This textbook is an engaging, highly illustrated guide to learning handwriting as opposed to the printed form of the Arabic script. Well-formed and fluent handwriting is much admired throughout the Arab world. The book teaches Arabic handwriting in the form universally used by adult native speakers (riq'a) and compares it with naskh, the usual printed form. There are three parts to the book covering: the basic letter shapes, combinations of letters and an additional extended writing section. Clear examples, a wealth of practice material, insider tips from a leading expert, and lively activities and photos make the book easy to follow and enjoyable to work through. The book can be used to supplement the popular Mastering Arabic courses or independently from them. Aimed at beginners or early intermediate learners of Arabic, Mastering Arabic Script is ideal for both self-study use and classroom courses.

Spoken by over 95 million people worldwide, Vietnamese has emerged as a prominent language in the fields of business, culture and history in Southeast Asia, America, Australia, and Europe. Perfect for beginners with little or no previous knowledge of the language, Beginner's Vietnamese with Online Audio introduces the essentials needed to speak, read and understand Vietnamese with confidence. This guide is ideal for both self-study or classroom use and includes 13 carefully-paced and practical lessons with dialogues, vocabulary, grammar and exercises; sections on Vietnamese culture and customs; pronunciation exercises to help master Vietnamese tones; vocabulary variants for both northern and southern Vietnamese dialects; and online MP3 audio files for free download featuring pronunciation by native speakers.

These 17 stories from the Caribbean and Central and South America encompass a tremendous variety of subjects, settings, and styles, and range in publication from 1867 to 1922. All are well-known names in world literature, including Ruben Dario, Jose Marti, Amado Nervo, Romulo Gallegos, and Ricardo Palma. This dual-language edition features an informative introduction.

The series builds an extensive collection of high quality descriptions of languages around the world. Each volume offers a comprehensive grammatical description of a single language together with fully analyzed sample texts and, if appropriate, a word list and other relevant information which is available on the language in question. There are no restrictions as to language family or area, and although special attention is paid to hitherto undescribed languages, new and valuable treatments of better known languages are also included. No theoretical model is imposed on the authors; the only criterion is a high standard of scientific quality. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Birgit Sievert.

"Language in Use" creatively brings together, for the first time, perspectives from cognitive linguistics, language acquisition, discourse analysis, and linguistic anthropology. The physical distance between nations and continents, and the boundaries between different theories and subfields within linguistics have made it difficult to recognize the possibilities of how research from each of these fields can challenge, inform, and enrich the others. This book aims to make those boundaries more transparent and encourages more collaborative research. The unifying theme is studying how language is used in context and explores how language is shaped by the nature of human cognition and social-cultural activity. "Language in Use" examines language processing and first language learning and illuminates the insights that discourse and usage-based models provide in issues of second language learning. Using a diverse array of methodologies, it examines how speakers employ various discourse-level resources to structure interaction and create meaning. Finally, it addresses issues of language use and creation of social identity. Unique in approach and wide-ranging in application, the contributions in this volume place emphasis on the analysis of actual discourse and the insights that analyses of such data bring to language learning as well as how language shapes and reflects social identity - making it an invaluable addition to the library of anyone interested in cutting-edge linguistics.

NihonGO NOW! is a beginning-level courseware package that takes a performed-culture approach to learning Japanese. This innovative approach balances the need for an intellectual understanding of structural elements with multiple opportunities to experience the language within its cultural context. From the outset, learners are presented with samples of authentic language that are context-sensitive and culturally coherent. Instructional time is used primarily to rehearse interactions that learners of Japanese are likely to encounter in the future, whether they involve speaking, listening, writing, or reading. Level 1 is comprised of two textbooks with accompanying activity books. These four books in combination with audio files allow instructors to adapt a beginning-level course, such as the first year of college Japanese, to their students' needs. They focus on language and modeled behavior, providing opportunities for learners to acquire language through performance templates. Online resources provide additional support for both students and instructors. Audio files, videos, supplementary exercises, and a teachers' manual are available at www.routledge.com/9781138304147.

