Silicone is an important class of materials used in applications that range from industrial assembly to everyday consumer products. Silicones are often delivered and synthesized in dispersion forms, the most common being liquid-in-liquid (emulsion), solid-in-liquid (suspension), air-in-liquid (foam) and solid-in air (powder). This book compiles a carefully selected number of topics that are essential to the understanding, creative design and production of silicone dispersions. As such, it provides the first unified description of silicone dispersions in the literature.

In a rare, over-the-shoulder perspective of a leading scientist's own breakthroughs, Clay Swelling and Colloid Stability puts emphasis on two significant paradigm shifts in colloid science that explain particle interactions for charged plates, stacks, suspensions, and pastes as well as spherical colloids. Martin Smalley first discusses the replacement of the DLVO theory with the Coulombic Attraction Theory to explain the existence, extent, and properties of the two-phase region of colloid stability. Using the n-butylammonium vermiculite system as his model clay system, the author clarifies the flaws of conventional theories and presents the experimental details that form the basis of his new theories. He provides rigorous derivations that place the new electrical theory for charged colloids on a firm foundation in statistical mechanics. The author illustrates why a new, quantitative bridging flocculation model for polymer-stabilized colloids must replace the depletion flocculation model. Smalley also examines the discovery of the "dressed macroion" structure of clay plates in solution, the structure of a bridging polymer, and the distribution of polymer segments, counterions, and water molecules in the interlayer region. Based on the author's own research and 36 publications in the field, Clay Swelling and Colloid Stability isa self-contained and intellectually satisfying account of the revolutionary process leading to a universally sound, and increasingly applicable, theory of colloid stability.

Nanotechnology has become one of the most important fields in science. Nanoparticles exhibit unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that are different from those of bulk materials, due to their small size and better architecture. Nanoparticles can be used to construct novel sensing devices; in particular electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical detection is highly attractive for the monitoring of glucose, cancer cells, cholesterol and infectious diseases. Unique nanocomposite-based films proposed in this book open new doors to the design and fabrication of high-performance electrochemical sensors.

Offering the latest research and developments in the understanding of surfactant behavior in solutions, this reference investigates the role and dynamics of surfactants and their solution properties in the formulation of paints, printing inks, paper coatings, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, cosmetics, liquid detergents, and lubricants. Exploring the science behind techniques from oil recovery to drug delivery, the book covers surfactant stabilized particles; solid particles at liquid interfaces; nanocapsules; aggregation behavior of surfactants; micellar catalysis; vesicles and liposomes; the clouding phenomena; viscoelasticity of micellar solutions; and more.

This volume chronicles the proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion held in Philadelphia, PA, June 2004. The world of wettability is very wide and it plays a crucial role in many and varied technological areas ranging from microfluidics to biomedical to agriculture to welding. This volume contains a total of 31 papers covering many ramifications of contact angle, wettability and adhesion. All manuscripts were rigorously peer-reviewed and revised, and properly edited before inclusion in this book. The topics covered include: fundamental aspects of contact line region; evaporative behavior of sessile drops; various factors influencing contact angle measurements; different kinds of contact angles; various ways to measure contact angles; contact angle hysteresis; contact angle measurements on various materials (smooth, rough, porous, heterogeneous); effect of electric field on contact angle (electrowetting); wetting and spreading on heterogeneous surfaces; factors influencing wetting/spreading phenomena; determination of solid surface free energy via contact angle measurements; application of AFM in determining solid surface tension at the nano-scale; ultralyophobic surfaces; surface modification and wettability; multiphase flow dynamics in porous media; thin film coatings for textile materials; bio-fouling resistant coatings; relationships between wetting and adhesion; and relevance/importance of wetting and surface energetics in technological applications, including cleaning of flooring materials, kinetics of oil removal from coating materials, cell adhesion, and mold compound- metal adhesion in semiconductor packaging.

