Serge Tixa presents in this highly popular book a method of palpatory anatomy called Manual Exploration of Surface Anatomy (MESA). MESA locates anatomical structures important to clinical examination allowing careful selection of the most appropriate manual therapy technique or manoeuvre. The new edition presents precisely and visually the various anatomical structures with the help of more than 130 colour illustrations and close to 900 black and white photographs. For every photograph showing an anatomical structure accessible to palpation, a model whose physique shows the structure clearly has been chosen. Each chapter has up to four subsections, treating the various aspects of each body region. These cover osteology, myology (musculotendinous structures), arthrology (joints and ligaments) and lastly nerves and blood vessels. Each photograph is carefully presented and accompanied by a section of text describing the method of approach to finding the structure concerned. Whenever necessary, reminders, essential for the proper use of the methods of approach (attachments, actions and innervations) are included. Clinical notes highlight the link between palpation and clinical diagnoses. Atlas of Surface Palpation: Anatomy of the Neck, Trunk, Upper and Lower Limbs is aimed at students and practitioners who need a method of applied anatomy in their practice. All new artwork programme enhances accessibility and learning Useful template approach aids ready understanding and allows the reader to go at his or her own speed Presents almost 600 photographs and line artworks to render the learning experience as easy as possible Contains over 160 pull out boxes to act as useful aide memoires Clinical Hints and Tips boxes indicate points of relevance for the clinic Methods of approach illustrated with many new photographs Anatomical drawings have been completely redesigned to improve clarity Clinical Notes boxes Glossary Inclusion of Dermatomes

Abrahams' and McMinn's Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy, 8th Edition delivers the straightforward visual guidance you need to perform confidently in all examinations and understand spatial relationships required during your medical training, while also acquiring the practical anatomical knowledge needed for your future clinical career. Respected authority Prof. Peter Abrahams and his team of leading international anatomists and radiologists link a vast collection of clinical images to help you master all the essential correlations between the basic science of anatomy and its clinical practice. See what to look for and how to proceed thanks to an unsurpassed collection of labelled dissection photographs, supported by clear, explanatory diagrams and modern imaging Correlate anatomy to clinical practice with a wealth of MR, CT, DSA, radiographic, endoscopic, and operative images that demonstrate how structures are viewed today in the clinical setting Thoroughly revised and updated throughout, including: brand new dissections, to further improve clarity and consistency throughout the book in every region all new colour overlays added to selected dissections making it even easier to identify key nerves, arteries, veins and especially lymphatics fully revised neuroanatomy content reflects the latest understanding of functional neuroanatomy as seen with modern 3D and functional imaging updated and coloured and a unique lymphatics section Includes access to the complete, enhanced eBook - unlocking a huge, carefully-selected collection of BONUS CLINICAL material, integrated throughout on almost every page to enhance your study and help make those essential clinical / anatomical connections. This sets Abrahams' and McMinn's apart from any other atlases of human anatomy! 200+ 3D scans,- allowing you to view the body in a more dynamic way to aid your understanding of dynamic anatomy. Master the 500 clinical conditions every physician should know by reviewing the associated clinical topics - featuring over 2000 additional clinical photos, radiological images, and case presentations not found in the printed book. Learn from the culmination of over 45 years international clinical experience of Prof. Abrahams and over 100 of his colleagues worldwide who have contributed to this unique collection of clinical anatomy images.

Designed as reference material to increase knowledge of the human body. Beautiful full-colour illustrations help enhance understanding of the body or illness. Suitable for healthcare professions, patients, students, educators and parents.

The Respiratory System illustrates the complete respiratory system from the frontal sinus to the diaphragm. central illustration shows the lungs and conducting system. Includes detailed labeled views of paranasal sinuses - anterior and lateral view muscles and cartilages of the larynx bronchopulmonary segments respiratory mucosa Also shows a detail of the structure of intrapulmonary airways and the cross section of alveolus explains the conducting system and gas exchange explains and diagrams lungs and pleurae and ventilation

The Understanding the Stomach chart presents an overview of a major component of the digestive system. The internal structure of the stomach and stomach lining are covered, as well as common disorders. Heavy cover stock with protective varnish for durability.

