Car manufacturing epitomizes modern industry, yet the overall perspective has been lost in speculation and self-promotion. Based on six years of research, this book is the first in years to reassess the industry. The result is a paradigm that quantifies the fundamental economies of scale and firm organizational structure.

Despite traffic circles, four-way stop signs, lights regulated by timers or sensors, and other methods, the management of urban intersections remains problematic. Consider that transportation systems have all the features of so-called complex systems: the great number of state and control variables, the presence of uncertainty and indeterminism, the complex interactions between subsystems, the necessity to optimize several optimization criteria, and active behavior of the controlled process, to name just a few. Therefore, a mathematical approach to these systems can resolve their complex issues more elegantly than other methods. Addressing both efficiency and traffic safety issues, Optimal Traffic Control: Urban Intersections examines the traffic control optimization problem and presents a novel solution method. Using an approach based on control theory, graph theory, and combinatorial optimization, the authors derive a full mathematical description of the traffic control problem and enumerate all combinatorial aspects. The result is a set of algorithmic solutions to various problems along with computer implementation that you can incorporate into real traffic control systems for immediate results. The book concludes by evaluating how the choice of a complete set of signal groups influences intersection performance. Although modern cities throughout the world have a unique character influenced by culture, geography, and population, most of them share one main feature: busy intersections and the issue of controlling the traffic traveling through them. The development of information technologies, especially computer and telecommunications techniques, has changed the complexity of theproblem and influenced the development of new solutions. Clearly stating the issues and presenting a possible solution, this book shows you how to take full advantage of all the capabilities of microprocessor-based traffic signal controllers.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are arrangements between government and private actors with the objective of providing public infrastructure, facilities and services. Three fundamental questions frame the use of PPPs at the local level: What do PPPs look like? What gives rise to the use of PPPs? And, what are the outcomes of PPPs? The articles in this book provide insightful answers to these questions. In addition, the contributions in the book identify lines of research that invite further investigation, namely: problems related to the degree of risk transfer; the challenges posed by renegotiation; and evaluation of PPPs' results. The content of this book will be of interest for scholars, policy analysts, and policy makers. This book was published as a special issue of Local Government Studies.

By combining focus groups and interviews with innovative research techniques, such as web-based discussions and Q methodology, this book provides insights into the daily experiences of those using the British transport system. Despite an entitlement to a basic level of mobility, travel decision-making can be more complex for members of marginalised groups - this book therefore examines the complexities of travel amongst different social groups. The complex nature of travel for different social groups is the starting point for this book's investigation of the experiences of the extremely socially marginalized, compared to those who are fully included. By comparing the impacts of transport on individuals at different points on a scale of social inclusion/exclusion, the book reveals the nuanced and textured ways in which transport is embedded in people's lives and lifestyles. By analysing people's lived experience of transport, rather than focussing on economic or engineering factors, the book provides useful new insights into future transport needs. It makes a compelling case that transport-related social exclusion has been neglected by local and regional policy makers and puts forward suggestions for best case practice for the future.

Comprising contributions from a range of experts, this volume offers a critical commentary on the government's sustainable transport policy.* A critical commentary on the Blair government's sustainable transport policy and its implementation.* Firmly rooted in an appreciation of the politics of this controversial field.* Experts contribute up-to-the-minute analyses of the key issues.* Will inform debate over the future of transport policy.* Includes a Foreword by David Begg, Chair of the Commission for Integrated Transport.

Interdisciplinary contributors from across Europe and the USA join together in this book to provide a timely overview of the latest theories and policies related to transport networks. They cover topical issues such as: environmental benefits of substitution of aviation by high speed trains; incident management; impacts of aviation deregulation; and time savings in freight transport. The book also breaks new ground on the development of new methods of cost benefit analysis and other approaches in policy analysis.

A manual on the design and manufacture of animal drawn carts based on existing experience with suggestions for improvements.

An illustrated guide to the use and design of cycle trailers in urban and rural areas. Contains new material and updates the information in the earlier edition.

First published in 1999, this book applies formal economic measures to the passenger and taxpayer benefits of public transit service in the United States under a public choice analytical framework. Approximately 400 local transit budgets have been renewed annually for more than 25 years. These budgets epitomize Braybrooke and Linblom's concept of 'disjointed incrementalism' and Buchanan's concept of 'Public Choice' since local legislators funded transit despite constant academic criticism of transit performance. On the other hand, Braybrooke and Lindblom and Buchanan show that local budgets capture benefits that traditional planning analysis does not grasp. This is borne out in analysis in the book. Indeed, far from draining society, transit returns five dollars in benefits for each one dollar of public subsidy. After explaining the analytical framework in Chapter 1, four chapters are devoted to measuring the value of transit benefits. The concluding chapter draws out the implications of this approach and of benefit measurement for policy and planning.

