The use of silver as an antibacterial agent has been known for thousands of years. This effect can be amplified by simply reducing the size of silver particles to the nanoscale, with an added advantage of reduction in cost and toxicity. Application of silver nanoparticles to textiles can bring considerable advantages, especially for materials that cannot be washed daily or medical support materials. This book describes a novel synthesis method that the author calls "in situ," in which these nanoparticles are obtained directly on materials. The method is simple and easy to apply and can also be considered green because the reducing agent involved is ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C. It neither requires special modifications in the industrial equipment nor special pressure or temperature conditions. It can be used to grow other metals or metal oxides on a material. The book showcases studies carried out on silver nanoparticles by the author over several years, not only in terms of the synthesis but also the morphological characterization of the substrate to which they were applied. It exhibits SEM images displaying the homogeneity of the silver coating, highlighting that sometimes the simplest way is the best way.

Often considered the workhorse of the cellular machinery, proteins are responsible for functions ranging from molecular motors to signaling. The broad recognition of their involvement in all cellular processes has led to focused efforts to predict their functions from sequences, and if available, from their structures. An overview of current research directions, Computational Protein-Protein Interactions examines topics in the prediction of protein-protein interactions, including interference with protein-protein interactions and their design. Explores Computational Approaches to Understanding Protein-Protein Interactions Outlining fundamental and applied aspects of the usefulness of computations when approaching protein-protein interactions, this book incorporates different views of the same biochemical problem from sequence to structure to energetics. It covers protein-protein interaction prediction and dynamics, design, drug design for inhibition, and uses for the prediction of function. The text provides general chapters that overview the topic and also includes advanced material. The chapters detail the complexity of protein interaction studies and discuss potential caveats. Addresses the Next Big Problem in Molecular Biology While it is important to predict protein associations, this is a daunting task. Edited by two experts in the field and containing contributions from those at the forefront of research, the book provides a basic outline of major directions in computational protein-protein interactions research at the heart of functional genomics and crucial for drug discovery. It addresses the next big problem in molecular biology: how to create links between all the pieces of the cell jigsaw puzzle.

Thermostable Proteins: Structural Stability and Design provides a comprehensive, updated account of the physical basis of enhanced stability of thermophilic proteins and the design of tailor-made thermostable proteins, paving the way for their possible industrial applications. This book is devoted to understanding the survival mechanisms of "thermophilic life forms" at the molecular level with an emphasis on design strategies. The review chapters presented in Thermostable Proteins span a wide range of protein thermostability research. Basic structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic principles are explained and molecular strategies for the adaptation to high temperatures are delineated. In addition, this book covers: Computing and simulation methods in current and future thermostability research, especially in nonempirical situations How rigidity theory is used to improve the thermal adaptation of mesophiles Subtilisin-like serine proteases and their significant engineering applications The state of knowledge concerning structure-function relations and the origins of their structural stability Computational and experimental approaches for the design of proteins with increased thermal stability based on sequences or three-dimensional structures Understanding the molecular basis of how thermostable and hyperthermostable proteins gain and maintain their stability and biological function at high temperatures remains an important scientific challenge. A more detailed knowledge of protein stability not only deepens our understanding of protein structure but also helps in obtaining insights into processes that drive protein activities-folding, unfolding, and misfolding-essential to biological function.

A prominent aspect of quantum theory, tunneling arises in a variety of contexts across several fields of study, including nuclear, atomic, molecular, and optical physics and has led to technologically relevant applications in mesoscopic science. Exploring mechanisms and consequences, Dynamical Tunneling: Theory and Experiment presents the work of international experts who discuss the considerable progress that has been achieved in this arena in the past two decades. Highlights in this volume include: A historical introduction and overview of dynamical tunneling, with case histories ranging from simple and emblematic to complex and involving experimental counterparts An emphasis on the semiclassical theory of tunneling put forth by various research groups using different approaches Developments in tunneling with cold atoms and molecular manifestations Advances in our ability to perform delicate and precise experiments in atomic systems The visualization and control of photonic tunneling The role of dynamical tunneling on energy flow and localization in large molecules In the near future, complex tunneling processes occurring in few and many-body systems will be able to be predicted, understood, and controlled. Comprising all relevant topics and authors in the context of present-day research on dynamical tunneling, this self-contained volume provides readers with the basis for further discovery into the potential of this powerful phenomenon.

