The present research was conducted to investigate the impacts of oxytocin injection on lactating buffaloes. One group of buffaloes was injected with 30 IU of oxytocin at each milking, while second group was kept as control without any treatment. A significant higher level (P 0.01) of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, total proteins and CRP was found in oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. The serum total oxidant status and total antioxidant status were found to be significantly higher and lower respectively in the oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. The overall mean serum PON1 and arylesterase concentration was significantly lower while malondialdehyde, total homocysteine and ceruloplasmin was increased significantly in the oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. The liver enzymes like serum AST and ALT concentration did increase significantly in the oxytocin treated group. Serum T3, estradiol and progesterone was significantly (P 0.05) high in the oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. Long use of oxytocin did effect the serum composition and animal health.

Allan Fredrickson grew up in Southwestern Manitoba, Canada and attended the college of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota. Upon graduation he accepted an associate position in a mixed animal, full service veterinary hospital in Mount Vernon, Washington. He has four grown children and lives with his wife Barbara in Mount Vernon.

When Dr. Friedson approached the horse he ran his hand along the neck under the mane then down her face and over her nose. He reached up and felt her ears. He slowly slid his hand into her mouth and gently wrapped his hand around her tongue.

On the morning Snoot was to be taken from his friends, Alton took him to a quiet spot in the woods behind the duck pond to play together and have time to say goodbye. As he scratched the pig's belly, snoot looked up at him and grunted as if he understood every word that was being said.

When Rachel walked in in she couldn't believe her eyes. Mrs. Martin was pressed right against the wall with her daughter lying on the floor between her legs. Dr. Friedson had the dog cradled in his arms protecting the large injury along its back. Dr. Friedson had seen many gruesome sights during his time in practice but this was the worst wire cut he had been called to treat. The fright and pain of the horse, the massive destruction of tissue, and the anguish and anxiety of the owners, was overwhelming.

Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes were injected rbST (500 mg/16 day) to observe effect on milk production, composition, physiological profile, minerals of serum, milk and mammary health biomarkers. Respiration rate was significantly high after day 1 of first injection and low during days 24, 28 and 32 of second injection irrespective of their groups. Overall mean ESR, neutrophils percent decreased and lymphocytes percent increased significantly in bST treated as compared to control buffaloes. The overall increase in milk production was 9.31% from bST treated buffaloes. Overall mean milk lactose increased significantly and milk fat was 1.03% higher (P 0.05) in bST treated buffaloes. Milk calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride and phosphorus increased significantly. Serum calcium and sodium did increase (P 0.05) while magnesium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus did decrease (P 0.05) in bST injected buffaloes. A significant increase in milk plasminogen and a decrease in milk plasmin was observed in bST treated buffaloes. Serum ALT, paraoxonase, MDA were significantly high and alkaline phosphatase and the AOS decreased significantly in bST injected buffaloes.

This publication contains the proceedings of a seminar held in Ghent, Belgium on October 11th-13th 1977, under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities, as part of the EEC programme of co-ordination of research on beef production. The seminar was initiated by the scientific working group on 'Carcass and Meat Quality' and attracted the interest of the working groups on 'Genetics and Selection' and on 'Nutrition and Management'. Consequently it developed into a multi-disciplinary programme, organised under the responsibility of the working group on Carcass and Meat Quality. This group comprised Ir. H. de Boer (Chairman), Netherlands; Prof. R. Boccard, France; Dr D.E. Hood, Ireland; Dr R.W. Pomeroy, UK; Dr A. Romita, Italy; Professor Dr L. Sch~n, Fed. Rep. of Germany; Mr P. L'Hermite, CEC; and Dr J.C. Tayler, UK (adviser to the CEC). In view of the broad scope of the subject, a special plan ning meeting was organised, involvi.ng experts from the different disciplines involved. The additional participants were: Dr B. Bech Andersen, Denmarkj Dr A.J.H. van Es, Netherlands; Prof. Dr J. Martin, Belgium; Dr. St.C.S. Taylor, UK. The multidisciplinary scope of this ~eminar follows a series of seminars in 1975-76 on more specific aspects of beef production research in the individual fields involved. It seems logical that further seminars should integrate the approaches by different disciplin~s in order to achieve a balanced programme of research on the very complex topic of beef production.

