The Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series treats ion exchange and solvent extraction both as discrete topics and as a unified, multidisciplinary study - presenting new insights for researchers in many chemical and related fields.;Volume 12 contains coverage of: the nature of metal-ion interaction with oppositely charged sites of ion exchangers; high-pressure ion exchange separation of rare earth elements; the commercial recovery of valuable minerals from seawater and brines by ion exchange and sorption; the kinetics of ion exchange in heterogenous systems; the ion-exchange equilibria of amino acids; and more.;The work is intended for analytical, co-ordination, process, separation, surface, organic, inorganic, physical and environmental chemists, geochemists, electrochemists, radiochemists, biochemists, biophysicists, hydrometallurgists, membrane researchers and chemical engineers.

In his thesis Fluorescence in Bio-inspired Nanotechnology, Jonas Hannestad describes the evolving field of DNA nanotechnology in a lucid and easily accessible way. A central theme in the thesis is how biological structures and mechanisms constitute a basis for the design of novel technologies. Hannestad discusses how self-assembled, nanometer-scale DNA constructs can be functionalized using fluorescent labeling. In particular, he highlights how applications are based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Another important contribution is the development of a lipid monolayer platform for the step-by-step assembly of DNA nanoconstructs. The work in the thesis is based on five peer-reviewed papers published in high-profile journals, all of which involve major contributions from the author.

The periodic table is one of the most potent icons in science. It lies at the core of chemistry and embodies the most fundamental principles of the field. The one definitive text on the development of the periodic table by van Spronsen (1969), has been out of print for a considerable time. The present book provides a successor to van Spronsen, but goes further in giving an evaluation of the extent to which modern physics has, or has not, explained the periodic system. The book is written in a lively style to appeal to experts and interested lay-persons alike.
The Periodic Table begins with an overview of the importance of the periodic table and of the elements and it examines the manner in which the term 'element' has been interpreted by chemists and philosophers. The book then turns to a systematic account of the early developments that led to the classification of the elements including the work of Lavoisier, Boyle and Dalton and Cannizzaro. The precursors to the periodic system, like Dobereiner and Gmelin, are discussed. In chapter 3 the discovery of the periodic system by six independent scientists is examined in detail.
Two chapters are devoted to the discoveries of Mendeleev, the leading discoverer, including his predictions of new elements and his accommodation of already existing elements. Chapters 6 and 7 consider the impact of physics including the discoveries of radioactivity and isotopy and successive theories of the electron including Bohr's quantum theoretical approach. Chapter 8 discusses the response to the new physical theories by chemists such as Lewis and Bury who were able to draw on detailed chemical knowledge to correct some of the early electronicconfigurations published by Bohr and others.
Chapter 9 provides a critical analysis of the extent to which modern quantum mechanics is, or is not, able to explain the periodic system from first principles. Finally, chapter 10 considers the way that the elements evolved following the Big Bang and in the interior of stars. The book closes with an examination of further chemical aspects including lesser known trends within the periodic system such as the knight's move relationship and secondary periodicity, as well at attempts to explain such trends.

The primary objective of this volume, the first in a new series entitled Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, is to survey some effective approaches to understanding, describing and predicting ways in which solutes and solvents interact and the effects they have upon each other. The treatment of solute/solvent interactions that is presented emphasizes a synergism between theory and experiment. Data obtained experimentally are used as a basis for developing quantitative theoretical models that permit the correlation and interpretation of the data, and also provide a predictive capability. The latter being of course a key motivation for these efforts. Linear solvation energy relationships have been quite successful in this respect and accordingly receive considerable attention. Other effective approaches, including computational ones, are also being pursued, and are discussed in several chapters. This is an area that is continually evolving, and it is hoped that the present volume will convey a sense of its dynamic nature.

This introduction to the principles and application of electrochemistry is presented in a manner designed for undergraduates in chemistry and related fields. The author covers the essential aspects of the subject and points the way to further study, his concern being with the overall shape of electrochemistry, its coherence and its wider application. This edition differs from its predecessors in having principles and applications separated, and greater prominence is given to areas such as electrochemical sensors and electroanalytical techniques, of which a number of modern methods were not included in previous editions. A range of numerical problems and outline solutions is provided for each chapter to cover most situations that a student might encounter.

This work focuses on the environmental availability and effects, toxicological properties and numerous applications of cationic surfactants, detaling the modern analytical processes by which this important class of compounds may be studied. It discusses the types of microorganisms that are susceptible or refractory to the actions of cationic agents.

"This comprehensive guide illustrates the effects of dispersions in applications, the means necessary to achieve these effects with optical results, and how to overcome or avoid the difficulties encounteredemphasizing the dispersions of solid particles in liquid or solid media."

