In the adsorption phenomenon the substances from the external environment the gas or liquid are absorbed by a solid surface (adsorbent). Adsorption is used to separate gaseous and liquid mixtures, for drying and purification of gases and liquids. This reference broadly explores the calculation of the equilibrium and dynamic characteristics of adsorption in porous bodies at the molecular level. Two new theories of statistical physics are presented, both developed by the author for the consistent description of the equilibrium distribution of molecules and dynamics of flows in complex porous materials to be able to solve a wide range of practical tasks in the development of new technologies.

From anti-aging creams to make-up, surfactants play a key role as delivery systems for skin care and decorative cosmetic products. Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition presents a scientific basis in surfactant science and recent advances in the industry necessary for understanding, formulating, and testing surfactant-based cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Presenting a new perspective from the previous edition, this book details the function of emulsions, microemulsions, micelles, and nanostructures in the formulation of personal care products and decorative cosmetics and examines their ability to deliver specific benefits to the skin. This edition begins by describing new research into skin structure and cellular processes. Then it presents the latest methods and techniques for substantiating claims and assessing the effectiveness of moisturizers, anti-aging treatments, and sunscreens. Subsequent chapters focus on surfactant solution properties, surfactant emulsions, nanotechnology, cleanser/conditioner systems, and pigment dispersions. Following a detailed examination on the role of surfactants in finished pigmented products, this edition also discusses optimal formulation strategies and surfactant raw materials for enhancing pigmented products. The third edition of Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition helps formulators identify and overcome the challenges involved in developing new applications and enhancing the benefits of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products.

Perturbation theory is a powerful tool for solving a wide variety of problems in applied mathematics, a tool particularly useful in quantum mechanics and chemistry. Although most books on these subjects include a section offering an overview of perturbation theory, few, if any, take a practical approach that addresses its actual implementation Introduction to Perturbation Theory in Quantum Mechanics does. It collects into a single source most of the techniques for applying the theory to the solution of particular problems. Concentrating on problems that allow exact analytical solutions of the perturbation equations, the book resorts to numerical results only when necessary to illustrate and complement important features of the theory. The author also compares different methods by applying them to the same models so that readers clearly understand why one technique may be preferred over another. Demonstrating the application of similar techniques in quantum and classical mechanics, Introduction to Perturbation Theory in Quantum Mechanics reveals the underlying mathematics in seemingly different problems. It includes many illustrative examples that facilitate the understanding of theoretical concepts, and provides a source of ideas for many original research projects.

Certain small solid particles are surface-active at fluid interfaces and thus are able to stabilize materials previously considered impossible to stabilize in their absence. Liquid marbles, particle-coated non-sticking liquid droplets, represent one of these materials. Preparation of liquid marbles was described only about 15 years ago and they are now widely studied by many research groups and numerous applications of liquid marbles have been advanced. The book is written for postgraduates and researchers working on the area who are training to become chemists, soft matter physicists, materials scientists, and engineers.

A bestseller in its first edition, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition captures the most significant advances since 1996, maintaining its reputation as a first-stop reference in all fundamental theories, practical applications, and manufacturing aspects of liquid detergents. Featuring new material and updates in every chapter, the book expands its coverage of emulsions to include nanoemulsions, adds new data to elucidate the rheology of current commercial detergent raw materials as compared to finished products, and offers a more complete theoretical treatment of the aggregation in non-aqueous solvents. The book now covers all rheology modifiers and thickeners for detergent applications, antibacterial and sensorial light-duty liquid products, color/fabric care and wrinkle reduction in heavy-duty liquid detergents, and household cleaning wipes in specialty liquid household surface cleaners. Rewriting the chapters on the latest improvements and growing benefits in fabric softeners, liquid hand soaps and body washes, and shampoos and conditioners, the latter contains extensive summaries of patents for various new products and technologies. The final chapter, dedicated to the manufacturing of liquid detergents, offers a discussion on continuous vs. batch processes and micro-contamination. The most comprehensive guide of its kind, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition, is a balanced and practical reference that will continue to inspire students, researchers, chemists, and product developers in detergent industry, surfactant science and industrial chemistry.

