The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students.

This book presents photoelectron spectroscopy as a valuable method for studying the electronic structures of various solid materials in the bulk state, on surfaces, and at buried interfaces. This second edition introduces the advanced technique of high-resolution and high-efficiency spin- and momentum-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using a novel momentum microscope, enabling high-precision measurements down to a length scale of some tens of nanometers. The book also deals with fundamental concepts and approaches to applying this and other complementary techniques, such as inverse photoemission, photoelectron diffraction, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, as well as photon spectroscopy based on (soft) x-ray absorption and resonance inelastic (soft) x-ray scattering. This book is the ideal tool to expand readers' understanding of this marvelously versatile experimental method, as well as the electronic structures of metals and insulators.

This book focuses on the essential scientific ideas and breakthroughs in the last three decades for organic solar cells that have realized practical applications. The motivation for publishing this book is to explain how those essential ideas have arisen and to provide a foundation for future progress by target readers-students, novices in the field, and scientists with expertise. The main topics covered in the book include the fundamental principles and history of organic solar cells, blended junction, nanostructure control, photocurrent generation, photovoltage generation, doping, practical organic solar cells, and possible ideas for the future. The editors enthusiastically anticipate the vigorous development of the field of organic solar cells by young scientists of the next generation.

This book shows the availability and potential of the coupled acoustic-gravitational (CAG) field for trace-level biosensing. The proposed detection scheme also allows the evaluation of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction occurring on a single microparticle (MP). This method has wide applicability in important fields, involving not only chemistry but also life, environmental, and medical sciences. The author proposes novel trace-level biosensing based on measurements of the levitation coordinate shift of an MP in the CAG field. The levitation coordinate of the MP in the CAG field is determined by its density and compressibility. The levitation coordinate shift is induced by the binding of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to the MP through interparticle reactions. Therefore, the quantity of molecules involved in the reaction can be determined from the levitation coordinate shift. The author demonstrates the zmol level detection for biotin, DNA/RNA, and organic molecules. In addition, the kinetics and thermodynamics are evaluated for various reactions occurring between the MP and AuNP, such as the avidin-biotin reaction, direct hybridization, sandwich hybridization, and aptamer-target complexation. This book provides a new concept based on the CAG field, in which the extent of a reaction is converted into the levitation coordinate shift, that is, "length." The proposed method has many advantages over other methods, e.g., high biocompatibility, high applicability, and short analysis time. In addition, because the apparatus used in this study is inexpensive and easy to miniaturize, this method is useful in important practical fields, such as forensic and environmental science and diagnosis. Thus, this book inspires many researchers to apply the present method to their own fields of interest.

Thoroughly revised and reorganized, the second edition of Interfacial Forcesin Aqueous Media examines the role of polar interfacial and noncovalent interactions among biological and nonbiological macromolecules as well as biopolymers, particles, surfaces, cells, and both polar and apolar polymers. The book encompasses Lifshitz-van der Waals and electrical double layer interactions, as well as Lewis acid-base interactions between colloidal entities in polar liquids such as water. New in this Edition: Four previously unpublished chapters comprising a new section on interfacial properties and structure of liquid water New material throughout the text on the interplay between macroscopic-scale repulsions and microscopic-scale attractions in protein adsorption A new chapter covering interfacial tension determination A new chapter examining the kinetics and energetics of protein adsorption onto metal oxide surfaces Dr. van Oss describes the nature of the various manifestations of hydrophobic interactions as well as of hydration pressure and analyzes the measurement of the contact angles that result when liquid droplets are deposited on flat solids. He also covers coacervation and complex coacervation, discusses the determination methods of electrokinetic potentials, and treats some of the lesser-known properties of water, such as cluster formation and the hydrophobicity of the water-air interface. Principally involved in multiple applications of colloids and interface science for more than 50 years, Carel Jan van Oss is Editor Emeritus of Immunological Investigations and Founding Editor of Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology and of Separation and Purification Reviews. He is an editorial advisor for the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. In addition to these Taylor & Francis journals, Dr. van Oss is the author, coauthor, or editor of eleven books, including Colloid & Surface Properties of Clays and Related Minerals (2002), and over 350 scientific papers and chapters.