In June 2017, Travis Kalanick, the CEO of Uber, was ousted in a boardroom coup that capped a brutal year for the transportation giant. Uber had catapulted to the top of the tech world, yet for many came to symbolise everything wrong with Silicon Valley. In the tradition of Brad Stone's Everything Store and John Carreyrou's Bad Blood, award-winning investigative reporter Mike Isaac's Super Pumped delivers a gripping account of Uber's rapid rise, its pitched battles with taxi unions and drivers, the company's toxic internal culture and the bare-knuckle tactics it devised to overcome obstacles in its quest for dominance. Based on hundreds of interviews with current and former Uber employees, along with previously unpublished documents, Super Pumped is a page-turning story of ambition and deception, obscene wealth and bad behaviour, that explores how blistering technological and financial innovation culminated in one of the most catastrophic twelve-month periods in American corporate history.

Hans Gottinger examines different types of network industries such as railways, telecommunications and new media, and the economics thereof. An accent on history is something that makes this book stand apart from others in the area. The author's accessible writing style and knowledgeable research should make the book recommended reading for all those interested in industrial, innovation and micro policy economics.

First published in 1997, this book contains contributions on policy aspects of networks from a multidisciplinary perspective, including economics, geography and transport science. Both material and immaterial networks are examined. Policy aspects refer mainly to interventions of the public sector in networks. In addition, the book examines the policies of other actors in shaping networks and the territorial effects of networks as a whole.

Over the last thirty years Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been used to deliver transport capital projects and services. PPPs are complex arrangements that require a multi-disciplinary approach in order to assure their success, though research on the subject has been fragmented. This book fills the gap in existing literature by providing insight into these complex arrangements at their various stages of development. Public Private Partnerships in Transport: trends and theory is structured to follow the life-cycle of a PPP project and strikes a balance between theory and practice. Divided into four parts, each section highlights major concerns and offers and array of views and policy recommendations. Parts include context for national implementation, decision models, performance measures and efficiency standards. This book includes an expanded discussion on the findings presented, discussed and analysed at the closing event of the COST Action TU1001 network on the topic of PPPs in transport. The result will be of significant interest to the academic community, policy makers and practitioners.

Globalisation is heavily dependent on physical transport, as people and goods travel over longer distances and with higher frequency. Movement and mobility have become integrated parts of late modern identity and practice, and a state of flux can be sensed everywhere. Bringing together the latest interdisciplinary theoretical approaches with empirical case studies analysing and appraising innovative policies from Scandinavia, this volume demonstrates that mobility research is a key issue within social enquiry. It addresses three broad themes. Firstly, mobility as a constructed social reality, examining how individuals construct notions of mobility in their everyday life and practice. Secondly, mobility as spatial co-ordination and transgression, and finally, mobility as a policy theme, where the contributors explore recent developments in transport policy at national and European levels, suggesting ways forward for both research and policy. In the final section of the book new visions for research into sustainability and mobility are laid out.

This book addresses the links between transport and sustainable urban development, from an analysis of the global picture to issues in transport and energy intensity, public policy and the institutional and organisational constraints on change. The central part of the book explores these links in more detail at city level, covering land use and development, economic measures, and the role that technology can play. The final part looks for inspiration from events in developing countries and the means by which we can move from the unsustainable present to a more sustainable future.

This title was first published in 2003. What is the meaning of "sustainable mobility"? Is there a European common transport policy? To what extent is policy relevant for transport developments? What is the contribution of European transport research? These are some of the questions and themes addressed in this study of transport policy and research. It addresses the dynamics surrounding policy formulation and implementation, the conflicts of interest underlying these processes at the regional, national and supra-national levels, the inherent contradictions of the ecological modernization discourse as it applies to transport, and the role of the public or the citizen in determining trajectories for future developments. The book distils the results of three projects that have been completed with the support of the European Commission under the Fourth Framework Transport RTD Programme, namely the TENASSESS, CODE-TEN and POSSUM projects. The majority of the contributions derive from the TENASSESS project.

This title was first published in 2003. The European Union is constantly struggling to find effective ways to plan major transport infrastructure developments at a European level. This is a critical factor in the emerging debates surrounding the absorption of the accession states into the EU, but it is essential for these states that their economic competitiveness is supported by appropriate and effective transport infrastructure. It is therefore crucial to find innovative approaches to the infrastructure itself, how it is financed and the ways in which proper evaluation procedures are implemented to select which policies, programmes and projects should be supported. This informative volume brings together leading international specialists in economic evaluation applied within the transport sector. Their contributions encompass all the main levels at which transport planning is typically conceptualized - strategic/regional policy, programme and project planning. It therefore examines how coherent economic evaluation practice can be developed and applied not only across different physical scales, but also across national borders.

With social inequity in urban spaces becoming an increasing concern in our modern world, A Companion to Transport, Space and Equity explores the relationships between transport and social equity. Transport systems and infrastructure investment can lead to inequitable travel behaviours, with certain socio-demographic groups using particular parts of the transport system and accessing particular activities and opportunities. Employing international case studies to scrutinise the spatial and social equity impacts of transport systems and infrastructure, the contributors bring together wide-ranging empirical research to fill in the lacunae on social equity. This nuanced and comprehensive Companion examines transport investments, and related changes in accessibility, urban form and development, house prices and gentrification to better understand the complex relationships between transport and social equity. Drawing together competing perspectives, this book highlights the range and dimensions of the debate, the complexity and tensions, and the progression of the argument over time. Provocative and comprehensive, this book will serve as an impressive guide for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as offering a detailed reference point for researchers and academics working on urban social equity. Consultants and policy makers overseeing transport infrastructure, city planning and wider public policy will also benefit from this book's rigorous empirical approach to transport impacts.

