The term sacred science may appear contradictory to those for whom "science" is identified with that particular mode of knowledge which has come to monopolize to a large extent the term science for itself since the 17th century in the West. Science, thus understood, has by definition nothing to do with sacred, while what is called sacred has little to do with science. This work presents basic notions concerning the sacred sciences and the meaning of such sciences in ths modern world. In the words of the author, "we hope ...that the work will be a humble contribution to a better understanding of the traditional and sacred sciences so much needed by the modern world, lost in the maze caused by its forgetfulness of the traditional and perennial wisdom of which these very sciences are applications and depositories".

Series Information:
Nissan Institute/RoutledgeCurzon Japanese Studies

Leftist thought and activism stands as a defining force in the articulation of political culture and policy in modern Japan. Operating from the periphery of formal political power for the most part, the Japanese Left has had an impact that extends far beyond their limited success at the ballot box. This book focuses attention on the influence exerted by the Left on the political landscape of Japan in the modern era, and assesses the reasons for its successes and failures in terms of its impact on enduring dimensions of Japanese political thought, activism and policy.
Studies of the Japanese Left have hitherto focused on the formal political entities of the Japan Socialist Party and the Japan Communist Party, on crisis points or on single-issue factors such as Article 9 of the 1947 Constitution or the Gulf War in 1991. With essays from an international team of contributors looking at the deeper issues such as pacifist idealism, the dynamics of opposition politics in Japan, and distinguishing features of Japanese Leftist policy such as opposition to liberalization of agricultural trade and positive relations with North Korea, The Left in Japanese Politics will provide a much-needed fresh interpretation of the modern sweep of Japanese politics.

The relations of culture and politics in Latin America have been transformed in recent decades. Cultural Politics in Latin America offers unprecedented insights into this process, with contributions from leading intellectuals and academics working in and outside the region. Chapters range across fields as diverse as music and anthropology, sociology and cultural memory, politics and (post)modern theorizing, economics, communications and cultural globalization, poetry, narrative and drama, and all are contextualized in the extended Introduction in Latin America.

IB Prepared resources are developed directly with the IB to provide the most up-to-date, authentic and authoritative guidance on DP assessment. IB Prepared: Theory of Knowledge combines a concise review of course content with strategic guidance, past paper material and exam-style practice opportunities, allowing learners to consolidate the knowledge and skills that are essential to success.

As the new Russian state struggles with the transition to a market economy, the need for radical monetary reform becomes increasingly urgent. The choice of reform is crucial, for it will largely determine Russia's future economic performance. In order to break free of the lingering effects of Soviet central planning, the new Russian state needs a stable, convertible currency.
Steve H. Hanke, Lars Jonung and Kurt Schuler propose that Russia establishes a currency board which would issue a Russian currency fully convertible with international currency, backed 100 per cent by international bonds. The international community would aid in establishing the currency board by providing the initial reserves. Early supplies of this new Russian currency would be distributed free to Russian citizens. The authors give detailed explanations of how the currency board could be established and how it would work.

Hubert Evans' fascinating memior recounts his time in India and the people and events which shaped the history of the subcontinent. A must read for anyone interested in the history of India and the inner workings of the Raj.

Illuminates the debate about Japan's `uniqueness', looking at modern agents of cultural nationalism and going on to test general theories of ethnicity with Japan as a case study. Focuses on the new role of the Japanese business community.

Latina/o/x Communication Studies: Theories, Methods, and Practice spotlights contemporary Latina/o/x Communication Studies research in various theoretical, methodological, and academic contexts. Leandra H. Hernández, Diana I. Bowen, Sara De Los Santos Upton, and Amanda R. Martinez have assembled a collection of case studies that focus on health, media, rhetoric, identity, organizations, the environment, and academia. Contributors expand upon previous Latina/o/x Communication Studies scholarship by examining identity and academic experiences in our current political climate; the role of language, identity, and Latinidades in health and media contexts; and the role of social activism in rhetorical, environmental, organizational, and border studies contexts. Scholars of communication, Latin American Studies, rhetoric, and sociology will find this book particularly useful.

The second edition of this work rapidly established itself as a textbook for universities and colleges. This new edition brings it further up to date and places the achievements and failures of President Mubarak in context. The new material includes an examination of Egypt's role in the Gulf Crisis. The book is divided by topic and areas covered include: the political ideologies of Presidents Nasser and Sadat; the economic problems facing the nation; the role of Islam in politics and in society; Egyptian culture and literature.

Examines important elements in the economic and political systems in Jordan, and argues that the state possesses a certain amount of economic resilience and has successfully fostered a national identity.

The Education Reform Act has introduced massive change to the British education system in part to make Britain more competitive. This book examines the reforms from the perspective of the Japanese education system and its contribution to that country's economic success. Questions are raised about comparative standards of educational attainment in the two countries and about the content and structure of education, highlighting dimensions missing from Britain's proposed reforms, but already present in Japan.

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First Published in 1988. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Published in 1988, Essays on the Economic History of the Middle East is a valuable contribution to the field of Middle Eastern Studies.

