The physical distribution of products is an important element in the marketing operations of all productive enterprises, and in many cases efficient distribution is the most important single factor leading to success. With the emergence of post-industrial society the role of distribution has come to increasingly be viewed as a generator of wealth in the economy, attracting the interest of public policy makers anxious to influence investment, employment and efficiency in the sector. First published in 1982, this book isolates the major trends affecting the main institutions in distribution and contrasts the processes of change amongst the countries and regions of the European Economic Community. Structural change in the industry is related to spatial change in the regions and comparisons made of the varied public policy responses in member countries. An interesting and relevant reissue, this title will be of particular value to economics and business students with an interest in the development of the European consumer and post-industrial Europe.

This book provides an introduction to the whole concept of intermodal freight transport, the means of delivering goods using two or more transport modes, recounting both European experience and UK developments and reporting on the extensive political influences on this form of transport. This is placed into context with reference to developments in North America and Asia. Detailed explanations are given of the road and rail vehicles, the loading units and the transfer equipment used in such operations. In particular, the role of the Channel Tunnel in the development of long-haul combined transport operations between the UK and Europe is considered.

This book provides an introduction and overview to nine applied financial studies on the theme of transport. The studies cover a wide range of topics, from value based trading of real assets in shipping, to the determinants of efficiency and productivity in European railways, to the market for used cars. The studies employ a variety of applied techniques across a range of countries, analysing a range of different modes of transport.

This book was originally published as a special issue of Applied Economics.

The National Transport Development Policy Committee (NTDPC) was constituted by the Government of India to formulate a long-term transport blueprint for the country. The NTDPC Report designed as a five-volume set comprehensively examines all aspects of the Indian transport sector and recommends appropriate policies for governments in developing this crucial sector to enable an average annual growth rate of 8 9 per cent for the Indian economy over the next two decades. The horizon is year 2032, two decades from the beginning of the country s 12th Five Year Plan to the end of its 15th.

It will be of interest to researchers and students of development studies; transportation and infrastructure studies; governance and public policy; and economics as well as policymakers, economists, public and private sector companies concerned with Indian infrastructure sectors, banks and financial institutions. "

Over the past thirty-five years, a tremendous body of both theoretical and empirical research has been established on the science of transportation'. The Handbook of Transportation Science has collected and synthesized this research into a systematic treatment of this field covering its fundamental concepts, methods, and principles. The purpose of this handbook is to define transportation as a scientific discipline that transcends transportation technology and methods. Whether by car, truck, airplane - or by a mode of transportation that has not yet been conceived - transportation obeys fundamental properties. The science of transportation defines these properties, and demonstrates how our knowledge of one mode of transportation can be used to explain the behavior of another. Transportation scientists are motivated by the desire to explain spatial interactions that result in movement of people or objects from place to place. Its methodologies draw from physics, operations research, probability and control theory. It is fundamentally a quantitative discipline, relying on mathematical models and optimization algorithms to explain the phenomena of transportation. The fourteen chapters in the handbook are written by the leading researchers in transportation science in an effort to define and categorize for the first time the scientific nature and state of the art of the field. As such, it is directed to the broader research community, transportation practitioners, and future transportation scientists.

The development of U.S. urban transportation policy over the past 50 years illustrates the changing relationship between federal, state, and local governments. This comprehensive text examines the evolution of urban transportation planning from early developments in highway planning in the 1930s to the concern for sustainable development and pollution emissions. Focusing on major national events, the book discusses the influence of legislation, regulations, conferences, federal programs, and advances in planning procedures and technology. The book offers an in-depth look at the most significant event in transportation planning--the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962. Creating a federal mandate for a comprehensive urban transportation planning process carried out cooperatively by states and local governments with federal funding, this act was crucial in the spread of urban transporation. Claiming that urban transportation planning is more sophisticated, costly, and complex than its highway and transit planning predecessors, the book demonstrates how urban transportation planning evolved in response to changes in such factors as environment, energy, development patterns, intergovernmental coordination, and federal transit programs. It further illustrates how broader concerns for global climate change and sustainable development have braided the purview of transportation planning.