Since the publication of the second edition of this handbook in 1993, the field of photochemical sciences has continued to expand across several disciplines including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biological chemistries, and, most recently, nanosciences. Emphasizing the important role light-induced processes play in all of these fields, the Handbook of Photochemistry, Third Edition provides quick and convenient access to chemical and physical data that are crucial to photochemical investigations from the planning and experimentation phases to the interpretation of results. The third edition of the Handbook of Photochemistry offers detailed overviews of the photochemical processes that occur in organic molecules and transition metal complexes, written by leading experts around the world. The authors maintain the highly regarded organization of data from previous editions while updating and expanding its tables with data pertaining to hundreds of new compounds. The book now contains sections focusing on metal complexes and organometallic compounds, offering photophysical and quenching data as well as reduction potential values, a key factor in photochemical electron transfer processes. It also features new information on light sources and filters, chemical actinometry, solutions to common problems in photoluminescence measurements, and lab-friendly techniques pertaining to experimental UV/visible spectroscopy and irradiation methodologies. The Handbook of Photochemistry delivers an exhaustive, up-to-date collection of photophysical and electrochemical data on organic compounds and transition metal complexes. It represents an invaluable compilation of complementary data, background information, and references for students, researchers, and spectroscopists performing a vast assortment of photochemical experiments.

Completely revised and expanded throughout, Mixed Surfactant Systems, Second Edition surveys the latest results, newest experimental perspectives, and theoretical investigations of properties, behavior, and techniques applicable to mixed surfactant systems. This important book elucidates core theoretical notions while summarizing results of cutting-edge studies in nanoscale phase separation at monolayers of mixed amphiphiles, nanocapsule preparation through mixtures of cationic and anionic polymer amphiphiles, and the photodegradation of mixed surfactant systems by titanium dioxide. The book provides new sections on topics including: Diffusion of mixed micelles Mixed micelles of fluorinated and conventional surfactants Sponge-like vesicles of mixed surfactants Liquid crystals of mixed surfactants Mixtures of surfactants and polymers Photolysis of mixed surfactants Reflecting the abundance of current and emerging applications in the field, Mixed Surfactant Systems, Second Edition compiles chapters written by world-renowned leaders in industry for an up-to-date scientific account of the dynamics of mixed surfactant systems, including physicochemical properties and behavior of surfactant mixtures in detergency and surfactant precipitation.

For fifty years, Hydrosilylation has been one of the most fundamental and elegant methods for the laboratory and industrial synthesis of organosilicon and silicon related compounds. Despite the intensive research and continued interest generated by organosilicon compounds, no comprehensive book incorporating its various aspects has been published this century. The aim of this book is to comprehensively review the advances of hydrosilylation processes since 1990. The survey of the literature published over the last two decades enables the authors to discuss the most recent aspects of hydrosilylation advances (catalytic and synthetic) and to elucidate the reaction mechanism for the given catalyst used and the reaction utilization. New catalytic pathways under optimum conditions necessary for efficient synthesis of organosilicon compounds are presented. This monograph shows the extensive development in the application of hydrosilylation in organic and asymmetric syntheses and in polymer and material science.

