The concept of adiabatic electronic potential-energy surfaces, defined by the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, is fundamental to our thinking about chemical processes. Recent computational as well as experimental studies have produced ample evidence that the so-called conical intersections of electronic energy surfaces, predicted by von Neumann and Wigner in 1929, are the rule rather than the exception in polyatomic molecules. It is nowadays increasingly recognized that conical intersections play a key mechanistic role in chemical reaction dynamics. This volume provides an up-to-date overview of the multi-faceted research on the role of conical intersections in photochemistry and photobiology, including basic theoretical concepts, novel computational strategies as well as innovative experiments. The contents and discussions will be of value to advanced students and researchers in photochemistry, molecular spectroscopy and related areas.

This book is dedicated to the field of conductive polymers, focusing on electrical interactions with biological systems. It addresses the use of conductive polymers as the conducting interface for electrical communications with the biological system, both in vitro and in vivo. It provides an overview on the chemistry and physics of conductive polymers, their useful characteristics as well as limitations, and technologies that apply conductive polymers for medical purposes. This groundbreaking resource addresses cytotoxicity and tissue compatibility of conductive polymers, the basics on electromagnetic fields, and commonly used experimental methods. Readers will also learn how cells are cultured in vitro with conductive polymers, and how conductive polymers and living tissues interact electrically. Throughout the contents, chapter authors emphasize the importance of conductive polymers in biomedical engineering and their potential applications in medicine.

Thermostable Proteins: Structural Stability and Design provides a comprehensive, updated account of the physical basis of enhanced stability of thermophilic proteins and the design of tailor-made thermostable proteins, paving the way for their possible industrial applications. This book is devoted to understanding the survival mechanisms of "thermophilic life forms" at the molecular level with an emphasis on design strategies.

The review chapters presented in Thermostable Proteins span a wide range of protein thermostability research. Basic structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic principles are explained and molecular strategies for the adaptation to high temperatures are delineated. In addition, this book covers:

• Computing and simulation methods in current and future thermostability research, especially in nonempirical situations
• How rigidity theory is used to improve the thermal adaptation of mesophiles
• Subtilisin-like serine proteases and their significant engineering applications
• The state of knowledge concerning structure function relations and the origins of their structural stability
• Computational and experimental approaches for the design of proteins with increased thermal stability based on sequences or three-dimensional structures

Understanding the molecular basis of how thermostable and hyperthermostable proteins gain and maintain their stability and biological function at high temperatures remains an important scientific challenge. A more detailed knowledge of protein stability not only deepens our understanding of protein structure but also helps in obtaining insights into processes that drive protein activities folding, unfolding, and misfolding essential to biological function.

This book explains the basic aspects of symmetry groups as applied to problems in physics and chemistry using a unique approach developed by the author. This approach includes working out symmetry groups and their representations, eliminating the undue abstract nature of group theoretical methods. The author has systematized the wealth of knowledge on symmetry groups that has accumulated in the century since Fedrov discovered the 230 space groups. He reconstructs space groups, unitary as well as antiunitary, based on the algebraic defining relations of the point groups. This work will be of great interest to graduate students and professionals in solid state physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology and those who are interested in magnetic crystal structures.

In a living body, a variety of molecules are working in a concerted manner to maintain its life, and to carry forward the genetic information from generation to generation. A key word to understand such processes is "water," which plays an essential role in life phenomena. This book sheds light on life phenomena, which are woven by biomolecules as warp and water as weft, by means of statistical mechanics of molecular liquids, the RISM and 3D-RISM theories, both in equilibrium and non-equilibrium. A considerable number of pages are devoted to basics of mathematics and physics, so that students who have not majored in physics may be able to study the book by themselves. The book will also be helpful to those scientists seeking better tools for the computer-aided-drug-discovery. Explains basics of the statistical mechanics of molecular liquids, or RISM and 3D-RISM theories, and its application to water. Provides outline of the generalized Langevin theory and the linear response theory, and its application to dynamics of water. Applies the theories to functions of biomolecular systems. Applies the theories to the computer aided drug design. Provides a perspective for future development of the method.