This book addresses the links between transport and sustainable urban development, from an analysis of the global picture to issues in transport and energy intensity, public policy and the institutional and organisational constraints on change. The central part of the book explores these links in more detail at city level, covering land use and development, economic measures, and the role that technology can play. The final part looks for inspiration from events in developing countries and the means by which we can move from the unsustainable present to a more sustainable future.

This title was first published in 2000. With an emphasis on land-based passenger transport - particularly rail and road - this collection assesses the implications for regulation and competition of integrated transport policies. Contributions to the volume trace the evolution of transport policy, focus on the pricing of infrastructure, examine the effectiveness of competition and the adequacy of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom.

This title was first published in 2001. A delightfully oriented selection of international state-of-the-art research in applied regional science, this informative volume places particular emphasis on the use of qualitative/quantitative methodologies in transportation and spatial dynamics. It presents new theoretical contributions in the context of spatial competition dynamics, particularly illustrating various combinations of methods and models regarding new measures of competition/cohesion in the two main fields of transportation and spatial dynamics.

Social inclusion/exclusion has only recently emerged in transport-related discourse. Despite the apparent absence of a transport policy framework for social inclusion/exclusion, there has been some movement towards a greater understanding of the social aspects of transport in the research sphere. This book brings together some of this research, focusing on ethnicity - an area that has, so far, had little discussion in the traditional transport literature, thereby contributing to the exploration of the interface between transport and social exclusion. In particular, it examines the contribution that demand management measures can make to the reduction of the negative impacts of road-based transport. It questions whether methods such as road user charging and work place parking can be used as instruments for social inclusion, and analyses the potential negative impacts of these schemes if sufficient attention is not paid to ethnicity issues.

Authors' ad copy***Use whenever possible*** The Clean Air Act of 1991 and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1994 require that metropolitan transportation planning agencies give high priority to the improvement of air quality. Under these laws, transportation planners must design regional highway and transit systems that contribute substantially to the attainment of federal air quality standards. This new requirement reveals important limitations to the standard methods by which transportation planners do their work. The mathematical models and statistical techniques used by transportation planners appear to be inadequate to enable them to analyze the air quality implications of alternative transportation plans. This was the situation when a group of environmental organizations brought suit in federal district court alleging that the Metropolitan Transportation Commission in the San Francisco Bay area had violated requirements of these laws in its transportation planning and highway funding activities. This volume provides an account of the legal dispute that pitted environmentalists against regional transportation planners, and which demonstrated that regional transportation planning methods are in need of substantial improvement. This monograph should be of interest to urban planners, environmentalists, public policy analysts, and those who apply mathematical modeling and statistical analysis to questions of public policy. The authors--an attorney and a transportation planner who took part in the lawsuit--analyze the specific arguments made by both sides in this important legal action, and draw from the specific case broader conclusions about the role of technical analysis in public policy making. *************************************************************** Urban planning does not and cannot exist in isolation--there are a large number of external factors that impact on a planner's work including politics and the planning commission; environmental impact studies; and national, state, and local legislation. Focusing on the interrelations between federal legislation, the judicial process, and transportation planning, Transportation Planning on Trial examines the interaction between regional transportation planning and environmental, particularly air, quality. This unique volume is designed to help urban planners understand the legal restrictions and requirements that directly impact how they operate. It considers two recent federal legislation pieces--the Clean Air Act of 1990 and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991--that mark the most important landmarks in a decade-long shift in emphasis in regional transportation planning. This groundbreaking volume will be vitally important to transportation planners, students of urban and transportation planning, transportation policymakers, environmentalists and environmental lawyers.

Hans Göttinger examines different types of network industries such as railways, telecommunications and new media, and the economics thereof. An accent on history is something that makes this book stand apart from others in the area. The author's accessible writing style and knowledgeable research should make the book recommended reading for all those interested in industrial, innovation and micro policy economics.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203417992

Situations and systems are easier to change than the human condition - particularly when people are well-trained and well-motivated, as they usually are in maintenance organisations. This is a down-to-earth practitioner's guide to managing maintenance error, written in Dr. Reason's highly readable style. It deals with human risks generally and the special human performance problems arising in maintenance, as well as providing an engineer's guide for their understanding and the solution. After reviewing the types of error and violation and the conditions that provoke them, the author sets out the broader picture, illustrated by examples of three system failures. Central to the book is a comprehensive review of error management, followed by chapters on:- managing person, the task and the team; - the workplace and the organization; - creating a safe culture; It is then rounded off and brought together, in such a way as to be readily applicable for those who can make it work, to achieve a greater and more consistent level of safety in maintenance activities. The readership will include maintenance engineering staff and safety officers and all those in responsible roles in critical and systems-reliant environments, including transportation, nuclear and conventional power, extractive and other chemical processing and manufacturing industries and medicine.