First published in 1936, as the second edition of 1933 original, this book was written to provide a radiological study of the digestive tract's anatomy, physiology and pathology. Illustrative figures, detailed appendices and a bibliography are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in anatomy, physiology and the history of medicine.

An all-in-one guide to the human body! Anatomy 101 offers an exciting look into the inner workings of the human body. Too often, textbooks turn the fascinating systems, processes, and figures of anatomy into tedious discourse that even Leonardo Da Vinci would reject. This easy-to-read guide cuts out the boring details, and instead, provides you with a compelling lesson in anatomy. Covering every aspect of anatomical development and physiology, each chapter details the different parts of the human body, how systems are formed, and disorders that could disrupt bodily functions. You'll unravel the mysteries of anatomy with unique, accessible elements like: Detailed charts of each system in the body Illustrations of cross sections Unique profiles of the most influential figures in medical history From cell chemistry to the respiratory system, Anatomy 101 is packed with hundreds of entertaining facts that you can't get anywhere else!

This volume contains papers that were presented and discussed at The 1996 Interna tional Symposium on Programmed Cell Death, which was held in the Shanghai Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on September 8-12, 1996. Apoptosis has attracted great attention in the past several years. This is reflected in part by the exponential increase in the number of papers published on the subject. While several major scientific conferences have been held in recent years, this meeting repre sents the first major international scientific meeting on programmed cell death held in Asia, where fast economic growth promises a bright future for both basic and applied re search in biomedical sciences. We organized the meeting with the belief that such a gath ering would foster a closer interaction between scientists from the West and those in Asia. Research on programmed cell death has expanded so extensively that no one meet ing can cover all the important subjects related to apoptosis. The Shanghai meeting fo cused on several key areas ranging from well-established ones, such as cell death in the immune system, to emerging ones, such as the role ofECM in regUlating cell fate. Specifi cally, the subjects presented and discussed included programmed cell death during devel opment, the regulation and biochemical mechanisms of lymphocyte apoptosis, the involvement of extracellular matrix and its remodeling in programmed cell death, genes that cause or prevent cell death, and the application of apoptosis toward cancer therapy."

The term cytoskeleton in muscle and nonmuscle cells refers to fibrous proteins that are directly or indirectly associated with cell shape, contractility, and/or motility. These cytoskeletal elements include microtubules and associated proteins, microfilaments and their binding proteins, and lastly, intermediate filaments. Even though the structure and function of myosin and tro- pomyosin have been extensively investigated in muscle ceIls, considerably less is known about their functions in nonmuscle ceIls; they are often referred to generically as actin-binding proteins, as are a-actinin, filamin, vinculin, and others. Indeed, most nonmuscle researchers are unaware that the term intermedi- ate filament was derived from the observation that the diameter of intermedi- ate filaments is intermediate between those of actin (5 nm) and myosin (15 nm) and not intermediate between those of actin (5 nm) and microtubules (25 nm). It has therefore been the purpose of this series to attempt to bridge the communication gap that appears to exist between muscle and nonmuscle researchers. For those students and active scientists who are faced with the task of absorbing new data and concepts at an ever-accelerating rate, review essays are an excellent way to keep up. The essays in this volume, as weIl as in the previous ones, focus on topics of current interest. They are intended to be critical rather than exhaustive.

To create a forum for scientists and clinicians interested in degenerative retinal diseases, we began in 1984 to organize a biennial symposium on Retinal Degeneration as a satellite meeting of the International Congress of Eye Research. The timing and varying location of these meetings provides an important assembly for investigators from throughout the world to convene for presentation of their new findings on the causes and potential therapies for degenerative retinal disorders. The VIII International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration was held from July 28-25, 1998, at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Schluchsee, a small town in the Black Forest of southwestern Germany. Most of the participants in this meeting contributed to this volume, and we are appreciative of the efforts of each author in making this publication possible. The research presented at the meeting, and described in this proceedings volume, reflects a strong emphasis on the molecular genetic approach to understa- ing these disorders. Several of the papers provide important new insights into the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration and cell death. A number of the studies are targeted at retarding or reversing the degeneration process. Included for the first time are presentations from all the principal laboratories involved in the field of visual prostheses-implant (chip) technology-in which investigations are targeted at restoring vision in eyes that have lost photoreceptor cells. A variety of diagnostic, clinical, histopathological, and physiological assessments of retinal degeneration in patients are also included.