Electrochemical Polymer Electrolyte Membranes covers PEMs from fundamentals to applications, describing their structure, properties, characterization, synthesis, and use in electrochemical energy storage and solar energy conversion technologies. Featuring chapters authored by leading experts from academia and industry, this authoritative text: Discusses cutting-edge methodologies in PEM material selection and fabrication Points out important challenges in developing PEMs and recommends mitigation strategies to improve PEM performance Analyzes the current integration of PEMs with primary power devices and explores research trends for the next generation of PEMs Electrochemical Polymer Electrolyte Membranes provides a systematic overview of the state of the art of PEM development, making the book a beneficial resource for researchers, students, industrial professionals, and manufacturers.

From forensics and security to pharmaceuticals and environmental applications, spectroscopic detection is one of the most cost-effective methods for identifying chemical compounds in a wide range of disciplines. For spectroscopic information, correlation charts are far more easily used than tables, especially for scientists and students whose own areas of specialization may lie elsewhere. The CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts provides a collection of spectroscopic information and unique correlation charts for use in the interpretation of spectroscopic measurements. The handbook presents useful analysis and assignment of spectra and structural elucidation of organic and organometallic molecules. The correlation charts are compiled from an extensive search of spectroscopic literature and contain current, detailed information that includes new results for many compounds. The handbook includes graphical data charts for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the most useful nuclei, as well as infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Because mass spectrometry data is not best represented graphically, the data are presented in tabular form, where mass spectrometry can be used for analyses and structural determinations in tandem with other techniques. In addition to presenting absorption bands and intensities for a variety of important functional groups and chemical families, the book also discusses instrument calibration, diagnostics, common solvents, fragmentation patterns, several practical conversion tables, and laboratory safety. Not intended to replace reference works that provide exhaustive spectral charts on specific compound classes, this book fills the need for fundamental charts that are needed on a general, day-to-day basis. The CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts is an ideal laboratory companion for students and professionals in academic, industrial, and government labs.

Surface chemistry plays an important role in everyday life, as the basis for many phenomena as well as technological applications. Common examples range from soap bubbles, foam, and raindrops to cosmetics, paint, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals. Additional areas that rely on surface chemistry include modern nanotechnology, medical diagnostics, and drug delivery. There is extensive literature on this subject, but most chemistry books only devote one or two chapters to it. Surface Chemistry Essentials fills a need for a reference that brings together the fundamental aspects of surface chemistry with up-to-date references and data from real-world examples.This book enables readers to better understand many natural phenomena and industrial processes. Mathematical treatment is mainly given as references to make the material accessible to individuals with a broader range of scientific backgrounds. The book begins by introducing basic considerations with respect to liquid and solid surfaces and describes forces in curved versus flat liquid surfaces. Chapters cover properties of surface active substances, such as surfactants and soaps; lipid films and Langmuir-Blodgett films; and adsorption and desorption on solid surfaces. The author discusses processes involved in liquidsolid interface phenomena, which are utilized in washing, coatings, lubrication, and more, and colloid chemistry systems and related industrial applications such as wastewater treatment. The author also addresses bubbles, films, and foams and the principles of oil water emulsion science, used in detergents, paints, and skin creams. The final chapter considers more complex applications, for example, food emulsions, scanning probe miscroscopy, the cement industry, and gas and oil recovery.

Molecular modeling is becoming an increasingly important part of chemical research and education as computers become faster and programs become easier to use. The results, however, have not become easier to understand. Addressing the need for a "workshop-oriented" book, Molecular Modeling Basics provides the fundamental theory needed to understand not only what molecular modeling programs do, but also the gist of research papers that describe molecular modeling results. Written in a succinct manner using informal language, the book presents concise coverage of key concepts suitable for novices to the field. It begins by examining the potential energy surface (PES), which provides the connection between experimental data and molecular modeling. It explores ways to calculate energy by molecular and quantum mechanics. It describes molecular properties and the condensed phase, and shows how to extract and interpret information from a program output. The author uses hands-on exercises to illustrate concepts and he supplements the text with a blog containing animated tutorials and interactive figures. Drawn from the author's own lecture notes from a class he taught for many years at the University of Iowa, this volume introduces topics in such a way that beginners can clearly comprehend molecular modeling results. A perfect supplement to a molecular modeling textbook, the book offers students the "hands-on" practice they need to grasp sophisticated concepts. In addition to his blog, the author maintains a website describing his research and one detailing his seminars.

This book introduces combustion related topics, including chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, deflagrations, detonations in premixed media, diffusion flames, ignition, and flame stabilization, to undergraduate students in mechanical, aerospace, chemical, and civil engineering.