Designed for scientists and engineers involved in the physical chemistry of antioxidants, the Handbook of Antioxidants contains comprehensive data on the thermodynamics and reactivity of antioxidants. It includes: bond dissociation energies of antioxidants such as phenols (O-H bonds), aromatic amines (N-H bonds), hydroxyl amines (O-H bonds), thiophenols (S-H bonds) o activation energies and rate constants of reactions of peroxyl radicals with antioxidants o rate constants of reactions of phenoxyl, aminyl, and nitroxyl radicals with RH, ROOH, phenols, thiophenols, amines and hydroxyl amines and rate constants of reactions of antioxidants with hydroperoxides and oxygen.

"a gem of a textbook which manages to produce a genuinely fresh, concise yet comprehensive guide" -Mark Leake, University of York "destined to become a standard reference.... Not just a 'how to' handbook but also an accessible primer in the essentials of kinetic theory and practice." -Michael Geeves, University of Kent "covers the entire spectrum of approaches, from the traditional steady state methods to a thorough account of transient kinetics and rapid reaction techniques, and then on to the new single molecule techniques" -Stephen Halford, University of Bristol This illustrated treatment explains the methods used for measuring how much a reaction gets speeded up, as well as the framework for solving problems such as ligand binding and macromolecular folding, using the step-by-step approach of numerical integration. It is a thoroughly modern text, reflecting the recent ability to observe reactions at the single-molecule level, as well as advances in microfluidics which have given rise to femtoscale studies. Kinetics is more important now than ever, and this book is a vibrant and approachable entry for anyone who wants to understand mechanism using transient or single molecule kinetics without getting bogged down in advanced mathematics. Clive R. Bagshaw is Emeritus Professor at the University of Leicester, U.K., and Research Associate at the University of California at Santa Cruz, U.S.A.

This is the first book to provide comprehensive treatment of the use of the symmetric group in quantum chemical structures of atoms, molecules, and solids. It begins with the conventional Slater determinant approach and proceeds to the basics of the symmetric group and the construction of spin eigenfunctions. The heart of the book is in the chapter dealing with spin-free quantum chemistry showing the great interpretation value of this method. The last three chapters include the unitary group approach, the symmetric group approach, and the spin-coupled valence bond method. An extensive bibliography concludes the book.

This handbook describes methods of preparation, characterization, toxicity, and therapeutic indices of transition metal complexes of the naturally occurring heterocyclic nucleobases and their derivatives. Modes of coordination are listed together with the relevant spectral data and major methods of investigation. Where appropriate, the spectrum of the sample is included in the pertinent section on spectroscopy. Data on the uncomplexed bases, such as solubility, pK, accepted structure(s) in the solid state and solutions, and the natural occurrence of the base are also included. Volume II of this work provides the spectroscopic data to accompany Volume I. Volume II is divided into two sections: Section 1 summarizes the data and Section 2 is comprised of figures. In Section 1, the complexes are arranged according to the method of study. In Section 2, figures are listed by base type and follow the sequence of Volume I, mainly complexes of the pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, and then purine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides.

The growth in the world's nuclear industry, motivated by peaking world oil supplies, concerns about the greenhouse effect, and domestic needs for energy independence, has resulted in a heightened focus on the need for next-generation nuclear fuel-cycle technologies. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances, Volume 19 provides a comprehensive look at the state of the science underlying solvent extraction in its role as the most powerful separation technique for the reprocessing of commercial spent nuclear fuel. Capturing the current technology and scientific progress as it exists today and looking ahead to potential developments, the book examines the overall state of solvent extraction in reprocessing, new molecules for increased selectivity and performance, methods for predicting extractant properties, and actinide-lanthanide group separation. The contributors also explore the simultaneous extraction of radionuclides by mixing extractants, the cause and nature of third-phase formation, the effects of radiation on the solvent and its performance, analytical techniques for measuring process concentrations, new centrifugal contactors for more efficient processing, and new chemistry using novel media. The long-term vision of many professionals in the field entails a proliferation-free nuclear energy economy in which little or no waste is stored or released into the environment and all potential energy values in spent nuclear fuel are recycled. This text opens a window on that possibility, offering insight from world leaders on the cutting edge of nuclear research.