The perfect gift for every railway enthusiast. The history of Britain's railways is a long and fascinating one, filled with stories of grand endeavours, noted figures and record-breaking feats. Julian Holland brings together a unique miscellany of intriguing tales and engaging trivia - the perfect collection for every railway enthusiast. Stories range from Bulleid's 'Chinese Laundries', trainspotting trips in Wales and Scotland and Liverpool's 'Dockers' Umbrella' to railway artists and clergy, a railway-owned airline and railways that were never built. Find out about * The Royal Scot's 11,000-mile journey in the USA and Canada * A narrow gauge island railway in the middle of the Bristol Channel * How the London & South Western Railway saved the British Empire * Mallard's unbeaten world speed record of 1938 * How to fly by Great Western Railway from Cardiff to Plymouth * The 75-mile network of narrow gauge railways on the Isle of Skye * How another 4,500 miles of railway escaped closure by Dr Beeching All Aboard is a delightful miscellany for every railway enthusiast, filled with fascinating and obscure stories, facts and figures.

This book provides an introduction and overview to nine applied financial studies on the theme of transport. The studies cover a wide range of topics, from value based trading of real assets in shipping, to the determinants of efficiency and productivity in European railways, to the market for used cars. The studies employ a variety of applied techniques across a range of countries, analysing a range of different modes of transport. This book was originally published as a special issue of Applied Economics.

This book argues that the issues surrounding sustainable transport constitute a new - post-modern - phase in transport policy and management. Achieving sustainable transport requires more than 'optimal' management of congestion and the effects on public health and the environment. Assessments of external effects, and their optimal levels, tend to be piecemeal, localized, and focused on a specific type of effect. Sustainability, on the other hand, is a comprehensive, forward-looking concept that encompasses the achievement of a state of society that is better overall; it requires a widened concept of welfare that includes environmental quality and social justice in both the short and long term. This book is organized into three sections, each discussing a major set of challenges to the transition to a sustainable transport system.

Transportation contributes to roughly a fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, and as a growing sector of the economy, its contribution to climate change, if remained unchanged, could even grow. This is particularly true in the developing world, where the growth rates of air and ship transport are expected to exceed those of the EU, and worldwide objectives to curb greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 by sixty to eighty percent could be placed in serious jeopardy. This book addresses the key issues of controlling transportation growth and identifying and implementing measures that would significantly reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from transport while maintaining its vital role in generating prosperity and mobility for future generations. This book describes the challenge that transport constitutes today as well as its role in the future for climate policy. It will discuss and provide hands-on suggestions for transportation policy that will mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions from transport. The book is organized into five parts. Part One presents an overview of transport and climate policy in the context of the recent economic crisis. Part Two examines the problems and proposed solutions for curbing emissions from transport in industrialized countries while Parts Three and Four deal with the developing world, with a particular focus on India and China. Part Five discusses tested solutions and provides policy recommendations making this book of interest to a broad audience of both policy-makers and academics concerned with the role of transport in reducing global climate change.

Originally published in 1992, this book discusses a contemporary growth in environmental awareness, reflected in an increasing concern about the pollution caused by motor cars.The author considers the problem of congestion bringing traffic to a halt in the major cities and the increasingly controversial nature of contemporary transport planning. Professor Dimitriou provides a thorough and incisive contemporary analysis and suggests some appropriate solutions for the future.

Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services provides an in-depth look into the areas of transportation, utilities, administrative, waste management, and remediation. It covers OSHA regulations in reference to the major safety and health hazards associated within these five fields. This user-friendly text: Provides guidance on removal, delimiting, and mitigation of safety and health hazards Includes a checklist and other tools to assist in assuring the achievement of a safer workplace, reasonably free from safety and health hazards Uses real-world examples and relevant illustrations as integral parts of each chapter

The content describes the safety hazards applied to chemical waste, confined spaces, electrical hazards, excavations/trenches, falls, flammable gases, and machine safety (motor vehicle and power tools). It also discusses the occupational illnesses that transpire in the service industry, while placing emphasis on the prevention of these exposures to help ensure a safer workplace.

As affluence grows, it gets easier to travel faster and further. But research shows that, despite this, the average travel time in all societies remains steady at roughly an hour a day. The implication is that people are choosing to increase the distance they regularly travel, rather than opting for shorter journey times. While this clearly offers advantages in terms of reaching more desirable locations, the disadvantages are numerous - not least that of anthropogenic climate change, to which transport is the fastest growing contributor. However, the stability of travel time does not form part of the present conceptual framework of transport policy makers and professionals - consequently, misconceived decisions lead to unintended outcomes. In this intriguing book, David Metz examines the inadequacies inherent in the current thinking, along with the resulting problems, such as pollution, congestion and noise. He highlights the impact of the rapid increase in car use in China and India, and explores the general travel experience, public vs. private transport, and transport technology. In considering to what extent travel could be avoided, he arrives at a new paradigm to underpin sustainable transport policies, based on the fundamental characteristics of human mobility and focusing on quality, not quantity, of travel. Visit the Limits to Travel website at: http://www.limitstotravel.org.uk/