CHEMISTRY STUDENT GUIDES. GUIDED BY STUDENTS For any student who has ever struggled with a mathematical understanding of chemistry, this book is for you. Mathematics is the essential tool for physical scientists. We know that confidence in using mathematics early on in a chemistry degree builds a solid foundation for further study. However, applying the abstract mathematics taught in schools to chemical phenomena is one of the biggest challenges that chemistry students face. In this book, we take a 'chemistry-first' approach. We link the mathematics to recognisable chemical concepts, building on high school chemistry, to facilitate deeper understanding. We cover the practical mathematical skills, including representation of data as tables and graphs, and give an overview of error handling in the physical sciences. More advanced mathematical concepts are introduced, using calculus to determine kinetic rate laws, intermolecular forces and in quantifying energetic change in thermodynamics. We also introduce the concept of the complex number and its role in considering quantum wave functions, widely used in computational chemistry. There are worked examples and problem sets to provide plenty of practise material to build proficiency. We also include insights from real students, which identify common problem areas and provide the prompts that helped them to overcome these. Chemistry Student Guides are written with current students involved at every stage, guiding the books towards the most challenging aspects of the topic.

Ultrasonic irradiation and the associated sonochemical and sonophysical effects are complementary techniques for driving more efficient chemical reactions and yields. Sonochemistry?the chemical effects and applications of ultrasonic waves?and sustainable (green) chemistry both aim to use less hazardous chemicals and solvents, reduce energy consumption, and increase product selectivity.

A comprehensive collection of knowledge, Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound covers the most relevant aspects linked to and linking green chemistry practices to environmental sustainability through the uses and applications of ultrasound-mediated and ultrasound-assisted biological, biochemical, chemical, and physical processes.

Chapters are presented in the areas of:

• Medical applications
• Drug and gene delivery
• Nanotechnology
• Food technology
• Synthetic applications and organic chemistry
• Anaerobic digestion
• Environmental contaminants degradation
• Polymer chemistry
• Industrial syntheses and processes
• Reactor design
• Electrochemical systems
• Combined ultrasound?microwave technologies

While the concepts of sonochemistry have been known for more than 80 years, in-depth understanding of this phenomenon continues to evolve. Through a review of the current status of chemical and physical science and engineering in developing more environmentally-friendly and less toxic synthetic processes, this book highlights many existing applications and enormous potential of ultrasound technology to upgrade present industrial, agricultural, and environmental processes.

The textbook is based on the APPLIED use of laboratory instrumentation and apparatus in practice in the real working world with absolute minimum use of complex calculations and mathematics. Instrumental theory is kept to a minimum, with useful practical hints and unbiased instruction on lab instruments' capabilities and operations. All text is in simple to understand language of the complexities of chemical analyses.

Innovation through specific and rational design and functionalization has led to the development of a wide range of mesoporous materials with varying morphologies (hexagonal, cubic, rod-like), structures (silicates, carbons, metal oxides), and unique functionalities (doping, acid functionalization) that currently makes this field one of the most exciting in materials science and energy applications. This book focuses primarily on the rapid progress in their application in energy conversion and storage technologies, including supercapacitor, Li-ion battery, fuel cells, solar cells, and photocatalysis (water splitting) and will serve as a valuable reference for researchers in the field

The magneto luminous chemical vapor deposition (MLCVD) method is the perfect example of the "front-end green process." It employs an entirely new process that expends the minimum amount of materials in gas phase, yields virtually no effluent, and therefore requires no environmental remediation. Unlike the "back-end green process," which calls for add-on processes to deal with effluent problems, the newer MLCVD approach is a completely different phenomenon that has never been adequately described, until now.

Dispelling previous misconceptions and revealing new areas for investigation, Magneto Luminous Chemical Vapor Deposition describes the key process of dielectric breakdown of gas molecules under the influence of a magnetic field. It emphasizes behavioral distinctions between molecular gasses that cause plasma polymerization (such as methane and trimethylsilane) and mono-atomic gases (e.g., helium and argon) when dealing with the dielectric breakdown of the gas phase under low pressure. The author also reveals his minimum perturbation theory of biocompatibility. This is based on the realization that nanofilms prepared using MLCVD have unique, stable interfacial characteristics necessary to achieve a surface that can be tolerated in various biological environments.

The author presents alternating views based on NASA's recent discovery that a magnetic field burst from the earth triggers the inception of the aurora borealis. Detailing similarities between this phenomenon and the inception of the magneto luminous gas phase described in this book, the author proposes that proof of the one occurrence could shed light on the other. Expanding on the author's previous works, this book introduces new discoveries, highlights the newfound errors of previous assumptions, and juxtaposes many cutting-edge alternative views and anomalies associated with the field.