This textbook describes in detail the process of cancer metastasis from a single cell in the primary site through its arduous journey to the sentinel lymph node as the main gateway and beyond to distant sites. The most up-to-date knowledge on key topics in the molecular biology, diagnosis, and treatment of metastatic cancer is highlighted by a large panel of experts. The book begins with a comprehensive overview of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that promote or inhibit cancer metastasis through lymphatic pathways to lymph nodes or through vascular pathways to distant sites, providing the reader with an essential basic knowledge. This is followed by further details on the role of the immune system within the primary tumor and the lymph node and the importance of the microenvironment at the metastatic site. The role of the sentinel lymph node in cancer metastasis is emphasized. Special attention is also given to state-of-the-art imaging techniques for the detection of early-stage cancer and cancer metastases, as well as the use of liquid biopsies in sarcoma, prostate, gastrointestinal, and lung cancer. Clinical patterns of malignant tumors arising in different organ systems are compared, described, and discussed with the goal of determining what similarities and/or differences exist. The book concludes with a detailed discussion of surgical intervention, radiation, and systemic therapy of primary and metastatic cancer, and briefly previews several emerging topics, such as the latest findings on personalized cancer therapy, cancer stem cells, unique molecular mechanisms of virus-induced cancer, the impact of the microbiome on cancer metastasis and the application of artificial intelligence in cancer metastasis research. By providing fundamental knowledge of the biological and clinical aspects of cancer metastasis, this book will be an important reference for cancer researchers, clinical oncologists, teachers, and students. Written by experts in the field, each chapter includes a summary of the chapter's key points and open-ended questions that address pressing issues in the field and encourage the reader to consider future directions.

This book was not written for contemporary scientists with a major interest in cell biology. Rather, it was prepared for the serious and inquiring student who mayor may not have had an extensive background in the sciences but who is interested in exploring or reviewing in depth the current body of knowledge about cellular structure and function. We have tried to convey a sense of the expectant excitement that characterizes the modem-day cellular biologist and we regret any scientific jargon that may have crept into the text as a result of this effort. We have selected and assimilated experiments done by numerous scien tists and have used them to explain how cells work. In doing this, we have concentrated on animal cells because we know more about them. We have come to a deeper appreciation, while preparing this book, of the limitations in understanding the inner workings of the cell and have come to realize more than ever that we are, in these matters, still "looking through a glass darkly. " An explosively increasing body of knowledge about the cell and its organelles has become available through the diligent work of numerous biologists. Thus it is impractical to attempt to credit each of these scientists for all of their important contributions: The listed references are neither exhaustive nor are they necessarily the first report of a finding."

Motility is a fundamental property of living systems, from the cytoplasmic streaming of unicellular organisms to the most highly differentiated and de veloped contractile system of higher organisms, striated muscle. Although of motility have a long and in scientific investigations into the mechanisms teresting history, the knowledge of molecular processes, especially in the area of regulation of control of motility, has been developing at an ever more rapid pace with the utilization of multidisciplinary approaches from physiology, cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology, and biophysics. In Volume 3, Cell and Muscle Motility continues the same philosophy as that of the preceding volumes. The essays are meant to focus on topics of current interest, to be critical rather than exhaustive, and to indicate the current trends of research efforts. The series is intended to foster an in terchange of concepts among various workers in a variety of disciplines and to serve as a reference for students and workers who wish to familiarize them selves with the most current progress in motility. Robert M. Dowben Jerry W. Shay Dallas vii Contents Chapter 1 Intermediate Filaments in Striated Muscle: A Review of Structural Studies in Embryonic and Adult Skelttal and Cardiac Muscle Maureen C. Price and Joseph W. Sanger 1. Introduction ................................................ ."