This publication contains the proceedings of a Seminar on 'The Mucosal Immune System' held by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) at the University of Bristol. School of Veterinary Science. Langford. Bristol on September 9th - 11th. 1960. The seminar formed part of the CEC programme of co-ordinated agricultural research on Protection of the Young Animal against Perinatal Disease and was organised by Professor F.J. Bourne and his colleagues Dr. T.J. Newby and Dr. C.R. Stokes. The Proceedings were edited by the organisers assisted by Janssen Services. 33a High Street. Chislehurst. Kent and provide an authoritative and up-to-date account of this rapidly moving research area. Serious economic loss from diseases of mucosal surfaces - particularly the enteric and respiratory tracts - occurs in young farm animals throughout the EEC. Protection against these diseases is based on an understanding of their epidemiology including host defence mechanisms. Mucosal vaccines have in the main given disappointing field results with. however. some notable exceptions. This seminar rationalises methods used to stimulate mucosal immune defence and indicates likely areas for future research and development. The CEC wishes to thank the organisers and the participants who con tributed to the success of the seminar. OPENING SESSION Chairman F.J. Bourne 3 OPENING REMARKS F.J. Bourne On behalf of the University of Bristol and the European Economic Community my colleagues and I welcome you to the Langford Veterinary School.

In recent years several "new" infectious agenLs have been associated with neonatal diarrhoea in both calves and pigs. Furthermore, important additional information has become available as regards enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infec- tions in both species. Although still much has to be learned, it is likely that in many field cases differnt agents act in concert. Therefore an integrated approach to the problem of neonatal diarrhoea appears to be necessary, particularly in the field research. Such an approach requires a series of diagnostic techniques. The purpose of this meeting was to bring together a limited number of scientists that are actively involved in neonatal diarrhoea research, in order to discuss present knowledge and to produce proceedings containing review articles, new developments and laboratory manuals of relevant diagnostic techniques. x This publication constitutes a collection of scientific pa- pers and laboratory manuals on diagnostic techniques for en- teropathogenic agents in neonatal diarrhoea in calves and pigs, presented and discussed during a workshop in the EEC Program- me of Coordination of Agricultural Research on Protection of the Young Animal against Perinatal Diseases, held at the Central Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Lely- stad, the Netherlands, June 3-5, 1980. VIRAL AGENTS ASSOCIA1ED WIlli NEONATAL DIARRHOEA AND TIlEIR DE1ECTION BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY M. S. McNulty, W. 1. Curran and J. B. McFerran Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, N. Ireland ABSTRACT Simple techniques for diagnosis of enteric viral infections by direct electron microscopy of faeces are described.

Not so many years ago little attention was paid to non-parasitic respiratory diseases of cattle because they seemed of minor importance. However, in the past twenty years, as the number of cattle kept on any farm unit increased under economic pressures, there has been a concomitant rise in the prevalence of respiratory illness. Investigations into cattle respiratory diseases have become a significant part of the research effort in most countries of Europe. Initially much work went into finding, like the alchemist's stone, the orgdnism responsible for causing cattle respiratory disease. Many viruses were isolated and over the years a long list of those recovered from the respiratory tract of cattle has been prepared. Unfortunately, few of these viruses on their own are recognised as proven pathogens and no single virus provides the complete aetiological answer to bovine respiratory disease. More recently, perhaps in despair, g~eater attention has been directed to the role of mycoplasma and, additionally. a revival of interest has taken place in the significant part played by bacteria in the later stages of res piratory disease. Now, phrases such as "multifactorial disease" are being commonly used to describe the complex situation with respiratory disease.