Development Theories and Methods of Fracture-Vug Carbonate Reservoirs explores the theories and methods for successful development of a fracture-vug reservoir by presenting the developmental strategies used in the Tahe oilfield. Some of the theories and methods of developing the Tahe fracture-vug reservoirs have been inspired by two China national research projects: The 'Basic research on development of fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs' (2006-2010), and the 'Basic research on production mechanism and oil recovery enhancement of fracture-vugcarbonate reservoirs' (2011-2015), with support by the National Basic Research Program of China. These theories and methods have facilitated the successful development of the fracture-vug reservoir in the Tahe oilfield, providing effective technologies and inspirations to developing similar reservoirs everywhere.

In the 20 years since the pilot plant experiments used to develop the concept of electroviscoelasticity, inroads have been made in the understanding of its many related processes. Interfacial Electroviscoelasticity and Electrophoresis meets a massive scientific challenge by presenting deeper research and developments in the basic and applied science and engineering of finely dispersed particles and related systems. Introducing more profound and in-depth treatises related to the liquid-liquid finely dispersed systems (i.e., emulsions and double emulsions), this book describes a new theory developed through the authors' work. These findings are likely to impact other research and applications in a wide array of other fields, considering that the modeling of liquid-liquid interfaces is key to numerous chemical manufacturing processes, including those used for emulsions, suspensions, nanopowders, foams, biocolloids, and plasmas. The authors cover phenomena at the micro, nano, and atto-scales, and their techniques, theory, and supporting data will be of particular interest to nanoscientists, especially with regard to the breaking of emulsions. This groundbreaking book: Takes an interdisciplinary approach to elucidate the momentum transfer and electron transfer phenomena Covers less classical chemical engineering insight and modern molecular and atomic engineering Reviews basic theory of electrokinetics, using the electrophoresis of rigid particles as an example Built around the central themes of hydrodynamic, electrodynamic, and thermodynamic instabilities that occur at interfaces, this book addresses recently developed concepts in the physics, chemistry, and rheological properties of those well-studied interfaces of rigid and deformable particles in homo- and hetero-aggregate dispersed systems. The book also introduces the key phenomenon of electrophoresis, since it is widely adopted either as an analytical tool to characterize the surface properties of colloid-sized particles or in the separation and purification process of both laboratory and industrial scales. The applications and implications of the material presented in the book represent a major contribution to the advanced fundamental, applied, and engineering research of interfacial and colloidal phenomena.

Introduction to Graphene: Chemical and Biochemical Applications addresses a broad range of graphene research, including the prehistory and background of graphene, synthetic approaches, characterization techniques, composites/derivatives, inorganic graphene analogues, and applications of graphene. The book's special emphasis on solution chemistry and graphene sets it apart from less practical titles in that its concepts are immediately implementable in the laboratories of chemists and biochemists. The book presents a variety of experimental approaches from the authors' research laboratories and others around the world for graphene preparation in the solution phase, especially under aqueous conditions or in animal serum-the most practical kind of graphene for chemists and biochemists. The book is ideally suited for a broad range of readers, including advanced undergraduates, graduate research students and professionals in state-of-the-art research labs who want to use graphene to develop novel applications.

Polyurethane Polymers: Blends and Interpenetrating Networks deals with almost all aspects of blends and IPNs formed by polyurethane, including the thermal, mechanical, morphological, and viscoelastic properties of each blend presented in the book. In addition, major applications related to these blends and IPNs are mentioned.