Stephen G. Gilbert adds to his acclaimed series of dissection guides with Pictorial Anatomy of the Fetal Pig. Through his book on fetal pig anatomy, Stephen G. Gilbert begins to explain the important differences of warm and cold-blooded animals. He treats his guide as a tool to further understand explanations of fetal pig form and function; and how the internal environment (the biological systems inside the animal) interacts with the external environment. Gilbert uses this guide not only to teach anatomy, but also to give a sufficient vocabulary to students so they can use it to explain biological processes of the organism. In detailed, elaborate drawings of the various biological systems of the fetal pig, instructors are able to point out anatomical features that cannot be dissected in detail by the learning student. Nor is any student of pig anatomy left without a sufficient means to know and communicate the layers of fetal pig form.

Damage to DNA by both exogenous and endogenous sources is increasingly regarded as highly important in the initiation and progression of cancer and in the occurance of other pathological events. DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen-derived species, also called oxidative DNA damage, is most the frequent type encountered by aerobic cells. Mechanistic studies of carcinogenesis indicate an important role of this type of damage to DNA. There is also strong evidence to support the role of oxidative DNA damage in the aging process. DNA damage is opposed in vivo by repair systems. If not repaired, DNA damage may lead to detrimental biological consequences. Therefore, the repair of DNA damage is regarded as one of the essential events in all life forms. In recent years the field of DNA repair has flourished due to new findings on DNA repair mechanisms and the molecular basis of cancer. A detailed knowledge of mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, and how individual repair enzymes function may lead to manipulation of DNA repair in cells and ultimately to an increase of the resistence of human cells to DNA-damaging agents. This volume covers the most recent devlopments in this research field and contains contributions from scientists working in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, enzymology, biomedical science, and radiation biology.

The Color Atlas of "Xenopus laevis" Histology provides the first central source on the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues, and major organs of the adult South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. For many years, X. laevis has been a highly popular experimental animal model in many areas of research. The recent development of transgenic Xenopus technology offers the promise that this animal model will be utilized more than ever before. The purpose of this book is to provide the active researcher with a central source of high quality light microscopic color images of the tissues of X. laevis, to aid in the identification of the cells and tissues of interest.

Major features of this atlas include:

*277 large, colorful, high resolution light microscopic images of cells, structures, tissues and organs;
*Clear, detailed labeling of important structures in all images;
*Concise, easy-to-read descriptions of histological organization and functions;
*Colorful three-dimensional illustrations that simplify complex structure;
*Detailed presentation of cranial structures and organization;
*Easy-to-use cross-referenced index;
*Bundled CD/ROM containing all images for easy downloading.

During the last decades, research on spinal cord has attracted a great deal of attention because of problems such as sensory-motor and autonomic dysfunctions associated with traumatic and other injuries. Recording of spinal cord evoked potentials is one of the most promising approaches to understand the spinal cord function. However, the details of the evoked potentials and their significance in various pathological conditions are not yet fully characterized. This book summarizes new findings in the field of electrophysiology and relates this knowledge to pathology and regeneration research. It is the first one which deals in great detail with various ways to monitor spinal cord function in experimental and clinical situations. It provides an up-to-date knowledge regarding spinal cord bioelectrical activity and its modification with pharmacological agents and covers new aspects of regeneration studies, particularly the role of myelin associated inhibitory molecules. A section is devoted to clinical studies dealing with electrical activity, pathology, and current therapeutic measures. This volume will be useful both to basic and clinical neuroscientists engaged in the field of neurology, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neurosurgery, neuropathology, and related disciplines in order to understand basic functions of the spinal cord and to stimulate further research in this rapidly advancing field.