This pUblication contains the proceedings of a Seminar held in Galway, Ireland on September 27 - 30, 1977 under the asupices of the Commission of the European Communities, as part of the EEC programme of co-ordination of research on beef production. The programme was drawn up by a scientific working group on PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION on behalf of the beef production committee. The working group comprised: Or. J.M. Sreenan (Chairman), Ireland; Mr. L.E.A. Rowson, United Kingdom; Professor C. Thibault, France; Or. B. Hoffman, Germany (Fed. Rep.); Professor L. Henriet, Belgium; Or. F. du Mesnil du Buisson, France; Or. J. Riemensberger, Germany (Fed. Rep.); Dr. P. Mauleon, France; and, in the planning of the seminar, they were joined by Mr. P. L'Hermite, CEC and Or. J.C. Tayler (temporarily seconded to the CEC, 1975). The subject chosen for this seminar was drawn from the list of prior- ities in research objectives drawn up in 1973 by members of a committee (now the Standing Committee on Agricultural Research, CPRA) given in Appendix 1. One of the functions of this series of seminars was to summarise and update the information available on the selected subjects and to discuss future needs for research, so as to assist the Commission in evaluating the probable im- pact of research on agricultural production within the community.

This research addressed two important issues concerning conservation of orang-utans in Indonesia, the prevalence of diseases in orang-utans at reintroduction centres and the extent of intra-subspecific genetic variation between isolated populations of Bornean orang-utans. The research was conducted at the Wanariset Orang-utan Reintroduction Centre in East Kalimantan from 1994 to 1997, and at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre in the Netherlands in 1998. Studies were designed to identify and determine the prevalence of diseases, specifically gastro-intestinal parasites, tuberculosis and certain viral diseases. Further studies defined the factors associated with mortalities of orang-utans at the reintroduction centre. A molecular study using mitochondrial DNA was undertaken to determine whether there was significant genetic diversity between six isolated populations of wild orang-utans within Borneo. It was concluded that there are at least four genetically distinct populations of Bornean orang-utans. The findings of this research are discussed in terms of the implications for management policies for reintroduction centres, as well as for the conservation of wild populations.

Aujeszky's disease (AD) is increasing in Europe and it has become a serious problem in some of the countries of the European Communities (EC). The control and eradication of the disease is very difficult since AD virus (ADV) evokes a persistant latent infection in its main host, the pig. Such latent infection can also occur when vaccinated pigs are exposed to the virus. In view of this, the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) thought it necessary to have a survey on the current state of knowledge on AD and ADV. Therefore, a seminar was organised by the Federal Research Institute for Animal Virus Diseases in Tubingen, Federal Republic of Germany, and held there on June 9 and 10, 1981. The seminar was a part of the 'Animal Pathology Programme' of the CEC. The seminar was attended by 44 participants from the countries of the EC, and 29 papers were presented which covered a wide field of research on AD: properties of the virus, diagnostic procedures, immunity and pathogenesis, vaccination, latent infection, epidemiology, control and eradication. Scientists from differ ent institutes in the EC who have been working on AD thus had the oppor tunity to exchange their knowledge as well as to give and receive impetus for further scientific work. Furthermore, many details were given which are of interest for the veterinary authorities with regard to control and eradication of AD.

An utmost try has been made to full fill the modern requirements of the Procedures in Veterinary Entomology but still there is paucity of knowledge and literature regarding the understanding of insects anatomy, staining behavior, prevalence, feeding behaviors, location of suitable host, seasonal variations, vector role for various diseases of public health and zoonotic importance and periodicity. This manual will be helpful to the field Veterinarians, to the Graduates and Under Graduates, Veterinary Entomologists, Forensic Entomologists, to the Researchers and to the students of Veterinary Sciences. By any means, author does not claim perfectness and completeness of the manuscript. Any suggestion or recommendations for the improvement of the work will be highly obliged. Author, however, recommends the manual to be used as ready reference at teaching institutions, research institutions or at Diagnostic laboratories of Veterinary and Medical imporatnce public sector or in government sector.