The Beauty of Chemistry in the Words of Writers and in the Hands of Scientists, by Margherita Venturi, Enrico Marchi und Vincenzo Balzani Living in a Cage Is a Restricted Privilege, by Luigi Fabbrizzi Inner and Outer Beauty, by Kenneth N. Raymond und Casey J. Brown The Mechanical Bond: A Work of Art, by Carson J. Bruns und J. Fraser Stoddart The Beauty of Knots at the Molecular Level, by Jean-Pierre Sauvage und David B. Amabilino

A compilation of wonderful tributes to the late Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016), considered the 'Father of Femtochemistry', a long-standing icon in the field of physical chemistry, and the father of ultrafast electron-based methods. The book contains testimonies by friends and relatives of Zewail and by outstanding scientists from around the world who worked or have been affiliated with the Nobel prizewinning professor. Each contribution describes the author's own unique experience and personal relationship with Zewail, and includes details of his scientific achievements and the stories around them. Personal and Scientific Reminiscences collects accounts from the most important individuals in the physical and chemical sciences to give us a unique insight into the world and work of one of the great scientists of our time.

A compilation of wonderful tributes to the late Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016), considered the 'Father of Femtochemistry', a long-standing icon in the field of physical chemistry, and the father of ultrafast electron-based methods. The book contains testimonies by friends and relatives of Zewail and by outstanding scientists from around the world who worked or have been affiliated with the Nobel prizewinning professor. Each contribution describes the author's own unique experience and personal relationship with Zewail, and includes details of his scientific achievements and the stories around them. Personal and Scientific Reminiscences collects accounts from the most important individuals in the physical and chemical sciences to give us a unique insight into the world and work of one of the great scientists of our time.

John Meurig Thomas is a former Director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a former head of the Department of Physical Chemistry and former Master of Peterhouse, University of Cambridge. A world-renowned solid-state, materials and surface chemist, he has been an educator, researcher, academic administrator, author of university texts, government advisor, industrial consultant and trustee of national museums in a career spanning over 50 years. Recipient of many international awards, including the Linus Pauling, Willard-Gibbs, Kapitza, Natta, Stokes, Davy and Faraday medals, he is also a fellow of the Royal Society (1977), of the American Philosophical Society (1993) and of ten other national academies. He is best known for his fundamental work in heterogeneous catalysis, chemical electron microscopy and in the popularisation of science, for which, in conjunction with his services to chemistry, he was knighted (1991). He is also founding editor of three scientific journals and editor or co-editor of some 30 monographs. A new mineral, meurigite, was named in his honour (1995). Most recently in 2016, Sir John was awarded the Royal Medal for Physical Sciences by the Royal Society.Drawn from over 1200 publications, this volume contains a summarised account of Sir John's work, with a selection of the new techniques pioneered and discovered by him and his colleagues. Also included are popular science articles, and various illustrations of techniques which have enhanced our knowledge of many facets of condensed matter science. Contributions from 80 peers, colleagues, former co-workers, students and friends worldwide who have interacted with or been influenced by him are a tribute to the professional and personal life of Sir John, making this book a unique reflective summary of the work of one of the greatest achievers in modern British physical science.

Boron nitride was first produced in the 18th century and, by virtue of its extraordinary mechanical strength, has found extensive application in industrial processes since the 1940s. However, the more recent discovery that boron nitride allotropes are as structurally diverse as those of carbon (e.g. fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes) has placed this material, and particularly its low-dimensional allotropes, back at the forefront of modern material science. This book provides a comprehensive history of this rapid rise in the status of boron nitride and boron nitride nanomaterials, spanning the earliest examples of three-dimensional boron nitride allotropes, through to contemporary structures such as monolayer hexagonal boron nitride, boron nitride nanomeshes, boron nitride nanotubes and the incorporation of boron nitride into cutting-edge van der Waals heterostructures. It specifically focuses on the properties, applications and synthesis techniques for each of these allotropes and examines how the evolution in boron nitride production methods is linked to that in our understanding of how low-dimensional nanomaterials self-assemble, or 'grow', during synthesis. The book demonstrates the key synergy between growth mechanisms and the development of new, advanced nanostructured materials.

