In the past ten years, there has been much progress in understanding the global dynamics of systems with several degrees-of-freedom. An important tool in these studies has been the theory of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds and foliations of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds. In recent years these techniques have been used for the development of global perturbation methods, the study of resonance phenomena in coupled oscillators, geometric singular perturbation theory, and the study of bursting phenomena in biological oscillators. "Invariant manifold theorems" have become standard tools for applied mathematicians, physicists, engineers, and virtually anyone working on nonlinear problems from a geometric viewpoint. In this book, the author gives a self-contained development of these ideas as well as proofs of the main theorems along the lines of the seminal works of Fenichel. In general, the Fenichel theory is very valuable for many applications, but it is not easy for people to get into from existing literature. This book provides an excellent avenue to that. Wiggins also describes a variety of settings where these techniques can be used in applications.

Featuring a blend of original research papers and comprehensive surveys from an international team of leading researchers in the thriving fields of foliation theory, holomorphic foliations, and birational geometry, this book presents the proceedings of the conference "Foliation Theory in Algebraic Geometry," hosted by the Simons Foundation in New York City in September 2013. Topics covered include: Fano and del Pezzo foliations; the cone theorem and rank one foliations; the structure of symmetric differentials on a smooth complex surface and a local structure theorem for closed symmetric differentials of rank two; an overview of lifting symmetric differentials from varieties with canonical singularities and the applications to the classification of AT bundles on singular varieties; an overview of the powerful theory of the variety of minimal rational tangents introduced by Hwang and Mok; recent examples of varieties which are hyperbolic and yet the Green-Griffiths locus is the whole of X; and a classification of psuedoeffective codimension one distributions. Foliations play a fundamental role in algebraic geometry, for example in the proof of abundance for threefolds and to a solution of the Green-Griffiths conjecture for surfaces of general type with positive Segre class. The purpose of this volume is to foster communication and enable interactions between experts who work on holomorphic foliations and birational geometry, and to bring together leading researchers to demonstrate the powerful connection of ideas, methods, and goals shared by these two areas of study.

This book offers a comprehensive and accessible exposition of Euclidean Distance Matrices (EDMs) and rigidity theory of bar-and-joint frameworks. It is based on the one-to-one correspondence between EDMs and projected Gram matrices. Accordingly the machinery of semidefinite programming is a common thread that runs throughout the book. As a result, two parallel approaches to rigidity theory are presented. The first is traditional and more intuitive approach that is based on a vector representation of point configuration. The second is based on a Gram matrix representation of point configuration. Euclidean Distance Matrices and Their Applications in Rigidity Theory begins by establishing the necessary background needed for the rest of the book. The focus of Chapter 1 is on pertinent results from matrix theory, graph theory and convexity theory, while Chapter 2 is devoted to positive semidefinite (PSD) matrices due to the key role these matrices play in our approach. Chapters 3 to 7 provide detailed studies of EDMs, and in particular their various characterizations, classes, eigenvalues and geometry. Chapter 8 serves as a transitional chapter between EDMs and rigidity theory. Chapters 9 and 10 cover local and universal rigidities of bar-and-joint frameworks. This book is self-contained and should be accessible to a wide audience including students and researchers in statistics, operations research, computational biochemistry, engineering, computer science and mathematics.

In recent years, extensive research has been conducted by eminent mathematicians and engineers whose results and proposed problems are presented in this new volume. It is addressed to graduate students, research mathematicians, physicists, and engineers. Individual contributions are devoted to topics of approximation theory, functional equations and inequalities, fixed point theory, numerical analysis, theory of wavelets, convex analysis, topology, operator theory, differential operators, fractional integral operators, integro-differential equations, ternary algebras, super and hyper relators, variational analysis, discrete mathematics, cryptography, and a variety of applications in interdisciplinary topics. Several of these domains have a strong connection with both theories and problems of linear and nonlinear optimization. The combination of results from various domains provides the reader with a solid, state-of-the-art interdisciplinary reference to theory and problems. Some of the works provide guidelines for further research and proposals for new directions and open problems with relevant discussions.

Presented in this monograph is the current state-of-the-art in the theory of convex structures. The notion of convexity covered here is considerably broader than the classic one; specifically, it is not restricted to the context of vector spaces. Classical concepts of order-convex sets (Birkhoff) and of geodesically convex sets (Menger) are directly inspired by intuition; they go back to the first half of this century. An axiomatic approach started to develop in the early Fifties. The author became attracted to it in the mid-Seventies, resulting in the present volume, in which graphs appear side-by-side with Banach spaces, classical geometry with matroids, and ordered sets with metric spaces. A wide variety of results has been included (ranging for instance from the area of partition calculus to that of continuous selection). The tools involved are borrowed from areas ranging from discrete mathematics to infinite-dimensional topology.

Although addressed primarily to the researcher, parts of this monograph can be used as a basis for a well-balanced, one-semester graduate course.

This book provides advanced undergraduate physics and mathematics students with an accessible yet detailed understanding of the fundamentals of differential geometry and symmetries in classical physics. Readers, working through the book, will obtain a thorough understanding of symmetry principles and their application in mechanics, field theory, and general relativity, and in addition acquire the necessary calculational skills to tackle more sophisticated questions in theoretical physics. Most of the topics covered in this book have previously only been scattered across many different sources of literature, therefore this is the first book to coherently present this treatment of topics in one comprehensive volume. Key features: Contains a modern, streamlined presentation of classical topics, which are normally taught separately Includes several advanced topics, such as the Belinfante energy-momentum tensor, the Weyl-Schouten theorem, the derivation of Noether currents for diffeomorphisms, and the definition of conserved integrals in general relativity Focuses on the clear presentation of the mathematical notions and calculational technique

Fixed Point Results in W-Distance Spaces is a self-contained and comprehensive reference for advanced fixed-point theory and can serve as a useful guide for related research. The book can be used as a teaching resource for advanced courses on fixed-point theory, which is a modern and important field in mathematics. It would be especially valuable for graduate and postgraduate courses and seminars. Features Written in a concise and fluent style, covers a broad range of topics and includes related topics from research. Suitable for researchers and postgraduates. Contains brand new results not published elsewhere.