Contents:
Contents: Introduction
Lesson 1 Persian Alphabet
Lesson 2 Section 1. A reading and writing exercise. Read the following vocabulary: Section 2: A The Personal Pronouns B. The ezafe, Possesive and Adjectival
Lesson 3 New Vocabulary Grammar A. The Plural B. Possessive Pronoun Suffixes
Lesson 4 New Vocabulary Grammar A. Present Tense of the Verb "to be" B. Interrogative Sentences C. The Definite and the Indefinite D.The Orthography of the Indefinite
Lesson 5 New Vocabulary Grammar A. The Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns B. The Basic Word Order C. Verbal Agreement with the Plural D. The Possessive Pronoun
Lesson 6 New Vocabulary: Section 1. Read: Grammar A. The Present Tense of the Verb 'to have' B. The Numerals C. The Time D. Days of the Week
Lesson 7 New Vocabulary: Grammar A. Persian verbs and their present stem B. The Present Tense of Simple Verbs C. The Present Tense of Compound Verbs D. Some Uses of the Present Tense E. Note that the adverb of time always comes at the beginning of a sentence, either before or more commonly after the subjectb F. The Reflexive Pronoun G. The Indefinite Additional Glossary
Lesson 8 New Vocabulary: Grammar A. The Specific Direct Object Suffix B. The Word Order C. The Comparative and the Superlative Adjectives
Lesson 9 New Vocabulary: Grammar A. The Past Stem B. The Simple Past Tense
Lesson 10 New Vocabulary: Grammar A. Subjunctive Present B. The orthography of the subjunctive present C. The Uses of Subjunctive Present D. Verb and Pronominal Suffix
Lesson 11 New Vocabulary: Exercise 1-4
Lesson 12 New Vocabulary: Grammar A. The Imperative B. The Orthography of the imperative C. The Fusion of preposition and pronominal suffix D. The verb "Is it possible/ could" in the sentence "Could you show me the way" is the equivalent of the impersonal verb "Is it possible"
Lesson 13 New Vocabulary: Grammar A. The Imperfect tense or the past continuous B. The Uses of the Imperfect D. The Use of the Verb 'to have' in an Imperfect Tense C. The Temporal Conjunction "when"
Lesson 14 New Vocabulary: Grammar: A. The Past Participle B. The Perfect Tense C. Uses of the Perfect Tense D. The Use of the Verb 'to have' in the Present Continuous
Lesson 15 New Vocabulary Grammar A. Pluperfect or the Past Perfect B. The Uses of Pluperfect C. The Future D. The Ordinal Numbers
Lesson 16 New Vocabulary A. The Subjunctive Past B. The Relative Clause
Lesson 17 New Vocabulary Grammar A. Conditional Sentences B. The Causative Verb
Annex A
Persian to English Glossary

Mian is a non-Austronesian ('Papuan') language of the Ok family spoken in the Highlands fringe in western Papua New Guinea. Mian has approximately 1,400 speakers and is highly endangered. This grammar is the first comprehensive description of the language. It is based on primary field data consisting of a text corpus that covers different genres of the oral tradition, namely myths and ancestor stories, historical accounts, accounts of the initiation ritual, conversations, and procedural texts. The corpus was recorded by the author during a total of eleven months of field work from 2004 to 2008. The book provides a thorough description of all areas of Mian grammar and gives an in-depth analysis of many points of typological interest, such as the complex system of lexical tone, the interaction between a gender system and a system of classificatory prefixes on verbs of object movement, manipulation or handling, which allows the highlighting of certain characteristics of a referent in a given situation, the complex verbal morphology which allows fine-grained tense-aspect-mood distinctions, and a switch-reference system in which switch-reference suffixes on medial verbs are homophonous with and derived from suffixes functioning as tense and aspect markers in final verbs. The book is rounded off by a collection of traditional and contemporary texts (fully glossed and translated) and a word list comprising some 1,600 items, giving lexical tone, word class and meaning.

The benefits and importance of Socratic seminars are widely recognized, but little has been written on "how" to make them happen successfully in the classroom. By offering real-world examples and straightforward answers to frequent questions, Matt Copeland has created a coaching guide for both the teacher new to Socratic seminars and the experienced teacher seeking to optimize the benefits of this powerful strategy. "Socratic Circles" also shows teachers who are familiar with literature circles the many ways in which these two practices complement and extend each other.