Polyatomic Ion Dissociative Recombination; D.R. Bates. Recent Developments and Perspectives in the Treatment of Dissociative Recombination and Related Processes; A. Guisti-Suzor, et al. Electron-Ion Continuum-Continuum Mixing in Dissociative Recombination; S.L. Guberman. Recent Merged Beam Investigations of Hydrogen Molecular Ion Recombination; J.B.A. Mitchell, et al. Recent Flowing Afterglow Measurements; B.R. Rowe. Recombination of Cluster Ions; R. Johnsen. Associative Ionization of Hydrogen; F. Brouillard, X. Urbain. Resonant Theory of Dissociative Attachment; I.I. Fabrikant. Dissociative Recombination in Planetary Ionospheres; J.L. Fox. Chemistry of Supernova 1987a; A. Dalgarno. Factoring Sequences of Dynamic Processes in a Single Collision; F.H. Mies. Dissociative Electron Attachment to TransitionMetal Hydrides; T.M. Miller, et al. Electron Impact Dissociative Excitation of Molecular Ions; A.E. Orel. 17 additional articles. Index.

The need in healthcare to detect biomolecular species such as proteins, oligonucleotides (DNA and RNA) and cells for diagnostics is driving the current development of physical techniques. The development is generally based on optical, electrochemical and mass spectrometric transduction to enable these measurements. These are now also being exploited in array formats, enabling the development of high throughput detection to inform systems biology and pathway medicine by giving new insights into biomolecular pathways and the identification of new target analytes. This is a highly topical and exciting area which opens up the real prospect of theranostics (the use of diagnostics in informing patient specific therapy), but for which development and optimisation of detection requires an understanding and control of the fundamental physical processes occurring both in sensing and in signal transduction and the comparatives merits of alternative detection strategies. For high throughput detection, bioinformatics (the processing and interpretation of vast amounts of data) also presents a real challenge. Faraday Discussion 149 is organised by the Faraday Division in association with the Analytical Division.

The aim of this title is to document the meeting exploring the key challenges in understanding the biological chemistry of metals. State of the art work using advanced physical and computational methods to probe the electronic structure and the reactivity at the active sites of metalloenzymes is discussed. These investigations are truly interdisciplinary and the development and application of physical methods and computational chemistry to biological problems require spectroscopists and theoretical chemists to collaborate with each other and with a wide range of other scientists, notably biochemists and coordination chemists. This is particularity true as spectroscopy and theory typically prove insight into slightly different aspects of reactivity. The book will provide substantial benefits to both experimentalists and theoreticians working in this filed.

Metal clusters, an intermediate state between molecules and the extended solid, show peculiar bonding and reactivity patterns. Their significance is critical to many areas, including air pollution, interstellar matter, clay minerals, photography, catalysis, quantum dots, and virus crystals. In Aromaticity and Metal Clusters, dozens of international experts explore not only the basic aspects of aromaticity, but also the structures, properties, reactivity, stability, and other consequences of the aromaticity of a variety of metal clusters. Although the concept of aromaticity has been known for nearly two centuries, there is no way to measure it experimentally and no theoretical formula to calculate it. In order to gain insight into its exact nature, the authors of this volume examine various indirect characteristics such as geometrical, electronic, magnetic, thermodynamic, and reactivity considerations. The book begins by discussing the evolution of aromaticity from benzene to atomic clusters. Next, more specialized chapters focus on areas of significant interest. Topics discussed include: * Computational studies on molecules with unusual aromaticity * Electronic shells and magnetism in small metal clusters * A density functional investigation on the structures, energetics, and properties of sodium clusters through electrostatic guidelines and molecular tailoring * The correlation between electron delocalization and ring currents in all metallic aromatic compounds * Phenomenological shell model and aromaticity in metal clusters * Rationalizing the aromaticity indexes used to describe the aromatic behavior of metal clusters * 5f orbital successive aromatic and antiaromatic zones in triangular uranium cluster chemistry This collection of diverse contributions, composed of the work of scientists worldwide, is destined to not only answer puzzling questions about the nature of aromaticity, but also to provoke further inquiry in the minds o