In our increasingly risk-averse society, touch and touching behaviours between professionals and children have become a fraught issue. In sports coaching and physical education, touching young sports performers and participants has, in some contexts, come to be redefined as dubious and dangerous. Coaches find themselves operating in a framework of regulations and guidelines that create anxiety, for them and others, and for many volunteer (and sometimes professional) coaches, this fearful context has led them to question the risks and benefits of their continuing involvement in sport. Touch in Sports Coaching and Physical Education is the first book to explore this difficult topic in detail. Drawing on a series of international studies from the US, UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden and elsewhere, it presents important new research evidence and examines theories of risk and moral panic that frame the discussion. By challenging prevailing orthodoxies the book makes a significant contribution to critical discussion around practice, pedagogy, politics and policy in sport and physical education, and also informs current debates around the nature and quality of all in loco parentis relationships.

The empires of Greece and Rome, two of the very few genuine slave societies in history, formed the core of the ancient world, and have much to teach the student of recent slave systems. Designed to bring the contribution of ancient history to a wider audience, this collection discusses the Classsical definition of slavery, the relationship between war, piracy and slavery, and early abolitionist movements as well as the supply and domestic aspects of slavery in antiquity.

A reconstruction of the proceedings of the "Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry into the problems of European Jewry and Palestine, 1945 to 1946." This study places the inquiry within the wider context of Anglo-American relations in the Middle East.

First published in 1984. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Many symbols carry an elemental power that transcends boundaries and holds significance for other cultures. This new and updated edition is a comprehensive and beautiful book that discusses and illustrates thousands of these symbols and assesses their position in language, art, literature, mythology, magic, religion and psychology. In the second half of the book, how we dream and how we interpret dreams is analysed as a way of accessing our subconscious fears, desires and preoccupations. The erudite text provides a wealth of cultural background to primal metaphors that are part of mankind's universal language. The book is both a journey of discovery into the importance of symbolism and dreaming and a vast visual resource of signs and symbols.

The Hemshin are without doubt one of the most enigmatic peoples of Turkey and the Caucasus. As former Christians who converted to Islam centuries ago yet did not assimilate into the culture of the surrounding Muslim populations, as Turks who speak Armenian yet are often not aware of it, as Muslims who continue to celebrate feasts that are part of the calendar of the Armenian Church, and as descendants of Armenians who, for the most part, have chosen to deny their Armenian origins in favour of recently invented myths of Turkic ancestry, the Hemshin and the seemingly irreconcilable differences within their group identity have generated curiosity and often controversy. The Hemshin is the first scholarly work to provide an in-depth study of these people living in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. This groundbreaking volume brings together chapters written by an international group of scholars that cover the history, language, economy, culture and identity of the Hemshin. It is further enriched with an unprecedented collection of maps, pictures and appendices of up-to-date statistics. The Hemshin forms part of the Peoples of the Caucasus series, an indispensable and yet accessible resource for all those with an interest in the Caucasus.

First published in 1980, 'Modern Egypt, Studies in Politics and Society' is an important contribution to the field of History.

Japan's savings are among the highest in the world, and these high rates have played a valuable role throughout the post-war period. However, over the next several decades, Japan's population will be ageing rapidly. Will this lower Japanese savings rates?
Using up-to-date financial and demographical data, author Robert Dekle finds that the answer to this question is an emphatic 'yes'. Understanding Japanese Saving holds key lessons for Western nations undergoing similar demographic transformations as well as developing countries looking to establish public savings institutions.

This book explores the ways that pre-existing national works or national theatre sites can offer a rich source of material for speaking to the contemporary moment because of the resonances or associations they offer of a different time, place, politics, or culture. Featuring a broad international scope, it offers a series of thought-provoking essays that explore how playwrights, directors, theatre-makers, and performance artists have re-staged or re-worked a classic national play, performance, theatrical form, or theatre space in order to engage with conceptions of and questions around the nation, nationalism, and national identity in the contemporary moment, opening up new ways of thinking about or problematizing questions around the nation and national identity. Chapters ask how productions engage with a particular moment in the national psyche in the context of internationalism and globalization, for example, as well as how productions explore the interconnectivity of nations, intercultural agendas, or cosmopolitanism. They also explore questions relating to the presence of migrants, exiles, or refugees, and the legacy of colonial histories and post-colonial subjectivities. The volume highlights how theatre and performance has the ability to contest and unsettle ideas of the nation and national identity through the use of various sites, stagings, and performance strategies, and how contemporary theatres have portrayed national agendas and characters at a time of intense cultural flux and repositioning.
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This volume reports the results of a series of investigations of the properties of writing tasks, their authors' intentions, and the responses that these tasks evoked in student-writers and teacher-raters. The volume explains how both student-writers and teacher-raters, in their reading of the same topic/text, can arrive at different meanings. The investigations undertaken led the authors to make a number of recommendations about selecting subjects, specifying audience and mode, formulating instructions, and wording the topic. These recommendations are presented in non-technical language in a comprehensive set of Guidelines for Designing Topics for Writing Assessments.