"a gem of a textbook which manages to produce a genuinely fresh, concise yet comprehensive guide" -Mark Leake, University of York "destined to become a standard reference.... Not just a 'how to' handbook but also an accessible primer in the essentials of kinetic theory and practice." -Michael Geeves, University of Kent "covers the entire spectrum of approaches, from the traditional steady state methods to a thorough account of transient kinetics and rapid reaction techniques, and then on to the new single molecule techniques" -Stephen Halford, University of Bristol This illustrated treatment explains the methods used for measuring how much a reaction gets speeded up, as well as the framework for solving problems such as ligand binding and macromolecular folding, using the step-by-step approach of numerical integration. It is a thoroughly modern text, reflecting the recent ability to observe reactions at the single-molecule level, as well as advances in microfluidics which have given rise to femtoscale studies. Kinetics is more important now than ever, and this book is a vibrant and approachable entry for anyone who wants to understand mechanism using transient or single molecule kinetics without getting bogged down in advanced mathematics. Clive R. Bagshaw is Emeritus Professor at the University of Leicester, U.K., and Research Associate at the University of California at Santa Cruz, U.S.A.

Integrating fundamental research with the technical applications of this rapidly evolving field, Structure and Functional Properties of Colloidal Systems clearly presents the connections between structure and functional aspects in colloid and interface science. It explores the physical fundamentals of colloid science, new developments of synthesis and conditioning, and many possible applications. Theory Divided into three parts, the book begins with a discussion of the theoretical side of colloid dynamics. It then transitions to dynamically arrested states and capillary forces in colloidal systems at fluid interfaces. Structure Covering the structural aspects of different colloidal systems, the second section examines electric double layers and effective interactions as well as the structure of extremely bimodal suspensions and filaments made up of microsized magnetic particles. The contributors analyze the role played by the attractive interaction, confinement, and external fields on the structure of colloidal systems. They also discuss structural aspects in food emulsions and the rheological properties of structured fluids. Functional MaterialsThe last part focuses on examples of functional colloids. These include polymer colloids, protein-functionalized colloidal particles, magnetic particles, metallic nanoparticles, micro- and nanogels, responsive microgels, colloidal photonic crystals, microfluidics, gel-glass dispersed liquid crystals (GDLCs) devices, and nanoemulsions. This volume provides a sound understanding of the link between the structure and functional properties in two- and three-dimensional colloidal systems. It describes techniques to functionalize colloids, characterization methods, the physical fundamentals of structure formation, diffusion dynamics, transport properties in equilibrium, the physical fundamentals of nonequilibrium systems, the measuring principles to exploit properties in applications, the differences in designing lab experiments and devices, and several application examples.

The original Handbook of Surface and Interface Analysis: Methods for Problem-Solving was based on the authors' firm belief that characterization and analysis of surfaces should be conducted in the context of problem solving and not be based on the capabilities of any individual technique. Now, a decade later, trends in science and technology appear to have validated their assertions. Major instrumental assets are generally funded and maintained as central facilities to help potential users make informed decisions about their appropriate use in solving analytical problem(s). Building on the popular first edition, this long-awaited second edition was motivated by the increasingly common industry view that it is more cost-effective to contract out analytical services than to maintain in-house facilities. Guided by that trend, this book focuses on developing strategic thinking for those who decide which facilities to access and where to subcontract analytical work. It covers most of the major tactical issues that are relevant at the location in which data are being produced. New Information in this Second Edition Includes: Electron-optical imaging techniques and associated analytical methods Techniques based on synchrotron sources Convenient and versatile scanning probe group methods Scanning tunneling microscopy, biocompatible materials, and nano-structured materials Assessing benefits and limitations of different methodologies, this volume provides the essential physical basis and common modes of operation for groups of techniques. Exploring methods for characterization and analysis of particular types of materials and/or their relevant applications-the text synergizes traditional and novel ideas to help readers develop a versatile and rational approach to surface and interface analysis.