This book is a collection of invited papers (previously published in special issues of the Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology) written by internationally recognized researchers actively working in the field of plasma surface modification. It provides a current, comprehensive overview of the plasma treatment of polymers. In contrast to plasma polymerization, plasma surface modification reactions do not cause thin-film deposition, and can therefore only modify the surface properties of organic substrates. Plasma surface modifications are fast, efficient methods for improving the adhesion properties and other surface characteristics of a variety of polymeric materials. The focus of this volume is on adhesion phenomena, surface properties and the surface characterization of plasma-treated materials. This book opens with a critical review of the plasma surface modification of polymers for improved adhesion. The remainder of the papers are divided into two sections, one dealing with the characterization of plasma-treated surfaces and the second concerned with various practical applications of plasma-treated surfaces

A response to increasingly stringent regulation of pollution and toxicity levels in industrial waste discharge, Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration: Fundamentals & Applications offers the most complete book available on the benefits and use of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) to achieve continuous removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. An Unparalleled Book That Addresses Both Academic and Industrial Points of View Several membrane-based techniques, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, are currently used in a wide range of applications throughout the textile, pulp and paper, sugar, chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, biotechnological, and food industries. However, although reverse osmosis is an effective means of removing contaminants, this book explains why MEUF is a better substitute, as it less expensive, less energy-intensive, and more efficient and practical for a wider range of applications. Topics covered include: Effects of pollution in water and its consequences Various treatment processes and membrane technologies Fundamentals of ultrafiltration Outline of various membrane modules and modeling approaches Principles of colloid chemistry Theories of micelle formation Stability and dynamics of micelles Phenomena of counterion binding Solubilization of organic pollutants Selection criteria for surfactants Various flux enhancement techniques Recovery of precious metals This book conveys how, with proper selection of surfactant and membrane, MEUF can be used to efficiently remove almost all metal ions (heavy metals, lanthanides, radioa

Liquid crystals allow us to perform experiments that provide insight into fundamental problems of modern physics, such as phase transitions, frustration, elasticity, hydrodynamics, defects, growth phenomena, and optics. Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments is a result of personal research and of the graduate lectures given by the authors at the Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and the University of Paris VII, respectively. The book examines lamellar (smectic) and columnar liquid crystals, which, in addition to orientational order, possess 1D, 2D or 3D positional order. This volume illustrates original physical concepts using methodically numerous experiments, theoretical developments, and diagrams. Topics include rheology and plasticity, ferroelectricity, analogies with superconductors, hexatic order and 2D-melting, equilibrium shapes, facetting, and the Mullins-Sekerka instability, as well as phase transitions in free films and membrane vibrations. Nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals are covered by the authors in a separate volume entitled Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments. Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals is an ideal introduction and a valuable source of reference for theoretical and experimental studies of advanced students and researchers in liquid crystals, condensed matter physics, and materials science.

Providing new insights into the molecular and electronic processes involved in the conversion of sunlight into chemical products, Photoelectrochemical Solar Conversion Systems: Molecular and Electronic Aspects begins with an historical overview and a survey of recent developments in the electrochemistry of semiconductors and spectroscopic techniques. It then provides a comprehensive introduction to the science of conversion cells, reviews current issues and potential directions, and covers a wide range of materials from organic to inorganic cells. Employing a tutorial organization with balanced coverage of electrochemistry and solar energy conversion, this book covers: The conversion of sunlight into chemical energy and different actual conversion concepts Electrochemical methods for the construction and characterization of electrolyte-metal-oxide-semiconductor contacts (EMOS) in the nanodimensions, the so-called nano-emitter concept, including the electrochemical formation of metal clusters of catalytic metals and the formation of passivating layers by anodization The fundamentals of electrocatalysis with emphasis on the hydrogen evolution reaction and the electrochemical CO2 reduction Classical and quantum mechanical theories of electron transfer reactions in metal-electrolyte interfaces and their relation with surface electronics The physicochemical characterization of the model system Si-SiOx-metal-electrolyte by means of modern electrochemical, surface, and spectroscopic methods Improvements of conversion efficiency by means of optical effects, for example, the generation of surface plasmons by nano-dimensioned arrangements of optically active metals