The Most Detailed Resource Available on Points of Zero Charge With their work growing in complexity, chemists involved with surface phenomena-related projects have outgrown the common resources available to them on points of zero charge (PZC) of oxides. Reporting on a limited number of materials in a limited number of scenarios, these resources often leave scientists wondering if the variances reported in the results they depend upon are due to actual differences in properties among particular samples or due to differences between isoelectric points (IEP) and points of zero charges obtained by titration. Taking on the monumental task of building a complete reference, Marek Kosmulski, a leading authority in the field of surface chemistry (Hirsch index of 22), takes a new approach to provide chemists with the most detailed resource on the points of zero charge of oxides available to date. Surface Charging and Points of Zero Charge presents PZC data on well-defined specimens of materials sorted by trademark, manufacturer (commercial materials), location (natural materials), and specific recipe (synthetic materials). The text emphasizes the comparison between particular results obtained for different portions of the same or very similar material. Synthesizing information published in research reports over the past few decades, this invaluable reference: Characterizes materials in terms of thermochemical data, chemical composition (level of impurities), crystallographic structure, specific surface area (various methods), particular size, and morphology Provides additional references to more detailed sample characterization (SEM and TEM images, XRD patterns, and particle size distributions) Reviews the PZC and IEP--with all possible details regarding the method, type of instrument, and experimental conditions Pays special attention to correlations of the PZC and IEP with other physical quantities and properties, surface charging in mixed and nonaqueous solvents, surface charging at high ionic strengths, and ion-specificity in 1-1 electrolytes All available sources were used to obtain the data in this reference making it the definitive resource on PZC/IEP. Destined to become a classic, Surface Charging and Points of Zero Charge points the way for further research with tried and true methods that help researchers avoid the doubt that can lead to countless hours of unnecessary research. Erratum for this volume can be found on the author's website.

Building on Mozumder's and Hatano's Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Consequences with Applications (CRC Press, 2004), Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Recent Advances, Applications, and Interfaces expands upon the scientific contents of the previous volume by covering state-of-the-art advances, novel applications, and future perspectives. It focuses on relatively direct applications used mainly in radiation research fields as well as the interface between radiation research and other fields. The book first explores the latest studies on primary processes (the physical stage), particularly on the energy deposition spectra and oscillator strength distributions of molecules interacting with charged particles and photons. Other studies discussed include the use of synchrotron radiation in W-value studies and the progress achieved with positrons and muons interacting with matter. It then introduces new theoretical studies on the physicochemical and chemical stages that describe the behavior of electrons in liquid hydrocarbons and the high-LET radiolysis of liquid water. The book also presents new experimental research on the physicochemical and chemical stages with specific characteristics of matter or specific experimental conditions, before covering new experimental studies on the biological stage. The last set of chapters focuses on applications in health physics and cancer therapy, applications to polymers, the applications and interface formation in space science and technology, and applications for the research and development of radiation detectors, environmental conservation, plant breeding, and nuclear engineering. Edited by preeminent scientists and with contributions from an esteemed group of international experts, this volume advances the field by offering greater insight into how charged particles and photons interact with matter. Bringing together topics across a spectrum of scientific and technological areas, it provides clear explanations of the dynamic processes involved in and applications of interface formation.

The latest edition of the leading forum in chemical physics

Edited by Nobel Prize winner Ilya Prigogine and renowned authority Stuart A. Rice, the Advances in Chemical Physics series provides a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations in every area of the discipline. In a format that encourages the expression of individual points of view, experts in the field present comprehensive analyses of subjects of interest. This stand-alone, special topics volume reports recent advances in electron-transfer research, with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers. Volume 123 collects innovative papers on "Transition Path Sampling," "Dynamics of Chemical Reactions and Chaos," "The Role of Self Similarity in Renormalization Group Theory," and several other related topics. Advances in Chemical Physics remains the premier venue for presentations of new findings in its field.