"Endocrine-Immune Mechanisms in Animals and Human Health Implications," looks at the relationship of the hormone regulation of the immune system. His collection of articles and writings that have appeared in numerous publications explains the relationship between the endocrine and immune systems. He explains to readers how this endocrine-immune imbalance can be the cause of allergies, auto-immunity and cancer in animals and how these imbalances also apply to humans. By explaining this delicate imbalance, Plechner seeks to help his fellow health care professionals to identify the causes of certain diseases as opposed to only treating the effects of these diseases which cause specific clinical signs and symptoms. He states that there may be a reason to believe that his treatment in animals can be successful for treatment in humans also. "Over the years, I have discovered new ways to diagnose and treat the cause of many diseases and illnesses that cripple the quality of life for a patient," Plechner says. "It all stems from a hormone imbalance that leads to the disruption of the immune system." Written for fellow practitioners, biomedical researchers and pet owners, Dr. Plechner believes that readers will end this book with a new perspective on many illnesses like allergy, auto-immunity and cancer that occur in animals and in people. He hopes his research will inspire health care professionals to delve further into medical research in regards to not only treating the medical effects in animals and humans, but at the same time, identify the cause of the disease. "My hope," says the author, "is that my research will help animals and people live a better life free from disease."

This book provides a new vision, based on sound science and ethics of compassion, which connects the healing of animals with Earth care and the human rights and health care revolution whose time has come. The well-being of animals, wild and domesticated, and the health of the natural environment are found to be inseparable from the health and well-being, and the ultimate fate of our own kith and kin. Written by a veterinarian with doctoral degrees in medicine and animal behavior, and with a lifetime's experience working in animal health, welfare and environmental protection, including agricultural and food safety and public health, this book confronts and challenges the dominant world-view wherein the art and science of animal and human medicine are practiced. Conventional treatments and attitudes toward animals are examined, and the benefits of integrative and preventive medicine in improving the care and health of companion, farmed and wild animals are reviewed. The vision of One Health is framed from a reconsidered science and a renewed understanding of empathy. This is a book for all who care for animals, starting with pet owners seeking to be more informed, professional animal care-providers, including farmers, veterinarians, and veterinary and animal science students, and people who appreciate and respect wild animals. It offers direction and inspiration toward One Health.

Aseptic arthritis of the knee joint was induced in 12 healthy donkeys, weighing 60 to 85kg by intra- articular injection of 0.3ml of turpentine oil. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups A and B of 6 animals each. Group A served as a control whereas in Group B anti-arthritic drug, diclofenac sodium (Diclocare 5%) was administered intramuscularly at the dose rate of 2.5mg/kg body weight daily for 5-6 days starting one day after the induction of arthritis. In group B, the joint circumference became normal on 6th day after induction of arthritis while in group A (control), the joint circumference took 16 to 20 days to become normal. According to this trial, diclofenac sodium provided an early return to normal stance and weight bearing in treated group B, taking longer time in control group A. No significant change in blood Haemoglobin, Total erythrocyte count, Total leukocyte count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Packed cell volume was observed in control and treated animals. It is concluded that diclofenac sodium is an effective treatment for arthritis in donkeys.

The response of (laboratory) animals to anaesthetics and analgesics shows intraspecies variability. Besides environmental influences, genetic factors might be involved in this phenomenon. In the studies described in this book, rabbit and rat inbred strains were used to identify differences in response to anaesthetics and analgesics. Parameters for a genetic analysis were thus provided to identify candidate genes involved in this variability. Both in the rat and rabbit,significant strain differences were observed in the response to a variety of commonly used anaesthetics and analgesics in (laboratory animal) medicine. The difference in response to medetomidine between two rabbit strains was linked to differences in the anaesthetic's biotransformation rate. This response was then genetically analyzed and candidate genes were identified on the rabbit genetic map. In the rats it was demonstrated that buprenorphine administration did not only result in strain-specific responses to its analgesic but also to its behavioural effects. This book will aid medical and veterinary researchers in the development of tailored anaesthesia.

