Understanding the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is critical for success in the chemistry classroom and laboratory. In today's classroom, students not only need to understand the properties of the chemical elements, but how these elements play such an integral role in industry, the earth and the environment, and in modern life. No resource provides a better introduction than Robert Krebs's The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements. In this thoroughly revised edition, with extensive new examples on the importance of the chemical elements, the elements are examined within their groups, enabling students to make connections between elements of similar structure. In addition, the discovery and history of each element - from those known from ancient times to those created in the modern laboratory - is explained clearly and concisely. Understanding the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is critical for success in the chemistry classroom and laboratory. In today's classroom, students not only need to understand the properties of the chemical elements, but how these elements play such an integral role in industry, the earth and the environment, and in modern life. No resource provides a better introduction than Robert Krebs's The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements. In this thoroughly revised edition, with extensive new and updated examples on the use of the chemical elements, the elements are examined within their groups, enabling students to make connections between elements of similar structure. In addition, the discovery and history of each element - from those known from ancient times to those created in the modern laboratory - is explained clearly and concisely. In addition to the handy Guide to the Chemical Elements that comprises the bulk of the work, The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements includes other useful features: ; Introductory material on the basics of chemistry and the Periodic Table ; Appendices on the discoverers of the chemical elements ; A glossary of words commonly used in chemistry and chemical engineering ; A complete bibliography of useful resources, including websites All of this information makes The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements the ideal one-volume resource for understanding the importance of the chemical elements.

This book contains a comprehensive review of CMP (Chemical-Mechanical Planarization) technology, one of the most exciting areas in the field of semiconductor technology. It contains detailed discussions of all aspects of the technology, for both dielectrics and metals. The state of polishing models and their relation to experimental results are covered. Polishing tools and consumables are also covered. The leading edge issues of damascene and new dielectrics as well as slurryless technology are discussed.

Though the game-theoretic approach has been vastly studied and utilized in relation to economics of industrial organizations, it has hardly been used to tackle safety management in multi-plant chemical industrial settings. Using Game Theory for Improving Safety within Chemical Industrial Parks presents an in-depth discussion of game-theoretic modeling which may be applied to improve cross-company prevention and -safety management in a chemical industrial park. By systematically analyzing game-theoretic models and approaches in relation to managing safety in chemical industrial parks, Using Game Theory for Improving Safety within Chemical Industrial Parks explores the ways game theory can predict the outcome of complex strategic investment decision making processes involving several adjacent chemical plants. A number of game-theoretic decision models are discussed to provide strategic tools for decision-making situations. Offering clear and straightforward explanations of methodologies, Using Game Theory for Improving Safety within Chemical Industrial Parks provides managers and management teams with approaches to asses situations and to improve strategic safety- and prevention arrangements.

For everybody teaching chemistry or becoming a chemistry teacher, the authors provide a practice-oriented overview with numerous examples from current chemical education, including experiments, models and exercises as well as relevant results from research on learning and teaching. With their proven concept, the authors cover classical topics of chemical education as well as modern topics such as every-day-life chemistry, student's misconceptions, the use of media or the challenges of motivation. This is the completely revised and updated English edition of a highly successful German title.

Sulfur, through its major derivative, sulfuric acid is among the most used and important raw materials in industry today. It is a critical part of every sector of the worlds economies and is regarded as one of the best indices of a nations industrial development. In fact, sulfuric acid is the most produced chemical in the United States. This book is a scientific history of sulfur, tracking the technologies, applications, and the industry itself from ancient markets to the current global economy.

Each chapter is devoted to either a method of production or a set of applications as they intertwined during different stages of industrial and technological developments. Particular attention is given to Herman Frasch, inventor of the "Frasch Process," which enabled America to go from 100% import of sulfur to the worlds largest exporter in less than a decade.

The sulfur industry is also an excellent case study of entrepreneurship and relationship with inventors. It reveals the characteristics of entrepreneurs and inventors and approaches required to formulate goals. Most importantly, it shows how to succeed in new ventures. Rockefeller might have been a failure if Frasch had not rescued him from his bad investment in oil. Since sulfur must be removed from oil and natural gas before they can be used as energy sources, Frasch turned certain failure into wild success through his technological expertise and determination.