The field of isotope effects has expanded exponentially in the last decade, and researchers are finding isotopes increasingly useful in their studies. Bringing literature on the subject up to date, Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology covers current principles, methods, and a broad range of applications of isotope effects in the physical, biological, and environmental sciences. The authors first explain how kinetic, equilibrium, and anharmonic isotope effects are used to measure the ratio of reaction rates, the ratio between isotopes in thermodynamic equilibrium, and the geometric changes between molecules. The volume describes basic theories, including gas phase, simple condensed phase, small molecule studies, and applications of the Bigeleisen-Mayer theory before covering how isotopes affect molecular geometries, chemical bond breaking, formation and chemical dynamics, and hydrogen transfer. It explores novel, mass-independent isotope effects and problems encountered in hydrogen transfer, tunneling, and exchange. Authors also discuss isotope effects in organic and organometallic reactions and complex enzyme reactions and a unique chapter explores water isotope effects under pressure. Written by internationally recognized researchers from 13 countries, some chapters summarize the perspective of a well-established subject while others review recent findings and on-going research that occasionally present controversial viewpoints using clear scientific arguments and discussion presented by all relevant authors. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology brings together a wide scope of different perspectives and practical developments and applications into a comprehensive reference ofisotope effects that reflect the most current state of the art.

Liquid crystals allow us to perform experiments that provide insight into fundamental problems of modern physics, such as phase transitions, frustration, elasticity, hydrodynamics, defects, growth phenomena, and optics. Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments is a result of personal research and of the graduate lectures given by the authors at the Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and the University of Paris VII, respectively. The book examines lamellar (smectic) and columnar liquid crystals, which, in addition to orientational order, possess 1D, 2D or 3D positional order. This volume illustrates original physical concepts using methodically numerous experiments, theoretical developments, and diagrams. Topics include rheology and plasticity, ferroelectricity, analogies with superconductors, hexatic order and 2D-melting, equilibrium shapes, facetting, and the Mullins-Sekerka instability, as well as phase transitions in free films and membrane vibrations. Nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals are covered by the authors in a separate volume entitled Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments. Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals is an ideal introduction and a valuable source of reference for theoretical and experimental studies of advanced students and researchers in liquid crystals, condensed matter physics, and materials science.

The Solutions Manual to accompany Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences 2e contains fully-worked solutions to all end-of-chapter discussion questions and exercises featured in the book. The manual provides helpful comments and friendly advice to aid understanding. It is also a valuable resource for any lecturer who wishes to use the extensive selection of exercises featured in the text to support either formative or summative assessment, and wants labour-saving, ready access to the full solutions to these questions.

This book provides details of the basic frameworks and characteristics of processes occurring in electronically excited states of small molecules, complexes, and clusters. It discusses the perturbations in electronically excited valence states of molecules induced by intramolecular interaction and intermolecular interactions, which occur in collisions and optically populated, weakly bound complexes. Further, it describes the kinetics and mechanisms of photoprocesses in simple molecules and recombination accompanied by radiation. The book also offers information on general kinetics for gas-phase processes and basic theoretical frameworks for elementary processes. It features many useful problems, making it a valuable resource for students and researchers in molecular spectroscopy/molecular physics and chemical physics/physical chemistry.