The self-contained properties of discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) render them powerful functional materials for many semiconducting device applications and models for energy and charge migration in self-organized dynamic functional soft materials. The past three decades have seen tremendous interest in this area, fueled primarily by the possibility of creating a new generation of organic semiconductors and wide viewing displays using DLCs. While a number of books on classical calamitic liquid crystals are available, there are, as yet, no books that are dedicated exclusively to the basic design principles, synthesis, and physical properties of DLCs. The first reference book to cover DLCs, Chemistry of Discotic Liquid Crystals: From Monomers to Polymers highlights the chemistry and thermal behavior of DLCs. Divided into six chapters, each with a general description, background, and context for the concepts involved, the book begins with a basic introduction to liquid crystals, describing molecular self-assembly and various types of liquid crystals. It outlines their classification, covers their history and general applications, and focuses on DLCs and their discovery, structure, characterization, and alignment. The book goes on to examine the chemistry and physical properties of various monomeric DLCs, including 25 sections describing the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of monomeric DLCs formed by different cores. The bulk of the book covers the chemistry and mesomorphism of discotic dimers, oligomers, and polymers and concludes with a look at some applicable properties of DLCs. A comprehensive and up-to-date resource, this book is designed to be accessible and of value not just for students and researchers but also to the directors and principal investigators working in this field, providing the foundation and fuel to advance this fast-growing technological field.

Self-assembly is a process in which a disordered system forms an organized structure without external direction. Examples include the formation of molecular crystals, lipid bilayers, and polymer brushes. This book reviews the fabrication and use of various self-assembled materials. In particular, the author pays special attention to self-assembled structures when in solution and in contact with surfaces, as such interactions can have a pronounced impact on their properties and applications. The text covers bulk solution and surfaces, assembled structures, colloid particles, polymer capsules, carbon nanotubes, as well as layer-by-layer assembly techniques.

Written for students taking the A-level examinations, this textbook covers essential topics under the University of Cambridge stipulated A-level chemistry syllabus. It is written in such a way as to guide the reader through the understanding and applications of essential chemical concepts by introducing a discourse feature - the asking and answering of questions - that stimulates coherent thinking and hence, elucidates ideas. Based on the Socratic Method, questions are implanted throughout the book to help facilitate the reader's development in forming logical conclusions of concepts. The book helps students to master fundamental chemical concepts in a simple way.Topics are explored through an explanatory and inquiry-based approach. They are interrelated and easy to understand, with succinct explanations/examples being included, especially on areas that students frequently find difficult. Topics address the whys and hows behind key concepts to be mastered, so that the concepts are made understandable and intuitive for students. The focus is on conceptual learning so as to equip students with knowledge for critical learning and problem solving.Existing A-levels textbooks and guidebooks generally introduce concepts in a matter-of-fact manner. This book adds a unique pedagogical edge which few can rival. Through their many years of teaching experiences, the authors have acquired a sound awareness of common students' misconceptions which are relayed through the questions and thus help to reinforce concepts learnt.

Ten years after the debut of the expansive CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions, The CRC Handbook of Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions updates and expands the world's first comprehensive source of this vital data. Author Christian Wohlfarth, a chemical thermodynamicist specializing in phase equilibria of polymer and copolymer solutions and a respected contributor to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, has gathered up-to-the-minute data from more than 500 newly published references. Fully committed to ensuring the reliability of the data, the author included only results with published or personally communicated numerical values. With volumetric, calormetric, and various phase equilibrium data on more than 450 copolymers and 130 solvents, this handbook furnishes: * 150 new vapor-liquid equilibrium datasets * 50 new tables containing classical Henry's coefficients * 250 new liquid-liquid equilibrium datasets * 350 new high-pressure fluid phase equilibrium * 70 new PVT-properties datasets * 40 new enthalpic datasets * Expanded second osmotic virial coefficients data table Carefully organized, clearly presented, and fully referenced, The Handbook of Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions will prove a cardinal contribution to the open literature and invaluable to anyone working with copolymers.