Although scientific and technical in nature, this book is written so that anyone without a strong chemistry background will enjoy reading it. The interested audience goes far beyond the boundaries of sulfur applications and the oil industry and should be foundin every technical, university, and public library.

Volume 4 of "Advances in Medicinal Chemistry" is comprised of six chapters on a wide range of topics in medicinal chemistry, including molecular modeling, structure-based drug design, organic synthesis, peptide conformational analysis, biological assessment, structure-activity correlation, and lead optimization. Chapter 1 presents an account about amino acid-based peptide mimetics corresponding to b-turn, loop, helical motifs in proteins as a probe of ligand-receptor and ligand-enzyme molecular interactions. Chapter 2 addresses new facets of the medicinal chemistry of the important anticancer drug Taxol(r) (paclitaxel). Chapter 3 relates an account of the search for new drugs for the treatment of malaria based on the natural product artemisinin. Chapter 4 applies computational chemistry to the evaluation of compound libraries for biological testing. Chapter 5 describes the construction of a 3-dimensional molecular model of the human thrombin receptor, the first protease-activated G-protein coupled receptor (PAR-1), as a means to explore the intermolecular contacts involved in agonist peptide recognition. Finally, Chapter 6 describes the research conducted at Merck on inhibitors of farnesyl transferase as a potential treatment for human cancers.

Chemistry and Application of H-Phosphonates is an excellent source for those planning the synthesis of new phosphorus-containing compounds and in particular derivatives containing a phosphonate, phosphoramide or phosphonic acid diester group. The rich chemistry, low cost and easy availability of diesters of H-phosphonic acid makes them an excellent choice as synthone in a number of practically important reactions.

Phosphonic acid esters are intermediates in the synthesis of important classes of compounds such as alpha-aminophosphonic acids, bisphosphonates, epoxyalkylphosphonates, alpha-hydroxyalkylphosphonates, phosphoramides, poly(alkylene H-phosphonate)s, poly(alkylene phosphate)s, nucleoside H-phosphonates. The synthesis of each of these compound classes is reviewed in detail.

Alpha-Aminophosphonic acids are an important class of biologically active compounds, which have received an increasing amount of attention because they are considered to be structural analogues of the corresponding Alpha-amino acids. The utilities of alpha-aminophosphonates as peptide mimics, haptens of catalytic antibodies, enzyme inhibitors, inhibitors of cancers, tumours, viruses, antibiotics and pharmacologic agents are well documented. Alpha-Hydroxyalkanephosphonates are compounds of significant biological and medicinal applications. Dialkyl epoxyalkylphosphonates are of interest because of their use as intermediates in the synthesis of bioactive substances, and as modifiers of natural and synthetic polymers. Bisphosphonates are drugs that have been widely used in different bone diseases, and have recently been used successfully against many parasites. Poly(alkylene H-phosphonate)s andpoly(alkylene phosphate)s are promising, biodegradable, water soluble, new polymer-carriers of drugs. Nucleoside H-phosphonates seem to be the most attractive candidates as starting materials in the chemical synthesis of DNA and RNA fragments. The 5'-hydrogen phosphonate-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythimidine is one of the most significant anti-HIV prodrug, which is currently in clinical trials.

Chapters review the synthesis; physical and spectral properties (1H, 13C, 31P and 17O NMR data); characteristic reactions; important classes of compounds based on these esters of H-phosphonic acid; their application as physiologically active substances, flame retardants, catalysts, heat and light stabilizers, lubricants, scale inhibitors, polymer-carriers of drugs; preparation of H-phosphonate diesters and general procedures for conducting the most important reactions.
* provides ideas for the synthesis of phosphonates, phosphoramides and diesters of phosphonic acid (new phosphorus-containing compounds)
* reviews structure, spectra and biological activity of H-phosphonates and their derivatives
* examines new areas of application of phosphorus-containing compounds