The book summarizes recent international research and experimental developments regarding fatigue crack growth investigations of rubber materials. It shows the progress in fundamental as well as advanced research of fracture investigation of rubber material under fatigue loading conditions, especially from the experimental point of view. However, some chapters will describe the progress in numerical modeling and physical description of fracture mechanics and cavitation phenomena in rubbers. Initiation and propagation of cracks in rubber materials are dominant phenomena which determine the lifetime of these soft rubber materials and, as a consequence, the lifetime of the corresponding final rubber parts in various fields of application. Recently, these phenomena became of great scientific interest due to the development of new experimental methods, concepts and models. Furthermore, crack phenomena have an extraordinary impact on rubber wear and abrasion of automotive tires; and understanding of crack initiation and growth in rubbers will help to support the growthing number of activities and worldwide efforts of reduction of tire wear losses and abrasion based emissions.

This book provides a collection of contributed chapters, delivering a comprehensive overview of topics related to the synthesis and crystal growth of nitride compounds under supercritical ammonia conditions. Focusing on key chemical and technological aspects of ammonothermal synthesis and growth of functional nitride compounds, the book also describes many innovative techniques for in-situ observation and presents new data fundamental for materials synthesis under ammonothermal conditions. With its detailed coverage of many thermodynamic and kinetics aspects, which are necessary for understanding and controlling crystal growth, this contributed volume is the ideal companion to materials chemists and engineers at any point in their journey in this rich and exciting field.

This fully updated edition provides a broad approach to the surface analysis of polymers being of high technological interest. Modern analytical techniques, potential applications and recent advances in instrumental apparatus are discussed. The self-consistent chapters are devoted to spectroscopic and microscopic techniques which represent powerful tools for the characterization of morphology and chemical, physical, mechanical properties of polymer surfaces, interfaces, and thin fi lms. Selection of techniques which can properly address very shallow depth of surfaces, spanning from few angstroms to tens of nanometers Interaction of polymer surfaces with their surroundings is pointed out as a critical issue for specifi c applications

Modern applications of nuclear chemistry concern various scientific disciplines. This new edition of Volume 2 Nuclear- and Radiochemistry: Modern Applications summarizes recent knowledge on radiation measurement and dosimetry, highsensitive, high-selective, and non-destructive analytical technologies, environmental aspects and nuclear dating, state-of-the-art research on actinides and radioelements, nuclear energy, and molecular diagnosis and patient treatment for nuclear medicine. Individual topics are presented by leading experts. This 2nd edition has updated literature references and includes new material throughout. The reader is also referred to the new edition of Volume 1 Nuclear- and Radiochemistry: Introduction.

Nuclear chemistry represents a vital fi eld of basic and applied research. This Volume 1 Nuclear- and Radiochemistry: Introduction describes the relevant parameters of stable and unstable atomic nuclei, the various modes of radioactive transformations, the corresponding types of radiation, and fi nally the mechanisms of nuclear reactions. The 2nd edition has updated the chapters throughout with additional material. The reader is also referred to the new edition of Volume 2 Nuclear- and Radiochemistry: Modern Applications.

Nanostructures refer to materials that have relevant dimensions on the nanometer length scales and reside in the mesoscopic regime between isolated atoms and molecules in bulk matter. These materials have unique physical properties that are distinctly different from bulk materials. Self-Assembled Nanostructures provides systematic coverage of basic nanomaterials science including materials assembly and synthesis, characterization, and application. Suitable for both beginners and experts, it balances the chemistry aspects of nanomaterials with physical principles. It also highlights nanomaterial-based architectures including assembled or self-assembled systems. Filled with in-depth discussion of important applications of nano-architectures as well as potential applications ranging from physical to chemical and biological systems, Self-Assembled Nanostructures is the essential reference or text for scientists involved with nanostructures.

An immense amount of physical chemistry information is packed into two sides of A4 in this consise summary of quantities, units and symbols.