Colloids show great potential in a wide variety of applications, including drug delivery and medical imaging, and the design and fabrication of colloid systems has attracted considerable interest in the research community. Colloids in Biotechnology describes developments in the field of biotechnological applications in the past decade and bridges the gap between these research efforts and commercially viable options. Highlights the role of colloids in a plethora of biotechnical applications Striking a balance between theory and experiment, between principles and applications, and between molecular and physical approaches to the subject, the book assembles contributions from an international community of colloid scientists to provide a comprehensive reference on the role of colloids in biotechnology and biomedicine. The authors discuss new types of biosurfactants; mixtures of surfactants; and peptides, proteins, and polyelectrolytes. They also describe the formation and properties of magnetic colloids and review their applications in chemical biology and medicine. They highlight current progress in the design of self-assembled materials for biotechnology, and they also cover the formation of nanofibres and the use of sol-gel technology in biology. Contains contributions from a diverse team of researchers The chapter authors have been given the freedom to present the spectrum of the relevant science, from pure to applied, in their particular topic. The compilation of this vast experience makes this text a valuable reference for those working in research and development in a range of technologies as well as academic scientists in the colloid and surface science field.

Polyamic Acids and Polyimides surveys significant developments in basic research in the chemistry and physics of polyamic acids and polyimides over the last several years. Traditional and new topics are discussed, including catalytical imidization, chemical reactions at thermal treatment, quantum-chemical study of synthesis and structure, properties of isolated molecules, and supermolecular and crystalline structures. The book will be an excellent reference for researchers, practitioners, and graduate students working with polyimides and related heat-resistant polymers and materials.

The Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series treats ion exchange and solvent extraction both as discrete topics and as a unified, multidisciplinary study - presenting new insights for researchers in many chemical and related field. Containing current knowledge and results in ion exchange, this text: presents an overview of the chemical thermodynamics of cation-exchange reactions, with particular emphasis placed on liquid-phase- and solid-phase-activity coefficient models; describes the development of surface complexation theory and its application to the ion exchange phenomenon; discusses metal-natural colloid surface reactions and their consideration by surface complexation modelling complements; and covers the influence of humic substances on the uptake of metal ions by naturally occurring materials.

Striking a balance between basic chemistry and chemical engineering, this up-to-date reference discusses important aspects of acetic acid and its major derivatives, including chemistry, methods of preparation and manufacture, and synthesis, as well as current and emerging downstream technologies.;The book provides comprehensive physical property data for compounds and their separation, including acetic acid-water separation. Describing five categories of techniques for the manufacture of acetic acid, it: examines thermophysical properties and aqueous solutions, with detailed explanations of mathematical models and correlations; supplies a critical analysis of property; outlines manufacturing costs and related economic factors; reviews the applications of acetic acid and derivatives; covers the chemistry and preparation of the derivatives; elucidates recent topics such as deicers, esters and new esterification technologies.

The execution of detailed studies on the fate and levels of hazardous elements in the environment, foodstuffs and in human beings has become a major task in environmental research and especially in analytical chemistry. This has led to a demand to develop new methodology and optimize that already in use.

The book offers the reader a general introduction to the problem areas that are currently being tackled, followed by chapters on sampling and sample preservation, strategies and applications of the archiving of selected representative specimens for long-term storage in environmental specimen banks. This is supplemented by the example of wine as a preserved - frequently, already historical - specimen which clearly reflects technological changes over time. The following chapters review sample treatment, present an overview on the most frequently and successfully applied trace analytical methods for metals and metal compounds, and introduce the increasingly important methods for identifying and quantifying metal species in sediments and soils (speciation).

The chapters in the second part of the book provide data on analytical methods for determining the levels of toxicologically, ecotoxicologically and ecologically important elements in environmental and biological materials, including information on the separation and quantification of chemical and organomatallic species. The elements treated are aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium. The final chapter treats quality assurance and the importance of the continuous use of appropriate reference materials to avoid erroneous results.

New Edition! Completely Revised and Updated
Chemical Graph Theory, 2nd Edition is a completely revised and updated edition of a highly regarded book that has been widely used since its publication in 1983. This unique book offers a basic introduction to the handling of molecular graphs - mathematical diagrams representing molecular structures. Using mathematics well within the vocabulary of most chemists, this volume elucidates the structural aspects of chemical graph theory: (1) the relationship between chemical and graph-theoretical terminology, elements of graph theory, and graph-theoretical matrices; (2) the topological aspects of the Hückel theory, resonance theory, and theories of aromaticity; and (3) the applications of chemical graph theory to structure-property and structure-activity relationships and to isomer enumeration. An extensive bibliography covering the most relevant advances in theory and applications is one of the book's most valuable features. This volume is intended to introduce the entire chemistry community to the applications of graph theory and will be of particular interest to theoretical organic and inorganic chemists, physical scientists, computational chemists, and those already involved in mathematical chemistry.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is now a well-established technique for the determination of trace elements covering a wide range of analyte types. The early theory and instrumentation chapters incorporate recent trends in instrumental design and methodology, in particular those associated with electrothermal techniques and background correction. The major thrust of the book is represented by 14 application chapters which give an extensive well referenced review of the practical use of the technique written by experts drawn from their own speciality areas. These include the determination of trace elements in areas as diverse as environmental, chemical and industrial analysis.