The aim of this meeting was to convene scientists from experimental and theoretical disciplines to discuss a number of highly topical and controversial issues related to wetting and dewetting at hydrophobic surfaces. The current interest in superhydrophobic surfaces has led to a conceptual widening of the term "hydrophobicity." Non-wetting of a surface may be achieved not only by minimising the surface free energy, but also via an appropriately tailored surface morphology. As a consequence, even low-energy liquids may dewet a surface and hydrophobicity becomes a more general "lyophobicity." Wetting dynamics at both smooth and structured surfaces is involved in a range of surface phenomena, including contact angle hysteresis, adhesion, surface forces, self-cleaning and the boundary conditions for fluid flow. This very active area of current research has major cross-disciplinary implications, and a number of theoretical, modelling and experimental results are in urgent need of clarification and resolution if we are to understand better the properties and behaviour of extended and structured hydrophobic and lyophobic surfaces. Physical chemists, biologists, materials scientists and nanotechnologists have benefited from attending this meeting, and its printed discussion.

This book is designed for a one-semester course, for undergraduates, not necessarily chemistry majors, who need to know something about physical chemistry. The emphasis is not on mathematical rigor, but subtleties and conceptual difficulties are not hidden. It covers the essential topics in physical chemistry, including the state of matter, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, phase and chemical equilibria, introduction to quantum theory, and molecular spectroscopy. Supplementary materials are available upon request for all instructors who adopt this book as a course text. Please send your request to [email protected].

LIG is a revolutionary technique that uses a common CO2 infrared laser scriber, like the one used in any machine shop, for the direct conversion of polymers into porous graphene under ambient conditions. This technique combines the preparation and patterning of 3D graphene in a single step, without the use of wet chemicals. The ease in the structural engineering and excellent mechanical properties of the 3D graphene obtained have made LIG a versatile technique for applications across many fields. This book compiles cutting-edge research on LIG by different research groups all over the world. It discusses the strategies that have been developed to synthesize and engineer graphene, including controlling its properties such as porosity, composition, and surface characteristics. The authors are pioneers in the discovery and development of LIG and the book will appeal to anyone involved in nanotechnology, chemistry, environmental sciences, and device development, especially those with an interest in the synthesis and applications of graphene-based materials.

The volume LB IV/15 Diffusion in Gases, Liquids, and Electrolytes is divided into three subvolumes. Part A: Gases in Gases, Liquids and their Mixtures; Part B: Liquids in Liquids and Liquid Mixtures; Part C: Ions and Electrolytes in Liquids, Electrolytes and Molten Salts. This Standard Reference Book contains selected and easily retrievable data from the fields of physics and chemistry collected by acknowledged international scientists.

In view of the rapid growth in both experimental and theoretical studies of multi-photon processes and multi-photon spectroscopy of atoms, ions, and molecules in chemistry, physics, biology and materials science, it is timely to publish an advanced series that contains review papers readable not only by active researchers in these areas, but also by those who are non-experts but who wish to enter the field. This present volume attempts to serve this purpose. Each chapter is written in a self-contained manner by experts in their own area of expertise so that general readers can grasp the knowledge in that area without too much preparation.

This text contains a collection of lectures presented at the NATO ASI on "Frontiers of Chemical Dynamics" in Kemer, Turkey. Even though these articles include and sometimes emphasize the latest developments in corresponding research fields, they all share a common denominator, namely, they are intended as lectures for students at various levels as well as scientists entering a new field. It can, therefore, be used as a supplementary textbook for graduate courses on chemical dynamics. The various aspects of dynamical problems are discussed by experimentalists, theoreticians and those who carry out "numerical experiments", although it is not always easy to distinguish between theory and experiment. Most of the topics discussed offer different approaches to the same problem which will give an overall picture.

This volume deals with chemical modification, structure-property relationship, biological interaction and biomedical applications of chitosan and its chemically modified derivatives. The chapters of this volume provide an overview of the structural comparison of chitosan with other sugar-based biopolymers, a different type of strategy used in chemical modification of chitosan to interact with metal ions and to enhance antimicrobial activity. The chapters further discuss the development of functionalized chitosan hydrogels, films, scaffolds and composites that have the potential to be used in food packaging, enhancing saltiness, biosensors and wound dressing. In addition the fabrication and biological properties of chitosan and its derivatives-based nanofibers are presented. Another important aspect covered in this volume is that of the interaction of chitosan with blood, platelet-rich plasma and stem cells. Finally, this volume presents the current challenges in the development of biomedical products based on chitosan and its derivatives. The volume will be of interest to chemists, material science, biological science and biomaterial scientists can able to understand structure-property relationship, biological interaction and biomedical applications of chitosan and its derivatives.