Knowledge of the dynamics of many-electron systems is of fundamental importance to all disciplines of condensed matter physics. A very effective access to electron dynamics is offered by inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) spectroscopy. The double differential scattering cross section for IXS is directly related to the time-dependent two-particle density correlation function, and, for large momentum and energy transfer (Compton limit) to the electron momentum distribution. Moreover, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) enables the study of electron dynamics via electronic excitations in a very selective manner (e.g. selectively spin, crystal momentum, or symmetry), so that other methods are efficaciously complemented. The progress of IXS spectroscopy is intimately related to the growing range of applications of synchrotron radiation. The aim of the book is to provide the growing community of researchers with accounts of experimental methods, instrumentation, and data analysis of IXS, with representative examples of successful applications, and with the theoretical framework for interpretations of the measurements.

The first-ever book summarizing up-to-date available information on the atomic structures of ultrathin silica films Highlights the critical role of the interplay between experiment and theory Discusses a field that is related both to material sciences and surface chemistry disciplines Addresses advanced researchers as well as beginners

Extensively revised and expanded, this timely reference discusses the synthesis, properties, and potential applications of popular and emerging surfactant compounds and systems. This reference reflects current research trends in green surfactants, the production of surfactants using biotechnological methods, and surfactants based on natural building blocks. Offering nearly 2000 valuable references, the Second Edition contains five new chapters analyzing aspects of natural surfactants, and examines surfactants produced by microorganisms, surfactant types based on sugar as hydrophilic building block, and surfactant classes based on fatty acids as hydrophobic building block.

Synthesis and application of nanoparticles have been often reported by researchers in material science, chemistry and physics. While nanoparticles themselves are well known to exhibit fascinating characteristics. interest in their improvement and promotion is now turning to the hybridization of organic and/or inorganic nano-materials. Although nano-level hybridization is an outstandingly novel and original technique, it encounters many difficulties to achieving the desired industrial application. To thoroughly review the research in this field, this book focuses on the synthesis, characterization and process of nano-hybrid materials, including nanoparticles and ultra-thin films.

It elucidates the fundamental aspects of nano-hybrid materials in the synthesis procedure, characterization, and processes with selected examples, from both the basic science and the engineering appications points of view. In fact, this is the first comprehensive compilation of new advances that covers the current status and topics of new synthetic information of nano-hybrid materials composed of organic and/or inorganic materials at the nano-meter level, in one volume. As such, the book provides a unique source of information and guidance for specialists and non-specialists alike.

In response to intensifying interest on surfactant research brought on by recent innovation, Structure-Performance Relationships in Surfactants, Second Edition examines novel developments in our understanding of the properties and performance of surfactants at air-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid interfaces, highlighting seven new chapters and carefully updated material to reflect current trends. This edition presents new material on the adsorption of vesicle-forming surfactants at the air-water interface, fluorinated surfactants having two hydrophobic chains, surface-active properties of telomer-type surfactants having several hydrocarbon chains, and the association behavior of amphiphilic dendritic polymers, among many other topics.

This new edition features research from nearly 60 of the profession's most distinguished international authorities. Recognizing emerging developments in biopolymer systems research with fully updated and expanded chapters, the second edition discusses the biopolymer-based multilayer structures and their application in biosensors, the progress made in the understanding of protein behaviour at the air-water interface, experimental findings in ellipsometry and reflectometry, and recent developments concerning protein interfacial behaviour in microfabricated total analysis systems and microarrays. With over 3000 references, this is an essential reference for professionals and students in surface, pharmaceutical, colloid, polymer, and medicinal chemistry; chemical, formulation, and application engineering; and pharmacy.

EPR spectroscopy is a versatile, nondestructive technique widely used in chemistry, biology, and physics. It detects molecules and materials with unpaired electrons making it a very selective technique that produces a wealth of information on such systems. Its high sensitivity makes it suitable in analyzing very small samples, single crystals, or reaction intermediates like radicals. This textbook takes a practical approach that introduces the basic concepts of EPR to suffi cient detail to allow the reader to gain a basic knowledge of EPR and understand how experiments are carried out and how spectra are analyzed and interpreted. Many illustrative examples are included drawn from solid-state physics and bioinorganic chemistry. It is suitable as a short introduction for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students taking their fi rst steps into EPR research.