This book introduces systematically the concept of weakly-bound complexes into the broad field of atmospheric sciences. To fill up the gap between our rapidly expanding knowledge of the individual properties of Van der Waals and hydrogen-bonded molecules, and our understanding of their role in the atmospheric processes, an ensemble of related topics are covered by a team of expert co-authors. The general properties of the weakly bound molecular complexes (or "clusters") are discussed, as well as their distribution in the planetary atmospheres. Collision-induced and dimeric absorption and emission are considered in the context of atmospheric spectroscopy. The advanced experimental techniques which enable us to study the spectroscopic features of molecular complexes in the gas phase, or which are adsorbed, are reviewed. The role of molecular complexes in the cometary atmosphere, the Earth mesosphere, and the atmospheres of the giant planets and some of their satellites are also discussed in detail.

Significant progress has been made in the study of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D QSAR) since the first publication by Richard Cramer in 1988 and the first volume in the series, 3D QSAR in Drug Design. Theory, Methods and Applications, published in 1993. The aim of that early book was to contribute to the understanding and the further application of CoMFA and related approaches and to facilitate the appropriate use of these methods. Since then, hundreds of papers have appeared using the quickly developing techniques of both 3D QSAR and computational sciences to study a broad variety of biological problems. Again the editor(s) felt that the time had come to solicit reviews on published and new viewpoints to document the state of the art of 3D QSAR in its broadest definition and to provide visions of where new techniques will emerge or new appli- tions may be found. The intention is not only to highlight new ideas but also to show the shortcomings, inaccuracies, and abuses of the methods. We hope this book will enable others to separate trivial from visionary approaches and me-too methodology from in- vative techniques. These concerns guided our choice of contributors. To our delight, our call for papers elicited a great many manuscripts.

The editors wish to thank the European Science Foundation for its support of the programme on the Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939, as well as for sponsoring the publication of this volume. Through the subdivision of this initiative that deals specifically with chemical industry it has been possible for historians of science, technology, business and economics to share often widely differing viewpoints and develop consensus across disciplinary and cultural boundaries. The contents of this volume are based on the third of three workshops that have considered the emergence of the modern European chemical industry prior to 1939, the first held in Liege (1994), the second in Maastricht (1995), and the third in Strasbourg (1996). All contributors and participants are thanked for their participation in often lively and informative debates. The generous hospitality of the European Science Foundation and its staff in Strasbourg is gratefully acknowledged. Introduction Emerging chemical knowledge and the development of chemical industry, and particularly the interaction between them, offer rich fields of study for the historian. This is reflected in the contents of the three workshops dealing with the emergence of chemical industry held under the aegis of the European Science Foundation's Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939, programme. The first workshop focused mainly on science for industry, 1789- 1850, and the second on the two-way traffic between science and industry, 1850-1914. The third workshop, dealing with the period 1900-1939, covers similar issues, but within different, and wider, contexts.

Emerging disciplines in the border zone between physics and chemistry have 1 attracted the attention of historians of science particularly in the last 20 years. 2 Quantum chemistry, as an offshoot of theoretical chemistry, has recently acquired 3 some importance in the history of chemistry. It is the product of close 1 Cf. Hiebert, E. : Discipline Identi cation in Chemistry and Physics, in: Science in Context, 9(2) (1996), 93-119; Nye, M. J. : Physics and Chemistry: Commensurate or Incommensurate Sciences? in: The Invention of Physical Science, Intersections of Mathematics, Theology and Natural Philosophy since the Seventeenth Century - Essays in Honor of Erwin N. Hiebert. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1992; From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical Chemistry: Dynamics of Matter and Dynamics of Disciplines, 1800-1950. University of California Press, Berkeley 1994; Servos, J. W. : Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling, the Making of a Science in America. Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1990; Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries, edited by Carsten Reinhard. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2001 (incl. a comprehensive bibliography). 2 In an earlier article I point out that the term "quantum chemistry" [Quantenchemie] rst appeared in 1929. To my knowledge it was coined by the physicist Arthur Haas. Talks he had del- ered before the Viennese Chemico-Physical Society in the spring of 1929 are assembled in his book: Die Grundlagen der Quantenchemie: Eine Einleitung in vier Vortrage. It was published by the Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft in Leipzig.