Whilst the book is primarily concerned with atomic absorption spectroscopy, any analyst involved in sample handling prior to trace elemental analysis will find this book a valuable compendium of methodology drawn from a very wide range of applications. For the current user of the technique the well referenced sections critically evaluate the state-of-the-art, while for the newer user the text will form the basis of a good laboratory handbook which offers a comprehensive instruction on the theory and instrumental design in atomic absorption spectroscopy.

This book provides a quantitative assessment of the advances in the area of catalysis and kinetics in microheterogeneous systems. It is an invaluable resource for chemists interested in catalysis and reaction kinetics, and physicists interested in semiconductors, metal clusters and catalysis.

This volume sets out the fundamental physical chemical concepts behind interface and colloid science. Starting from elementary principles, including those of classical thermodynamics and intermolecular interaction, it gradually progresses to more advanced topics such as partition functions and stochastic processes.
Relevant mathematical techniques are explained in appendices. All that is required of the reader is a basic knowledge of physical chemistry, and research workers and graduates interested in colloid and interface science will welcome the wide ranging knowledge presented by the author and a team of experts. The discussions of many applications make the book of particular interest to those involved in practical research.
Key Features
* Provides a general physical chemical background to interface and colloid science
* Explains and elaborates phenomena starting from basic principles and progresses to more advanced topics
* includes classical thermodynamics and the description of intermolecular interactions, partition functions, stochastic processes and dynamic light scattering
* Required mathematical techniques are described in appendices

A description of catalytic systems commonly used as model systems in the laboratory and as industrial catalysts in large-scale operations, and a discussion of the mechanisms operating in these reactions. Attempts to describe the elementary steps by quantum chemical methods are also shown, as are rec

A comprehensive treatment of a large family of polymers useful in a wide range of applications in such fields as automotive, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, metal-working, mining, industrial coating, textile, construction, and home furnishings. Summarizes the chemistry and mechanisms; provides basic prepa

The main objective of the book is to highlight the modeling of magnetic particles with different shapes and magnetic properties, to provide graduate students and young researchers information on the theoretical aspects and actual techniques for the treatment of magnetic particles in particle-based simulations. In simulation, we focus on the Monte Carlo, molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics, lattice Boltzmann and stochastic rotation dynamics (multi-particle collision dynamics) methods. The latter two simulation methods can simulate both the particle motion and the ambient flow field simultaneously. In general, specialized knowledge can only be obtained in an effective manner under the supervision of an expert. The present book is written to play such a role for readers who wish to develop the skill of modeling magnetic particles and develop a computer simulation program using their own ability. This book is therefore a self-learning book for graduate students and young researchers. Armed with this knowledge, readers are expected to be able to sufficiently enhance their skill for tackling any challenging problems they may encounter in future.

This book examines both the potential application of electronic nose technology, and the current state of development of chemical sensors for the detection of vapours from explosives, such as those used in landmines. The two fields have developed, somewhat in parallel, over the past decade and so one of the purposes of this workshop, on which the book is based, was to bring together scientists from the two fields in order to challenge the two communities and, mutually, stimulate both fields.

It begins with a review of the basic principles of an electronic nose and explores possible ways in which the detection limit of conventional electronic nose technology can be reduced to the level required for the trace levels observed for many explosive materials. Next are reviews of the use of several different types of solid-state chemical sensors: polymer-based sensors, i.e. chemiluminescent, fluorescent and optical, to detect explosive materials; metal oxide semiconducting resistive sensors; and then electrochemical sensors. Next, different pattern recognition techniques are presented to enhance the performance of chemical sensors. Then biological systems are considered as a possible blue-print for chemical sensing. The biology can be employed either to understand the way insects locate odorant sources, or to understand the signal processing neural pathways. Next is a discussion of some of the new types of electronic noses; namely, a fast GC column with a SAW detector and a micromechanical sensor. Finally, the important issues of sampling technologies and the design of the microfluidic systems are considered. In particular, the use of pre-concentrators and solid phase micro extractors to boost the vapour concentration before it is introduced to the chemical sensor or electronic nose.