This book includes a review of the pathophysiology of acute colitis in the adult horse and discussion of the more common etiologies for this condition and treatment options available to the equine clinician. The aim of the clinical study performed and documented was to evaluate the use of a hyperimmunized plasma containing high concentration of antibodies against Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella sp in a referral population of equine colitis cases.Forty two horses were enrolled and 38 horses completed the study. At study admission clinical and clinicopathological parameters, other than fecal frequency score were comparable between the groups. Fecal frequency score was significantly different between the treatment groups (p=0.003). The mean duration of diarrhea was 40.79.8 hours (mean SEM), 119.256.1 hours and 72.024.5 hours for the hyperimmunized plasma, normal plasma and control groups respectively. This data confirms the hyperimmunized plasma used in this study decreased the time to resolution of diarrhea.

In the tradition of James Herriot, Bruce R. Coston's first book is a warm, funny, and amazingly fulfilling celebration of the wonderful world of animals as seen through the eyes of a small-town veterinarian. The patients are an eclectic and surprising cast of characters who display incredible bravery and nobility at times, and unbelievable goofiness at other times. There's the dog that resurrected itself from death. There's Daphne, the transvestite cat who taught Bruce to be a cat person. And the owners are no less engaging, ranging from the angelic to the squeamish, teaching Bruce what it really means to be an animal doctor.

Readers will gain insight into the pathos and passion, the mundane and incredible, the thigh-slapping humor and the crushing sadness of a vet's life as he seeks to mend and restore people's treasured companions. Written with great warmth, this book imparts a deeper understanding of the pets that enrich our daily lives.

After leading a regional office in Africa that studied ticks and tick-borne diseases, Rupert Pegram received a call in 1994 that changed his life. His higher ups wanted him to lead a new program in the Caribbean. The Caribbean Amblyomma Program, known as the CAP, sought to eliminate the Amblyomma tick from the Caribbean region. The stakes were high because ticks transmit terrible diseases. Today, the tropical pest introduced from Africa threatens to invade large areas of the south and central parts of North America. By learning about the progress, setbacks, political and financial constraints, and final heartbreak of failure in the Caribbean, the rest of world can discover how to fight the growing problem. Learn why the CAP program failed and how the Caribbean farmers who were let down by the program suffered. This history and analysis conveys the need to re-establish vigorous research to eradicate tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are invading the larger world, and there are serious implications. They found much of their strength during Thirteen Years of Hell in Paradise.

Camels as productive animals are considered one of the primary fundamental constituents of animal population. Healthiness of this part of animal populations required healthy respiratory, urinary, skin, reproductive and musculoskeletal systems with especial attention to digestive system because camel to be productive animal needs healthy alimentary tract. The prevention of the diseases rather than treatment becomes the main aim in the veterinary medicine. Therefore, general clinical examination (temperature, pulse, respiration, mucous membranes and lymphnodes), ruminal and blood constituents were found to be the most important diagnostic and prognostic measures for health and disease conditions.

"All My Patients Have Tales" is a charming, funny, and engaging collection of stories in the great tradition of All Creatures Great and Small by the late James Herriot. Jeff Wells works in a mixed practice where he treats both farm animals and house pets, with the occasional exotic thrown in. Among the many uplifting, life-altering, life-threatening, and hilarious episodes Wells relates are stories featuring a turkey attack, porcupine-quill covered terriers, a pregnant male cat, a heavy-metal Chihuahua with road burn, an ornery pygmy donkey, a giant hog, a constipated cow, and many others.

This perfect little gem of a book will appeal to anyone who has pets, all animal lovers, and anyone who has ever toyed with the idea of becoming a vet.