Unravels Complex Problems through Quantum Monte Carlo Methods Clusters hold the key to our understanding of intermolecular forces and how these affect the physical properties of bulk condensed matter. They can be found in a multitude of important applications, including novel fuel materials, atmospheric chemistry, semiconductors, nanotechnology, and computational biology. Focusing on the class of weakly bound substances known as van derWaals clusters or complexes, Stochastic Simulations of Clusters: Quantum Methods in Flat and Curved Spaces presents advanced quantum simulation techniques for condensed matter. The book develops finite temperature statistical simulation tools and real-time algorithms for the exact solution of the Schroedinger equation. It draws on potential energy models to gain insight into the behavior of minima and transition states. Using Monte Carlo methods as well as ground state variational and diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) simulations, the author explains how to obtain temperature and quantum effects. He also shows how the path integral approach enables the study of quantum effects at finite temperatures. To overcome timescale problems, this book supplies efficient and accurate methods, such as diagonalization techniques, differential geometry, the path integral method in statistical mechanics, and the DMC approach. Gleaning valuable information from recent research in this area, it presents special techniques for accelerating the convergence of quantum Monte Carlo methods.

Recent developments in nanoparticle and microparticle delivery systems are revolutionizing delivery systems in the food industry. These developments have the potential to solve many of the technical challenges involved in creating encapsulation, protection, and delivery of active ingredients, such as colors, flavors, preservatives, vitamins, minerals, and nutraceuticals. Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-based Delivery Systems: Encapsulation, Protection and Release of Active Compounds explores various types of colloidal delivery systems available for encapsulating active ingredients, highlighting their relative advantages and limitations and their use. Written by an international authority known for his clear and rigorous technical writing style, this book discusses the numerous kinds of active ingredients available and the issues associated with their encapsulation, protection, and delivery. The author takes a traditional colloid science approach and emphasizes the practical aspects of formulation of particulate- and emulsion-based delivery systems with food applications. He then covers the physicochemical and mechanical methods available for manufacturing colloidal particles, highlighting the importance of designing particles for specific applications. The book includes chapters devoted specifically to the three major types of colloidal delivery systems available for encapsulating active ingredients in the food industry: surfactant-based, emulsion-based, and biopolymer-based. It then reviews the analytical tools available for characterizing the properties of colloidal delivery systems, presents the mathematical models for describing their properties, and highlights the factors to consider when selecting an appropriate delivery system for a particular application backed up by specific case studies. Based on insight from the author's own experience, the book describes why delivery systems are needed, the important factors to consider when designing them, methods of characterizing them, and specific examples of the range of food-grade delivery systems available. It gives you the necessary knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of developments within the current research literature in this rapidly growing field and the confidence to perform reliable experimental investigations according to modern international standards.

Binary Polar Liquids: Structural and Dynamic Characterization Using Spectroscopic Methods provides liquid state physical chemists and physicists with practical theoretical models based on a wealth of robust data that describe the dielectric properties of dipolar materials in a systematic manner. In many applications, reference measurements using dielectric permittivity data are required. Over the past three decades, the author has compiled and analyzed permittivity research data and relaxation times for various polar liquids and their mixtures. The resulting structural data - as determined from various models - is critically evaluated, arming scientists with a complete characterization of the spectra of water-containing mixtures.

Surface thermodynamics forms the foundation of any meaningful study of capillarity and wetting phenomena. The second edition of Applied Surface Thermodynamics offers a comprehensive state-of-the-art treatment of this critical topic. It provides students and researchers with fundamental knowledge and practical guidelines in solving real-world problems related to the measurement and interpretation of interfacial properties. Containing 40 percent new material and reorganized content, this second edition begins by presenting a generalized Gibbs theory of capillarity, including discussions of highly curved interfaces. Concentrating on drop-shape techniques, the book discusses liquid-fluid interfacial tension and its measurement. Next, the authors focus on contact angles with chapters on experimental procedures, thermodynamic models, and the interpretation of contact angles in terms of solid surface tension. The book discusses theoretical approaches to determining solid surface tension as well as interfacial tensions of particles and their manifestations. It concludes by discussing drop size dependence of contact angles and line tension. What's New in the Second Edition: Recent progress in Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA) Image processing methods for drop shape analysis Advanced applications and generalizations of ADSA Recent studies of contact angle hysteresis Contact angles on inert fluoropolymers Update on line tension and the drop size dependence of contact angles Exploring a range of different aspects of surface science and its applications, the book logically progresses so that knowledge of previous chapters enhances the understanding of subsequent material, yet each chapter is freestanding so that experienced researchers can quickly refer to topics of particular interest.