Although molecular modeling has been around for a while, the groundbreaking advancement of massively parallel supercomputers and novel algorithms for parallelization is shaping this field into an exciting new area. Developments in molecular modeling from experimental and computational techniques have enabled a wide range of biological applications. Responding to this renaissance, Molecular Modeling at the Atomic Scale: Methods and Applications in Quantitative Biology includes discussions of advanced techniques of molecular modeling and the latest research advancements in biomolecular applications from leading experts. The book begins with a brief introduction of major methods and applications, then covers the development of cutting-edge methods/algorithms, new polarizable force fields, and massively parallel computing techniques, followed by descriptions of how these novel techniques can be applied in various research areas in molecular biology. It also examines the self-assembly of biomacromolecules, including protein folding, RNA folding, amyloid peptide aggregation, and membrane lipid bilayer formation. Additional topics highlight biomolecular interactions, including protein interactions with DNA/RNA, membrane, ligands, and nanoparticles. Discussion of emerging topics in biomolecular modeling such as DNA sequencing with solid-state nanopores and biological water under nanoconfinement round out the coverage. This timely summary contains the perspectives of leading experts on this transformation in molecular biology and includes state-of-the-art examples of how molecular modeling approaches are being applied to critical questions in modern quantitative biology. It pulls together the latest research and applications of molecular modeling and real-world expertise that can boost your research and development of applications in this rapidly changing field.

Cubes, triangular prisms, nano-acorn, nano-centipedes, nanoshells, nano-whiskers. . . . Now that we can create nanoparticles in a wide variety of shapes and morphologies, comes the next challenge: finding ways to organize this collection of particles into larger and more complex systems. Nanoparticle Assemblies and Superstructures, edited by pioneer of nanoparticle self-organization Nicholas A. Kotov, employs three critical questions to provide a framework of open-ended inquiry: What are the methods of organization of nanocolloids in more complex structures? What kind of structures do we need? What are the new properties appearing in nanocolloid superstructures? Pulling together a collection of contributors unmatched in both their expertise and enthusiasm, Kotov presents what he refers to as a snapshot of nanoassembly work in progress. The first section of this comprehensive volume provides background through an assessment of the current status of nanoparticle assembly development and the requirements for different applications of organized nanomaterials. The middle chapters explore the changes that occur in various properties of individual particles when they are brought together to form agglomerates and simple assemblies. In the final section, a number of top scientists describe various methods for organizing particles in complex nanostructured superstructures. These include techniques involving biological ligands and force fields, as well as methods based on self-organization. This remarkably prescient text upholds Kotov's belief that the research on organization of nanoparticles and other nanostructures, will most certainly uncover a wealth of "interesting discoveries and surprising phenomena." Nicholas A. Kotov has received several state, national, and international awards for his research on nanomaterials, including the Mendeleev Stipend, the Humboldt Fellowsh

Progress in the application of machine learning (ML) to the physical and life sciences has been rapid. A decade ago, the method was mainly of interest to those in computer science departments, but more recently ML tools have been developed that show significant potential across wide areas of science. There is a growing consensus that ML software, and related areas of artificial intelligence, may, in due course, become as fundamental to scientific research as computers themselves. Yet a perception remains that ML is obscure or esoteric, that only computer scientists can really understand it, and that few meaningful applications in scientific research exist. This book challenges that view. With contributions from leading research groups, it presents in-depth examples to illustrate how ML can be applied to real chemical problems. Through these examples, the reader can both gain a feel for what ML can and cannot (so far) achieve, and also identify characteristics that might make a problem in physical science amenable to a ML approach. This text is a valuable resource for scientists who are intrigued by the power of machine learning and want to learn more about how it can be applied in their own field.

This textbook sets out to enable readers to understand fundamental aspects underlying quantum macroscopic phenomena in solids, primarily through the modern experimental techniques and results. The classic independent-electrons approach for describing the electronic structure in terms of energy bands helps explain the occurrence of metals, insulators and semiconductors. It is underlined that superconductivity and magnetism can only be understood by taking into account the interactions between electrons. The text recounts the experimental observations that have revealed the main properties of the superconductors and were essential to track its physical origin. While fundamental concepts are underlined, those which are required to describe the high technology applications, present or future, are emphasized as well. Problem sets involve experimental approaches and tools which support a practical understanding of the materials and their behaviour.