Gastrointestinal motility has evolved from an esoteric laboratory tool into a sophisti cated diagnostic technique that is now widely used clinically to guide in management of complex gastrointestinal problems. Today, it is the most rapidly growing subspecialty within gastroenterology. Previously, many of the gastrointestinal motility problems were either ignored or attributed to a disturbance of "psyche." But with the growing knowledge and understanding of how a dysfunction of the gastrointestinal muscle and nerves can cause disease, we are at the threshold of a revolution in our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. The purpose of this book is to serve as a useful, up-to-date reference manual and guide for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach towards common adult and pediatric gastrointestinal motility problems. In order to enhance the understanding of these disor ders, a problem-oriented approach has been chosen, and wherever possible the authors have provided clinical case scenarios to illustrate their message. The emphasis has been on how to diagnose and treat motility disorders rather than to provide an encyclopedic infor mation. The reference list at the end of each chapter should enable the enthusiast to seek further information. Some of the material presented in this book has been derived from the proceedings of the annual University ofIowa College of Medicine GI Motility Symposia."

The aging process, like most (all?) things in the universe, is a puzzle. It is such a fundamental occurrence, common to all living things, that it ironically may be the most complicated and perplexing puzzle to solve. There are, of course, puzzles sufficient in number to occupy all the scientists and philosophers who have ever lived a thousand times over. Yet what other phenomenon affects everyone of us as much as growing old? Curiosity about the ubiquity of aging as a phenomenon, boosted perhaps by an only natural fear of that same phenomenon as an undeniable manifes tation of our own mortality, has led to the compilation of data on the aging process, which have accumulated as rapidly as the elderly who might benefit from those data. Most of the scientific data on the biology of aging are at the biochemical and physiological levels, while comparatively little information has been avail able at the anatomical level. Because of this, a two-volume set called Aging and Cell Structure was conceived, the first volume having been published in 1981 and the second volume being published concurrently with the present one on cell function. The emphasis on training of scientists and other individuals in advanced education has, during past decades, been one of increased specialization. Not merely do we specialize in physiology, anatomy, zoology, or literature, but in glomerular filtration, synaptic junctions, tree frogs of Brazil, or English poetry of the nineteenth century."

In spite of the current feelings that today only molecular DNA analysis is the exact identification method - and that, if DNA cannot be isolated, it might be better to give up the identification - the author has used for the same purpose older, classical methods from physical anthropology to forensic medicine and especially a recent method of comparison of epigenetic traits, which proved to be very useful for identification of the family related skulls in connection with historical, genealogical and other data. These multidisciplinary methods can serve the same purpose as the reference method and can be applied in similar cases all over the world. The monograph presents the identification of 18 collectively interred skulls, supposedly belonging to the Counts of Celje (15th c.), and to family members, who lived on the territory of present-day Slovenia. Their kinship is established by comparison of X-ray images of paranasal cavities (frontal and maxillary sinuses, and also orbital and nasal cavities), the shape and size of which are autosomal dominant inherited characters. The comparison also extends to numerous other, likewise inherited, epigenetic trait similarities on the skulls. This work will be an invaluable guide for the identification and verification of kinship by skulls collectively interred (in family vaults), where isolation of DNA is no longer possible, even though the skeletal remains may not be old. This work based on the latest epigenetic research, is highly relevant for modern non-genetic identification studies. It is highly recommended to: scientists working on human identification and studying heredity, forensic scientists, physical anthropologists, radiologists, stomatologists, paleopathologists, geneticists, historians and many others.

Magnetic resonance is a safe, non-invasive technique which can be used to produce high resolution, thin tomographic slices in any chosen plane, or true three-dimensional blocks of information. It has become the method of choice for studying the central nervous system, the vertebral column and many joints, but has not yet gained general acceptance in researching the cardiovascular system, although there are techniques for overcoming the problems of cardiac movement to produce excellent cardiovascular images. The purpose of this book is to provide the student and radiologist with a reference which can be used to identify the major structures in the body, bearing in mind that in each region a more detailed high-resolution study can usually be obtained by specialised units. The illustrations, each of which is accompanied by an explanatory line drawing, are soft tissue images based on the water content rather than the familiar X-ray shadowgram of mainly hard tissues.