A full understanding of modern chemistry is impossible without quantum theory. Since the advent of quantum mechanics in 1925, a number of chemical phenomena have been explained, such as electron transfer, excitation energy transfer, and other phenomena in photochemistry and photo-physics. Chemical bonds can now be accurately calculated with the help of a personal computer. Addressing students of theoretical and quantum chemistry and their counterparts in physics, Chemical Physics: Electrons and Excitations introduces chemical physics as a gateway to fields such as photo physics, solid-state physics, and electrochemistry. Offering relevant background in theory and applications, it covers the foundations of quantum mechanics and molecular structure, as well as more specialized topics such as transfer reactions and photochemistry.

An eclectic mix of studies on chemical and electrochemical behaviour of membrane surfaces. The book looks at membranes - both organic and inorganic - from a host of different perspectives and in the context of many diverse disciplines. It explores the behaviours of both synthetic and biological membranes, employing physical, chemical and physiochemical perspectives, and blends state-of-the-art research of many disciplines into a coherent whole.

The first publication of its kind in the field, this book describes comprehensively and systematically radio-frequency (rf) capacitive gas discharges of intermediate and low pressure and their application to gas laser excitation and to plasma processing. Text presents the physics underlying rf discharges along with techniques for obtaining such discharges, experimental methods and results, and theoretical and numerical modeling findings. Radio-Frequency Capacitive Discharges is written by well-known specialists in the field, authors of many theoretical and experimental works. They provide simple and clear discussions of complicated physical phenomena. A complete review on the state of the art is included. This interesting new book can be used as a textbook for students and postgraduates and as a comprehensive guidebook by specialists.

In the tradition of the popular first edition, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition offers a comprehensive and practical account of analysis methods for determining and understanding commercially important surfactants-individually and in compounds. Combining a complete review of the literature with a variety of evaluation procedures and the specifications for commercial products, this useful reference explores the key stages and latest developments for surfactant applications. This edition has been thoroughly expanded and features new sections on capillary electrophoresis, ether carboxylates, and ester quats. It is also more globally accessible with foreign language citations and SI units. Containing over 2400 references, drawings, tables, and equations, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition is an recommended reference for physical, surface, colloid, and oil chemists; analytical, research, and quality assurance chemists working in the soap and detergent, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industries; regulatory and food scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Humans first used carbon as chars from firewood in ritual paintings and primitive metallurgical processes. Natural forms of carbon have been known since antiquity, yet the knowledge of the carbon element in chemistry and its technical applications on a larger scale are a relatively recent development. The industrial revolution in Europe two centuries ago led the way to the numerous applications of these graphitic forms that are still used today. Graphite and Precursors features short tutorial articles on different topics related to the science and technology of carbons intended for engineers, students of Materials Science and scientists who are seeking a fundamental understanding without "reinventing the wheel." This first volume of the World of Carbon book series focuses on graphite and its precursors, including its origin and various implications. The basic properties of hexagonal graphite are developed, and several theoretical and experimental approaches explain why this crystalline solid is fascinating in solid state physics. Also featured are the numerous applications connected to thermal, mechanical and chemical graphites, as well as their various industrial uses in polycrystalline form. Finally, carbon precursors are introduced.

Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition relies on only introductory level chemistry and physics as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science. Liquid crystals combine the material properties of solids with the flow properties of fluids. As such they have provided the foundation for a revolution in low-power, flat-panel display technology (LCDs). In this book, the essential elements of liquid crystal science are introduced and explained from the perspectives of both the chemist and physicist. This new edition relies on only introductory level physics and chemistry as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science and is, therefore, ideal for students and recent graduates. Features Introduces and explains the essential elements of liquid crystal science, including discussion of how liquid crystals have been utilized for innovative and important applications. New to this edition are over 300 figures, 90 end-of chapter exercises, and an increased scope that includes recent developments. Combines the knowledge of two eminent scientists in the field; they have fully updated and expanded the text to cover undergraduate/graduate course work as well as current research in what is now a billion-dollar industry. Immerses the reader in the vocabulary, structures, data, and kinetic models, rapidly building up an understanding of the theories and models in current use. Begins with a historical account of the discovery of liquid crystals and continues with a description of how different phases are generated and how different molecular architectures affect liquid crystal properties.