About this series The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage includes all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether at the university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience. Thus each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. A description of the laboratory procedures involved is often useful to the reader. The coverage should not be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcome. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors.

Fuzzy Logic has gained increasing acceptance as a way to deal with complexity and uncertainty in many areas of science and engineering. This book is the first to address its practical applications to chemical systems. Ten distinguished authors discuss the role of fuzzy logic in the characterization of a variety of chemical concepts, including chirality, quantum systems, molecular engineering and design, and hierarchical classification methods. Fuzzy Logic in Chemistry will appeal to both students and professionals who are seeking to learn more about theory and applications in an area of growing importance to the physical sciences.
Key Features
* The first book on the applications of fuzzy logic in chemistry
* Covers a topic relevant to many disciplines, including molecular design
* Discusses applications of fuzzy logic to the physical sciences, a rapidly growing area
* Features chapters from highly distinguished authors in the physical sciences

This is the first handbook on zeolites and other microporous materials. It is an up-to-date, highly sophisticated collection of information for those who deal with zeolites in industry or at academic institutions as well as being a guide for newcomers.

In Elements, Principles and Particles, Antonio Clericuzio explores the relationships between chemistry and corpuscular philosophy in the age of the Scientific Revolution. Science historians have regarded chemistry and corpuscular philosophy as two distinct traditions. Clericuzio's view is that since the beginning of the 17th century atomism and chemistry were strictly connected. This is attested by Daniel Sennert and by many hitherto little-known French and English natural philosophers. They often combined a corpuscular theory of matter with Paracelsian chemical (and medical) doctrines. Boyle plays a central part in the present book: Clericuzio redefines Boyle's chemical views, by showing that Boyle did not subordinate chemistry to the principles of mechanical philosophy. When Boyle explained chemical phenomena, he had recourse to corpuscles endowed with chemical, not mechanical, properties. The combination of chemistry and corpuscular philosophy was adopted by a number of chemists active in the last decades of the 17th century, both in England and on the Continent. Using a large number of primary sources, the author challenges the standard view of the corpuscular theory of matter as identical with the mechanical philosophy. He points out that different versions of the corpuscular philosophy flourished in the 17th century. Most of them were not based on the mechanical theory, i.e. on the view that matter is inert and has only mechanical properties. Throughout the 17th century, active principles, as well as chemical properties, are attributed to corpuscles. Given its broad coverage, the book is a significant contribution to both history of science and history of philosophy.

The many advances in polymers and their associated processes have rendered necessary this new edition from Mr Miles and Mr Briston- two very renowned and respected British authors. Polymer and Material Scientists in industrial, academic and government laboratories, as well as researchers and managers who need to keep abreast of developments in Polymer Technology will find this an invaluable practical reference source. Contents: - Preface - PART I. GENERAL - 1. Introduction - 2. Raw Materials - PART II. MATERIALS - Section A Thermosets -3. Phenoplasts - 4. Aminoplasts - 5. Polyesters - 6. Epoxy Resins -7. Silicones -8. Polyurethanes - Section B Thermoplastics - 9. Polyolefins -10. Vinyls -11. Polystyrene and Copolymers -12. Polyamides -13. Acrylic Polymers -14. Fluorocarbon Polymers -15. Thermoplastic Polyesters -16. High-Performance Thermoplastics -17. Heat-Resistant Thermoplastics - Section C Natural Polymers and Derivatives - 18. Polymers of Natural Origin -19. Derivatives of Natural Polymers - Section D Rubberlike Polymers - 20. Natural and Modified Rubbers -21. Synthetic Rubbers - Section E Inorganic Polymers -22. Inorganic and Semi-organic Polymers - Section F Compounding Ingredients -23. Plasticizers, Stabilizers, and Related Additives -24. Fillers, Colorants, and Special Additives - PART III. PROCESSES - Section A Thermosetting25. Compression and Transfer Molding - Section B Thermoplastics -26. Extrusion -27. Injection Molding and Blow Molding -28. Thermoforming -29. Powder Coating -30. Miscellaneous Processing Techniques - PART IV TESTING - 31. Physical and Chemical Testing of Plastics - Index -