Chemists increasingly apply electrochemical methods to the investigation of their systems, in particular towards a better understanding of molecular properties, the exploration of chemical reactions involving electron-transfer (ET), the initiation of further reactions by ET, the kinetic measurements, and the establishment of the reaction mechanisms, as well as the synthesis (electrosynthesis) of desired products. Trends in Molecular Electrochemistry presents recent research on procedures in molecular electroactivation and electrocatalysis, bioelectrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and unconventional electrochemistry. The book highlights the state-of-the-art in the application of electrochemistry by taking an interdisciplinary approach to the study of both static and dynamic molecular properties of coordination compounds as well as inorganic, bioinorganic, and organometallic complexes, supramolecular systems, and metalloenzymes. The principles and approaches are often also valid for organic systems, which are illustrated in various contexts.

A complete and up-to-date presentation of the fundamental theoretical principles and many applications of solvent extraction, this enhanced Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice, Second Edition includes new coverage of the recent developments in solvent extraction processes, the use of solvent extraction in analytical applications and waste recovery, and computational chemistry methods for modeling the solvent extraction of metal ions. Offering sound scientific and technical descriptions in a format accessible to students and expedient for researchers and engineers, this edition also features a new chapter on ionic strength corrections and contains more than 850 up-to-date literature citations.

At the interface of chemical industry operations, equipment manufacturer input, and the scientific literature, Industrial Crystallization of Melts explores and explains melt crystallization and purification in the industrial arena. This comprehensive account details the orderly conversion of melts into solid, salable end materials and procedures for purification by remelting; summarizes key theoretical concepts relating to crystalline matter and instationary heat transfer; and surveys the equipment available for specific processes. It also offers over 100 tested equations, as well as clear-cut methods for handling organic melts that call for special crystallization provisions.

Microporous Media presents new developments from nearly a decade of advancement. Written by a leading researcher in the field, this reference provides examples of the most original scientific and technical research impacting studies in porosity and microporosity, and illustrates methods to forecast the properties of microporous structures for improved electronic, construction, electrical, chemical, and medical applications. The book outlines new results in fractal, self-organization, and polymer theories; pore aging, and percolation; and their various engineering applications, and considers the impact of preparation conditions on the structure and properties of microporous materials.

Written by a team of pioneering scientists from around the world, Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications brings together recent technological advances and research in the rapidly growing field of low temperature plasmas. The book provides a comprehensive overview of related phenomena such as plasma bullets, plasma penetration into biofilms, discharge-mode transition of atmospheric pressure plasmas, and self-organization of microdischarges. It describes relevant technology and diagnostics, including nanosecond pulsed discharge, cavity ringdown spectroscopy, and laser-induced fluorescence measurement, and explores the increasing research on atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma jets. The authors also discuss how low temperature plasmas are used in the synthesis of nanomaterials, environmental applications, the treatment of biomaterials, and plasma medicine. This book provides a balanced and thorough treatment of the core principles, novel technology and diagnostics, and state-of-the-art applications of low temperature plasmas. It is accessible to scientists and graduate students in low-pressure plasma physics, nanotechnology, plasma medicine, and materials science. The book is also suitable as an advanced reference for senior undergraduate students.

This book is a compilation of different methods of formulating and solving inverse problems in physics from classical mechanics to the potentials and nucleus-nucleus scattering. Mathematical proofs are omitted since excellent monographs already exist dealing with these aspects of the inverse problems.The emphasis here is on finding numerical solutions to complicated equations. A detailed discussion is presented on the use of continued fractional expansion, its power and its limitation as applied to various physical problems. In particular, the inverse problem for discrete form of the wave equation is given a detailed exposition and applied to atomic and nuclear scattering, in the latter for elastic as well as inelastic collision. This technique is also used for inverse problem of geomagnetic induction and one-dimensional electrical conductivity. Among other topics covered are the inverse problem of torsional vibration, and also a chapter on the determination of the motion of a body with reflecting surface from its reflection coefficient.