Alignment phenomena are characteristic of liquid crystalline materials, and understanding them is critically important in understanding the essential features and behavior of liquid crystals and the performance of Liquid Crystal Devices (LCDs). Furthermore, in LCD production lines, the alignment process is of practical importance. Alignment Technologies and Applications of Liquid Crystal Devices demonstrates both the fundamental and practical aspects of alignment phenomena in liquid crystals. The physical basis of alignment phenomena is first introduced in order to aid the understanding of the various physical phenomena observed in the interface between liquid crystalline materials and alignment layer surfaces. Methods for the characterization of surfaces, which induce the alignment phenomena, and of the alignment layer itself are introduced. These methods are useful for the research of liquid crystalline materials and devices in academic research as well as in industry. In the practical sections, the alignment methods used in the LCD production lines are introduced with various other trials for the alignment technologies. LCD performances are also discussed in relation to alignment phenomena. The authors have a wide range of experience in both academic research and in industry. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers working in the LCD industry, and for physics and chemistry researchers studying liquid crystalline materials.

Water, with its simple molecular structure, reveals a complex nature upon interaction with other molecules and surfaces. Water at Interfaces: A Molecular Approach provides a broad, multidisciplinary introduction to water at interfaces, focusing on its molecular characteristics. The book considers interfaces at different length scales from single water molecules to involvement of large numbers of water molecules, and from one-dimensional to three-dimensional interfaces. It begins with individual water molecules, describing their basic properties and the fundamental concepts that form the basis of this book. The text explores the main interfaces involving pure and ion-free condensed (liquid and solid) water, including water vapor/liquid water, liquid/oil, and liquid/solid interfaces. It examines water molecules on ideal surfaces-well-ordered (crystalline) and defect-free-covering topics such as electronic structure using frontier orbitals and substrate-induced structuring. The book discusses the affinity of water to surfaces, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, emphasizing two extreme cases of affinity. It then addresses real solid surfaces where water/solid interfaces play a key role in actual working conditions, examining water purification, photocatalytic activity, corrosion and degradation, and atmospheric agents. The final chapter deals with the interaction of water with the heterogeneous and complex surfaces of biomolecules, which can both influence the structure of the surrounding water and be modulated by the surrounding liquid. The author discusses simple to more complex biomolecules from peptides to proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes.

This volume examines the technological advances made in the development of microsystem technologies using electrochemical techniques. It covers electrochemical microsystem technologies for microelectronics, sensors, materials science, microbiology, neurobiology and applications of microtechnologies and microsystems in medicine and provides an overview of the technological status and development of micropatternings and micro-biosensors and the application of micropower systems.
This book will be a valuable reference source for graduate/postgraduate students, technologists, and researchers working in the field of electrochemical technology.

eBook available with sample pages: 020321921X

Uniformly presents extensive data on the properties of solvent mixtures and describes their structures and interactions-leading to analyses of preferential solvation phenomena in these solvent mixtures. This reference examines the properties, function, and behavior of binary, ternary, and multicomponent mixtures in the presence and absence of solutes-detailing the effects and impact of preferential solvation on the environment, action, and components of chemical systems. Features numerous tables displaying the physical, thermodynamic, and chemical properties of binary solvent mixtures. Solvent Mixtures highlights - experimental approaches to determine when, and to what extent, preferential solvation has taken place -models for organic, ionic, macromolecular, and biochemical solutes and discusses -excess Gibbs energy and volume, enthalpy, and entropy -chemical probes for polarity, electron pair donicity, and hydrogen bond formation -correlation volumes and local mole fractions. Compiling, comparing, and analyzing research from a wide range of abstracts, journal articles, and websites, Solvent Mixtures is a timely guide for analytical, coordination, process, separation, surface, organic, inorganic, physical, and environmental chemists; geochemists; electrochemists; radiochemists; biochemists; biophysicists; hydrometallurgists; membrane researchers; chemical engineers; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

