechanics and Gas Dynamics equations. Constantin presents the Euler equations of ideal incompressible fluids and discusses the blow-up problem for the Navier-Stokes equations of viscous fluids, describing some of the major mathematical questions of turbulence theory. These questions are connected to the Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg theory of singularities for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations that is explained in Gallavotti's lectures. Kazhikhov introduces the theory of strong approximation of weak limits via the method of averaging, applied to Navier-Stokes equations. Y. Meyer focuses on several nonlinear evolution equations - in particular Navier-Stokes - and some related unexpected cancellation properties, either imposed on the initial condition, or satisfied by the solution itself, whenever it is localized in space or in time variable. Ukai presents the asymptotic analysis theory of fluid equations. He discusses the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya technique for the Boltzmann-Grad limit of the Newtonian equation, the multi-scale analysis, giving the compressible and incompressible limits of the Boltzmann equation, and the analysis of their initial layers.

Part textbook, part exploratory work, this book aims to raise the awareness of students, physicists, and engineers in turbulence on the modeling of gravitationally induced turbulent mixing flows as produced, for instance, by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. The discussion is centered on the differences between single-fluid and two-fluid approaches, and it is illustrated with a 0D analysis of two specific elementary models in common use. Important deviations are shown to appear on many features, among others the prominence of directed energy, the simultaneous restitution of test cases, the responses to variable acceleration and shocks, and the behavior of various length scales.

Hyposonic fluid flows, characterized by a low Mach number, are mainly linked with geophysical and environmental fluid flows. In addition they are relevant to engineers because of their connection with aerodynamics. The books brings together insights derived from mathematically rigorous results and combines them with a number of realistic fluid flow situations. Asymptotic analytic solutions for the low-Mach number cases are developed to provide both insights into the underlying physics as well as benchmarks for numerical computations.