Effectively implemented, Socratic seminars enhance reading comprehension, listening and speaking skills, and build better classroom community and conflict resolution skills. By giving students ownership over the classroom discussion around texts, they become more independent and motivated learners. Ultimately, because there is a direct relationship between the level of participation and the richness of the experience, Socratic seminars teach students to take responsibility for the quality of their own learning.

Filled with examples to help readers visualize the application of these concepts in practice, "Socratic Circles "includes transcripts of student dialogue and work samples of preparation and follow-up activities. The helpful appendices offer ready-to-copy handouts and examples, and suggested selections of text that connect to major literary works.

As our classrooms and our schools grow increasingly focused on meeting high standards and differentiating instruction for a wide variety of student needs and learning styles, Socratic seminars offer an essential classroom tool for meeting these goals." Socratic Circles" is a complete and practical guide to Socratic seminars for the busy classroom teacher.

This special issue addresses the topic of Internet business models from the perspective of the traditional media sectors. The eleven special-theme articles tackle the issues of online content delivery business models, the relationship between online and off-line media products, the Internet's impact on a media value chain, online marketing of music products, Internet content strategies, and comparative studies of Web content and strategies in different countries. From theoretical discussions to empirical investigations, the authors examine fully the traditional medial incumbents' efforts to develop business strategies that leverage their online competencies and suggest the factors that might play a role in this process. This focused theme issue provides readers with a deeper understanding of how the Internet has changed the playing field for the media industries and gives a preliminary view of things to come.

With more than 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is the most widespread member of the Wu family of Chinese dialects and the predominant language of the city of Shanghai and the Yangzi River delta. Distinct from and mutually unintelligible with the official Chinese dialect of Mandarin, Shanghainese is experiencing a revival both within Shanghai and throughout central China. Contains 4,000 dictionary entries, and also provides concise grammar and pronunciation sections.

As Lynn Visson explores in this fascinating book, sometimes simply knowing a language is not enough to ensure good communication. Speaking a language without understanding the culture in which it is spoken can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication. This book explores the problems of language and culture facing both Russians speaking English and Americans speaking Russian. An introduction to the basic issues of the link between language and culture is followed by a discussion of the reasons for some common errors in Russian and English. Numerous practical examples help readers to understand the importance of cultural markers and signposts in both languages.

Indonesian, the official language of Indonesia, is spoken by that nation's approximately 240 million inhabitants. A tropical paradise made up of about 13,000 islands, Indonesia annually receives more than 5 million foreign tourists. This title contains over 20,000 entries of essential, modern Indonesian. It is intended for travellers.

This complete guide to the Mongolian language provides a basic knowledge of all Mongolian noun inflexions and the basic and most important verbal inflections, and the uses of these. Grammatical concepts are introduced at the beginning of each chapter and discussed, with further examples, in a grammar section. Each chapter is accompanied by a list of new vocabulary items. A complete vocabulary list, English-Mongolian and Mongolian-English, is given at the end of the book, as is a list of all the Mongolian terminations, inflexions and stems that appear in the book.

This complete guide to the Mongolian language provides a basic knowledge of all Mongolian noun inflexions and the basic and most important verbal inflections, and the uses of these. Grammatical concepts are introduced at the beginning of each chapter and discussed, with further examples, in a grammar section. Each chapter is accompanied by a list of new vocabulary items. A complete vocabulary list, English-Mongolian and Mongolian-English, is given at the end of the book, as is a list of all the Mongolian terminations, inflexions and stems that appear in the book.

In this book, James A. Inman explores the landscape of the contemporary computers and writing community. Its six chapters engage critical issues, including redefining the community's generally accepted history, connecting its contemporary innovators with its long-standing spirit of innovation, advocating for increased access and diversity, and more. Between chapters, readers will find "Community Voices" sections, which provide a snapshot of the contemporary computers and writing community and introduce, in a non-hierarchical form, more than 100 of its members from around the world, in their own voices. Computers and Writing: The Cyborg Era features a simultaneous emphasis on individuals, communities, and contexts they share; a creative rethinking of the character and values of the computers and writing community; a holistic exploration of meaning-making; and an activist approach to pedagogy. It is a must-read book for anyone interested in rhetoric, technology, and pedagogy, including faculty, graduate students, and colleagues in professions outside the academy.