The need in healthcare to detect biomolecular species such as proteins, oligonucleotides (DNA and RNA) and cells for diagnostics is driving the current development of physical techniques. The development is generally based on optical, electrochemical and mass spectrometric transduction to enable these measurements. These are now also being exploited in array formats, enabling the development of high throughput detection to inform systems biology and pathway medicine by giving new insights into biomolecular pathways and the identification of new target analytes. This is a highly topical and exciting area which opens up the real prospect of theranostics (the use of diagnostics in informing patient specific therapy), but for which development and optimisation of detection requires an understanding and control of the fundamental physical processes occurring both in sensing and in signal transduction and the comparatives merits of alternative detection strategies. For high throughput detection, bioinformatics (the processing and interpretation of vast amounts of data) also presents a real challenge. Faraday Discussion 149 is organised by the Faraday Division in association with the Analytical Division.

This 1989 book describes the physico-chemical principles of the high vacuum techniques used by chemists. It is a guide to the choice of suitable equipment, the methods of constructing the systems, and the ways of using them. Professor Plesch's book is the only up-to-date work on the type of high vacuum systems (HVS) used by chemists and it is the first ever to describe in detail the actual construction, manifold uses, method of operation, and final dismantling of an HVS. It includes descriptions of a very wide range of devices for making measurements (conductivity, spectra, kinetics, etc.) in vacuum. The author draws on over 40 years of his own experiences and those of others in many parts of the world, and many of the tricks and gadgets have not been published before. The book will be an essential companion on the bench of every chemist involved in the synthesis of, or measurements on, air-sensitive compounds.

Interfacial phenomena driven by heat or mass transfer are widespread in science and various branches of engineering. Research in this area has become quite active in recent years, attributable in part, at least, to the entry of physicists and their sophisticated experimental techniques into the field. Until now, however, the field has lacked a readable account of the recent developments.

Interfacial Phenomena and Convection remedies this problem by furnishing a self-contained monograph that examines a rich variety of phenomena in which interfaces pay a crucial role. From a unified perspective that embraces physical chemistry, fluid mechanics, and applied mathematics, the authors study recent developments related to the Marangoni effect, including patterned convection and instabilities, oscillatory/wavy phenomena, and turbulent phenomena. They examine Bénard layers subjected to transverse and longitudinal thermal gradients and phenomena involving surface tension gradients as the driving forces, including falling films, drops, and liquid bridges.

It is only in the past two or three decades that researchers have performed suitable, clear-cut experiments involving interfacial phenomena, and the stage is now set for a virtual explosion of the field. Interfacial Phenomena and Convection will bring you quickly up to date on the advances realized and prepare you to both use the results and to make further advances.

Containing more than 2600 references and over 550 equations, drawings, tables, photographs, and micrographs, This book describes hierarchical assemblies in biology and biological processes that occur at the nanoscale across membranes and at interfaces. It covers recurrent themes in nanocolloid science, including self-assembly, construction of supramolecular architecture, nanoconfinement and compartmentalization, measurement and control of interfacial forces, novel synthetic materials, and computer simulation. The authors reviews surface forces apparatus measurements of two-dimensional organized ensembles at solid-liquid interfaces.

Rufus Ritchie, a Gentleman and a Scholar, Volume 80 in the Advances in Quantum Chemistry series, celebrates the life and work of Rufus Ritchie, one of the great physicists and gentlemen of the past 100 years. Sections cover Inelastic electron excitation of transition metal atoms on metal surfaces: Kondo resonances as a function of the crystal field splitting, Role of local field effects in surface plasmon characteristics, Correlated model atom in a time-dependent external field: Sign effect in the energy shift, Dipole-bound states contributions to the formation of anionic carbonitriles in the ISM: a multireference approach for C3N, and much more.