How can the social sciences help us to understand the past, present and potential futures of cycling? This timely international and interdisciplinary collection addresses this question, discussing shifts in cycling practices and attitudes, and opening up important critical spaces for thinking about the prospects for cycling. The book brings together, for the first time, analyses of cycling from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, including history, sociology, geography, planning, engineering and technology. The book redresses the past neglect of cycling as a topic for sustained analysis by treating it as a varied and complex practice which matters greatly to contemporary social, cultural and political theory and action. Cycling and Society demonstrates the incredible diversity of contemporary cycling, both within and across cultures. With cycling increasingly promoted as a solution to numerous social problems across a wide range of policy areas in car-dominated societies, this book helps to open up a new field of cycling studies.

Based on the work of the STELLA (Sustainable Transport in Europe and Links and Liaisons with America) Focus Group 3, this volume brings together leading transport academics to discuss society behaviour and public/private transport. Theoretical and empirical research from across North America and Europe form the basis of this book, which is composed of twelve chapters that fall into four logical sections. Chapters in the first section provide a contextual overview and survey trends in mobility behaviour and prospects of sustainable transport in the two continents. Chapters in the second section provide comparative assessments of difficulties posed by contemporary transport systems for three particular user groups (low-income, female, and elderly), interventions indicated, and research needed. The third set of chapters survey recent developments in behavioural modelling that lend themselves to the study of the constellation of issues concerning STELLA Focus Group 3. The remaining chapters of the book address critical issues of equity and policy implementation.

The fifty years from the last decade of the eighteenth century saw great changes in Britain. Significant technological and economic change, not to mention wars, affected great swathes of the population and profoundly changed many aspects of life. In this book Fabian Hiscock considers this dramatic upheaval as it played out in western Hertfordshire, focusing in particular on just one of the many innovations of the time: the Grand Junction Canal, created to connect the Midlands with London. Having described the complex process of creating the Canal itself, the author turns to how western Hertfordshire experienced, and responded to, the new trade route that now traversed its fields and settlements. In the area’s towns and villages - particularly Rickmansworth, Watford, Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring - the Canal made an impact, but to what extent did it live up to the promises made by its promoters? And what were the impacts on trade and transport, on work and home life? Did it create jobs and wealth for local people? Or did it simply pass through, leaving those living on either side relatively unaffected? Whether and in what way western Hertfordshire changed as a result of the Grand Junction Canal is the focus of this work. 1841 is the chosen end date for the study period because of the coincidence of the Census undertaken that year, which sheds some light on the industrial make-up of the area, the tithe awards made between 1838 and 1844, allowing study of the Canal’s effect on land ownership and usage across the area, and the start of the London and Birmingham Railway’s real economic effect. In combining canal history with a detailed social and economic study of a part of the county that is not much written about, Fabian Hiscock has written a superbly researched and wide-reaching book that will be of interest to a broad range of readers.

For the last seven decades, urban settlement policy worldwide has been increasingly dominated by modernist precepts and by urban decisions made in discipline-specific 'silos'. The urban management consequences have been invariably negative, with increasing sprawl, fragmentation and separation resulting in a wide range of environmental, social and economic problems. This book explores the role of movement in a more integrated approach to urban settlement, and how thinking, policies and actions need to change. South Africa is used as a particularly good case study, since patterns of sprawl, fragmentation and separation have been exacerbated by apartheid, while recent legislation has demanded a reversal of these tendencies.

This book explores the opportunities and challenges of the sharing economy and innovative transportation technologies with regard to urban mobility. Written by government experts, social scientists, technologists and city planners from North America, Europe and Australia, the papers in this book address the impacts of demographic, societal and economic trends and the fundamental changes arising from the increasing automation and connectivity of vehicles, smart communication technologies, multimodal transit services, and urban design. The book is based on the Disrupting Mobility Summit held in Cambridge, MA (USA) in November 2015, organized by the City Science Initiative at MIT Media Lab, the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California at Berkeley, the LSE Cities at the London School of Economics and Politics and the Innovation Center for Mobility and Societal Change in Berlin.