This book gives educators important answers to the urgent question of how teachers and schools can facilitate language minority and immigrant students' progress in school. It offers an innovative and powerful method teachers and students can use to study the situational context of education, providing both the theoretical background and the practical tools to implement this approach.
The situational context of education includes linguistic, economic, social, cultural, and political factors, as well as conditions, such as students' personal characteristics, family support, and quality of instruction. All of these factors influence the lives of students and their academic performance and contribute in many ways, some subtle and indirect, to making the educational experience more or less difficult for different students.
The premise of the book is that objective study of the situational context of education by both students and teachers is beneficial because it leads to a more realistic view of how to facilitate students' progress in school. Designed as a text for graduate courses for preservice and in-service teachers working with students in bilingual, ESL, mainstream, and special education classrooms, the goal is to engage readers in learning not only from the literature but also from studying the situational contexts of their own students. The focus here is on the factors that affect language minority and immigrant students in the United States, but the framework is equally powerful for work with student populations in other social contexts.
*The Introduction includes an overview of the theory behind the study of the situational context of education and theimplementation of this approach; describes the context of the pilot lessons included in the book; and explains how to use the lessons detailed in later chapters.
*Chapters 2-6 focus on different factors in the situational context of education: linguistic, economic, social, cultural, and political. A three-part structure is used: "Classroom Implementation" (a rich description of one lesson in a real classroom); "Context Variables" (a theoretical explanation of the specific factor the chapter addresses, providing the research basis for the sample lesson objectives ); "Doing Analysis of the Context" (several sample lessons for implementation). The lessons are addressed to the teacher, with detailed ideas on how to carry out the lesson and evaluate the students' understanding of the situational context.
*Five Appendices provide helpful resources for the implementation of the lessons: an Annotated bibliography of relevant K-12 children's literature; Instructional Approaches; Scoring Rubrics for Content Objectives; Guidelines for a Contrastive Study of Situational Context; and Lesson Template.
The lessons have been thoroughly field-tested with students and teachers. Because these lessons work on multiple levels, "Situational Context of Education: A Window Into the World of Bilingual Learners" benefits students from first grade through preservice and in-service teachers in university courses. Teachers get to know their students and their predicaments within the social context of the United States, and at the same time, the lesson activities have a great impact on the students in their classes. All are helped to achieve academically while gaining awareness of situational factorsaffecting their lives.

This book presents a wide-ranging view of the benefits available through the intelligent use of manufacturing information systems. Readers benefit from the authors' collective experience in bringing new information technologies into manufacturing. Using examples of actual IT implementations, they provide a comprehensive picture of how to cut costs and add valuable new capabilities to companies. The book takes a comprehensive look at five major areas where IT systems can play a pivotal role in improving any company's manufacturing processes. Going beyond theory, the authors show readers how they can ensure that their IT investments bring a real payback to their companies.

How and why do changes happen when and where they do? Is it possible to explain changes that occurred centuries ago? These are the central questions addressed in this book, in which the author argues that the development of numerous features of medieval (and modern) Spanish can best be explained as the results of koineization, a process in which mixing among speakers of different dialects leads to the rapid formation of a new mixed and generally simplified variety. The book includes a complete introduction to koineization and detailed study of three stages of dialect mixing in medieval Spanish.

New Testament lexicons of today are comprehensive, up-to-date, and authoritative. Behind them lies a tradition dating back to the sixteenth century, whose characteristics are not well known. Besides giving a history of this tradition, A History of New Testament Lexicography demonstrates its less satisfactory features, notably its dependence on predecessors, the influence, of translations, and its methodological shortcomings. John A. L. Lee not only criticizes the existing tradition, but stimulates thought on new goals that New Testament lexicography needs to set for itself in the twenty-first century. This book caters to the non-specialist as well as those interested in philological detail.