For the beginner or for the accomplished sinus surgeon, mastering the anatomy of the lateral nasal wall is an ongoing challenge. Even though there are excellent standard anatomical references and equally outstanding sinus courses with cadaver dissection, a reference depicting the surgical anatomy is needed. A step-by-step surgical approach on the anterior nasal spine to the anterior wall of the sphenoid is presented. The sinus surgeon is confronted with a wide range of different spaces created by the ethmoid bone. No other bone in the human body has so many anatomical variations. Four critical anatomical structures are emphasized as the foundation for a precise approach to surgery of the maxillary, anterior ethmoid, frontal, and posterior ethmoid sinuses. The goal of this book is to meet the tremendous challenge of offering an anatomical approach which will serve the sinus surgeon of every level of experience and expertise.

This book is a collection of some of the papers presented at the EMBO Lecture Course on "Lymphocyte stimulation: differential sensitivity to radiation; biochemical and immunological properties." The Course was organized with the aim of fostering interactions between photoradiobiologists and immunologists interested in the problem of DNA damage and repair studied at the lymphocyte level. The papers presented in this book are mainly centered on the problem of radiation sensitivity of lymphocytes in relation to DNA repair phenomena. The radiation biology of human lymphocytes is dominated by two phenomena: (a) high radiosensitivity of lymphocytes which die in interphase (b) PHA-induced relative radioresistance of those cells which, after stimulation, escape the interphase death and eventually die in mitosis. These phenomena constitute a good system to study some of the factors which control the response of human cells to irradiation. In addition it is possible to correlate the development of the relative radioresistance in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes with the biochemical changes connected with the transformation processes. The papers presented in this book constitute a real contribution to the scientific knowledge in this field of research and suggest that lymphocytes could be a very interesting test material useful for measuring the DNA repair capability of human cells to furnish an indication of individual radiosensitivity in man.

One of the early ways by which man learns about the sur rounding world is by taking to pieces an object which attracts his attention. This method, which is widely used by children, is re sorted to once again by the adult who wishes to study natural phe nomena. The method of dismantling a complete object into its parts so that it can be studied has found its widest and most suc cessful application in biology and, in particular, in the study of living cells. The cytologist studying a cell will usually have to examine its fragments, which may be dead or semiliving. In sec tions of killed cells, with the aid of the light or electron micro scope he tries to obtain some idea of the structure of the living cell. As he investigates fractions isolated from a tissue homog enate, or substances isolated from individual cells, he tries to discover the biochemical functions of the cell organoids and their components. In every case the study of degradation products of the cell (depending on the degree of degradation these may be iso lated nuclei, nucleoli, nucleolar ribosomes, ribosomal proteins and RNA, mitochondria, fragments of mitochondrial membranes, and so on) makes its own contribution to knowledge, and the infor mation obtained on different objects is mutually complementary. Among all the cell fragments obtaine,d experimentally which can make a great contribution to our knowledge of cell structure, an important place is occupied by contractile cell models.

Many hormones, growth factors, and other large molecules bind to speci Jic receptors on the surface of eukaryotic cells and are rapidly taken into these cells. Current techniques of protein purification have made available sufficient amounts of these molecules so that detailed studies of their interaction with cells could be carried out. These studies have been performed on just a few types of cells, but it is clear that all types of cells carry out a_ similar internalization process. The realization that cells rapidly internalize hormones, growth factors, transport proteins, toxins, and viruses has led many investigators to address a similar series of questions: (1) What is the pathway by which macromolecules enter cells? (2) Do all macromolecules enter by the same pathway? (3) What is the function of internalization of large molecules? (4) What is the biochemical mechan ism of internalization? In this volume we have tried to provide answers to these and related questions. To do this we have asked scientists currently active in the field to contribute chapters in their special areas of interest. The selection of the material covered reflects in large part areas of active research. Because of space limitations some important areas have not been covered as fully as we would have liked in this volume, but will be covered in a future volume. Our aim has been to present a consistent view and, when disagreements exist, to point out the basis of such disagreements."