Within the tourism field, transport research specifically related to tourism remains substantially neglected despite its dynamic role in the creation of tourist movements at different geographical scales. This volume of edited essays is a seminal study which sets out to address this neglect by examining a number of conceptual and empirical issues associated with the way multidisciplinary researchers approach the study of the transport-tourism interface. This volume has contributions from geographers, planners, social psychologists, marketers, economists and sociologists. It is rare to find such a multidisciplinary group of researchers assembled for a specialist area such as transport and tourism which provides many interesting insights and approaches to this growing field of study. The book poses a number of key questions: What is the scope of progress in tourism and transport research in the new millennium? What type of research has been undertaken and has it been synthesised into a body of knowledge which researchers and practitioners can access? Have researchers adopted a common agenda to addressing conceptual issues associated with the analysis of the tourism-transport interface? What conceptual challenges do researchers face in the analysis of tourism and transport? What are the current issues which researchers may need to address to fully understand how transport and tourism studies are functionally linked and integral to the wider understanding of tourism development?

There is currently much interest in the role that transport plays in promoting, or alleviating 'social exclusion'. Exclusionary processes are, of course, multi-dimensional and a mixture of physical barriers, financial constraints, time budgets, access difficulties and psychological aspects such as fear, all combine in various ways to prevent the use of transport facilities. In order to be able to understand more accurately the relationship between transport and social exclusion, a fuller understanding is required. Data gathered from households to examine the problems experienced by women, the elderly, and disabled, and public transport users in accessing key facilities and influences on lifestyle. Interviews of policymakers and public transport providers provides insights into the problems of providing public transport to meet social inclusion objectives. This book illustrates the nature of these exclusionary processes and indicates how policy and practice could be developed to counter these effects.

It is becoming increasingly urgent to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, control the spread of new infrastructure and consider the value of life for future generations, the poor and those deprived of human rights by planning systems that place economics above environmental and social justice. This book highlights creative work on world transport policy u a major contributor to environmental and social degradation u and suggests practical initiatives to achieve a reduction in global dependency on cars, lorries and aircraft. It includes international contributions that honestly evaluate the track record of transport planning, engineering and economics, which cut across traditional disciplinary boundaries.

All too often, mobility is evoked as a preferred indicator in explanations of space-time compression and its impact. However, in failing to clearly distinguish speed potentials from their use, such analyses veer towards technological determinism, or else towards the normative domain. In order to avoid this trap, the motivations underlying mobility must be explored. This groundbreaking examination is carried out through a discussion of the following general question: to what extent can the speed potentials generated by technological transportation systems be considered as vectors of social change? It also provides an opportunity to study in greater depth the little-known field of the sociology of mobility. Following an examination of the existing controversies surrounding social fluidification, it proposes to rethink mobility using the new concept of motility. Current contributions to and research results in this new area are included and the book indicates possible new research directions, opening the way to a new form of general sociology.

In recent years, the environmental, social and economic concerns regarding laissez-faire retail decentralization policies have resulted in an emergence of a global trend towards the provision of wider choices of good quality public transport modes in suburban areas. Existing research on transport choices to shopping areas simply looks at travel time, travel cost or distance as a measure of the 'deterrence' of getting to a retail outlet and has concentrated on the attributes of the retail outlets, thus neglecting the transport attributes. Based on a substantial study incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research, this engaging volume takes a more balanced view of both retail outlet and transport attributes. It employs a multi-method, sequential design to examine the many dimensions salient to how people evaluate transport options for shopping purposes and unravels many important issues in transport mode and retail destination choices.

Current trends in transport, particularly the rise in CO--2 emissions, indicate that major changes in technology, public policy and individual behaviour are necessary to make the transport system more compatible with environmental sustainability. What then are the possible futures for sustainable systems of transport? In this book future scenarios are constructed on the basis of the recently developed a spider modela . This model constructs an evaluation framework -- based along spatial, institutional, economic and socio--psychological axes -- which visualises the core factors that influence transport systems. These factors can operate either separately or in combination -- this interaction creates scenarios which range from market--oriented to regulatory systems, and from individual to collective modes of transport. Drawing on the work of a range of transport analysts, the book suggests that the current trend away from sustainability and collective systems is likely to continue, but when sound policies are introduced, a sustainable transport system becomes a feasible option.

The UK fuel tax protests of September 2000 generated considerable debate about fuel prices and taxation and put transport in the media spotlight. Away from the immediate events and debates surrounding the protests, the experience offered the opportunity for longer-term lessons on transport to be gained. The editors of this volume, Glenn Lyons and Kiron Chatterjee, saw the opportunity to get fresh insight into car dependence and conducted a large-scale travel behaviour survey to find out how car users coped when restricted in being able to buy petrol. This book presents their findings and collects together articles written by other researchers on a range of topics including fuel taxation, transport pricing, policy acceptability, travel behaviour and goods distribution.