In the 20 years since the publication of the author's multi-contributor volume on defoaming, a vast amount of new work has been published and many new insights have been revealed. A cohesive, single-authored book, The Science of Defoaming: Theory, Experiment and Applications provides comprehensive coverage of the topic. It describes the mode of action of antifoams, presenting the relevant theory and the supporting experimental evidence. Beginning with an introductory chapter that discusses the intrinsic properties of foam, the book then describes experimental methods for measuring foam properties important for studying antifoam action and techniques used in establishing the mode of action of antifoams. Since most commercially effective antifoams are oil based, a chapter is devoted to the entry and spreading behavior of oils and the role of thin film forces in determining that behavior. The book reviews the mode of action of antifoams, including theories of antifoam mechanisms and the role of bridging foam films by particles and oil drops. It also addresses issues related to the effect of antifoam concentration on foam formation by air entrainment and the process of deactivation of mixed oil-particle antifoams during dispersal and foam generation. For applications where chemical antifoam use is unacceptable, the text examines mechanical means of defoaming, such as the use of rotary devices and ultrasound. The final chapters consider the application of defoaming in radically different contexts including waterborne latex paints and varnishes, machine washing of textiles, gas-oil separation in crude oil production, and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Focusing on the basic science of defoaming, this book presents a balanced view, which also addresses the challenges that may arise for these specific defoaming applications.

The book summarizes the results of the experimental studies of phase relations in the chemical systems relevant to Earth, carried out by the author in a time period of over 20 years between 1979 and 2001. It is based on 1000 piston-cylinder experiments at pressures up to 4 GPa, and close to 700 experiments carried out with a multi-anvil apparatus at pressures up to 24 GPA. This is the largest published collection of calculated phase diagrams for the chemical systems relevant to Earth. This is also the first time that the phase relations at the relatively low pressures of the lithospheric mantle, mainly applicable to the experimental thermobarometry of metamorphic rocks and mantle xenoliths, are seamlessly integrated with the phase relations of the sublithospheric upper mantle and the uppermost lower mantle, primarily applicable to inclusions in diamond and schocked meteorites. "Tibor Gasparik has devoted his career to determining the high-pressure, high-temperature phase relations of the geologically important Sodium-Calcium-Magnesium-Aluminium-Silicon (NCMAS) oxide system. This book is his opus magnum, summarizing more than 1700 experiments in over 120 figures. ... I have found Phase Diagrams for Geoscientists to be a useful first port-of-call for finding the P-T stability fields ... and I can recommend the book as a reference for geoscientists requiring an overview of the stable phase assemblages in the top 700 km of the Earth." (David Dobson, Geological Magazine, Vol. 142 (2), 2005)

This book examines methods particularly well suited for either a- or b-C-glycoside formation. It helps field workers quickly select the best method for synthesizing a particular type of C-glycoside. The use of C-glycosides as synthons in natural product synthesis is also addressed.

Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics presents cohesive coverage from internationally recognized experts on new approaches and developments in both theoretical and experimental areas of electro-optic science. It comprises a well-integrated yet multi-disciplinary treatment of fundamental principles, strategies, and applications of electro-optic techniques for the characterization of macromolecular, small-particle, and nanomolecular systems. Following a historical review of post-war advances in electro-optics of disperse systems, the first part of the book focuses on the latest achievements in electro-optic theory, particularly low-frequency relaxation. It offers comparative discussions and experimental data to accompany different viewpoints on the origin of the low-frequency effects and multiple theoretical constructions. The second part highlights the unique advantage of using electro-optics as an alternative to conventional characterization and analysis of colloidal systems. Demonstrating the sensitivity of electro-optic methods to interparticle interactions, the book explains how these methods are used to analyze particle surface electric states, evaluate phase transitions, and determine physical properties. As the first treatment of this subject to surface in more than fifteen years, Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics is a definitive, up-to-date portrait of modern colloidal electro-optic science. This one-stop reference to the latest theory, methods, and applications is ideal for advanced graduate students and researchers in biophysical chemistry, microbiology, polymer, colloid, and nanoscience.