This proceedings volume gathers selected, peer-reviewed works presented at the Polynomial Rings and Affine Algebraic Geometry Conference, which was held at Tokyo Metropolitan University on February 12-16, 2018. Readers will find some of the latest research conducted by an international group of experts on affine and projective algebraic geometry. The topics covered include group actions and linearization, automorphism groups and their structure as infinite-dimensional varieties, invariant theory, the Cancellation Problem, the Embedding Problem, Mathieu spaces and the Jacobian Conjecture, the Dolgachev-Weisfeiler Conjecture, classification of curves and surfaces, real forms of complex varieties, and questions of rationality, unirationality, and birationality. These papers will be of interest to all researchers and graduate students working in the fields of affine and projective algebraic geometry, as well as on certain aspects of commutative algebra, Lie theory, symplectic geometry and Stein manifolds.

This book is an introduction to a functorial model theory based on infinitary language categories. The author introduces the properties and foundation of these categories before developing a model theory for functors starting with a countable fragment of an infinitary language. He also presents a new technique for generating generic models with categories by inventing infinite language categories and functorial model theory. In addition, the book covers string models, limit models, and functorial models.

This book introduces plane curves on time scales. They are deducted the Frenet equations for plane and space curves. In the book is presented the basic theory of surfaces on time scales. They are defined tangent plane, \sigma_1 and \sigma_2 tangent planes, normal, \sigma_1 and \sigma_2 normals to a surface. They are introduced differentiable maps and differentials on surface. This book provides the first and second fundamental forms of surfaces on time scales. They are introduced minimal surfaces and geodesics on time scales. In the book are studied the covaraint derivatives on time scales, pseudo-spherical surfaces and \sigma_1, \sigma_2 manifolds on time scales.

Periodic differential equations appear in many contexts such as in the theory of nonlinear oscillators, in celestial mechanics, or in population dynamics with seasonal effects. The most traditional approach to study these equations is based on the introduction of small parameters, but the search of nonlocal results leads to the application of several topological tools. Examples are fixed point theorems, degree theory, or bifurcation theory. These well-known methods are valid for equations of arbitrary dimension and they are mainly employed to prove the existence of periodic solutions. Following the approach initiated by Massera, this book presents some more delicate techniques whose validity is restricted to two dimensions. These typically produce additional dynamical information such as the instability of periodic solutions, the convergence of all solutions to periodic solutions, or connections between the number of harmonic and subharmonic solutions. The qualitative study of periodic planar equations leads naturally to a class of discrete dynamical systems generated by homeomorphisms or embeddings of the plane. To study these maps, Brouwer introduced the notion of a translation arc, somehow mimicking the notion of an orbit in continuous dynamical systems. The study of the properties of these translation arcs is full of intuition and often leads to "non-rigorous proofs". In the book, complete proofs following ideas developed by Brown are presented and the final conclusion is the Arc Translation Lemma, a counterpart of the Poincare-Bendixson theorem for discrete dynamical systems. Applications to differential equations and discussions on the topology of the plane are the two themes that alternate throughout the five chapters of the book.

This first complete English language edition of "Euclides vindicatus" presents a corrected and revised edition of the classical English translation of Saccheri's text by G.B. Halsted. It is complemented with a historical introduction on the geometrical environment of the time and a detailed commentary that helps to understand the aims and subtleties of the work.""

"Euclides vindicatus, " written by the Jesuit mathematician Gerolamo Saccheri, was published in Milan in 1733. In it, Saccheri attempted to reform elementary geometry in two important directions: a demonstration of the famous Parallel Postulate and the theory of proportions. Both topics were of pivotal importance in the mathematics of the time. In particular, the Parallel Postulate had escaped demonstration since the first attempts at it in the Classical Age, and several books on the topic were published in the Early Modern Age. At the same time, the theory of proportion was the most important mathematical tool of the Galilean School in its pursuit of the mathematization of nature. Saccheri's attempt to prove the Parallel Postulate is today considered the most important breakthrough in geometry in the 18th century, as he was able to develop for hundreds of pages and dozens of theorems a system in geometry that denied the truth of the postulate (in the attempt to find a contradiction). This can be regarded as the first system of non-Euclidean geometry. Its later developments by Lambert, Bolyai, Lobachevsky and Gauss eventually opened the way to contemporary geometry.Occupying a unique position in the literature of mathematical history, "Euclid Vindicated from Every Blemish" will be of high interest to historians of mathematics as well as historians of philosophy interested in the development of non-Euclidean geometries.

1) Provides a visual approach to the subject of robotics, aiding students and professionals in understanding the topic 2) Demonstrates how to solve problems using simple code, making it accessible to those with limited coding experience 3) Uses real world examples in order to demonstrate concepts in a practical manner 4) Provides a complete set of examples for typical robot manipulator architectures, including Puma, Bending-Backwards, Gantry, Scara, Collaborative and Redundant 5) Uses 6D vectors in order to reduce the computational volume of implementations

This book provides a collection of 44 simple computer and physical laboratory experiments, including some for an artist's studio and some for a kitchen, that illustrate the concepts of fractal geometry. In addition to standard topics - iterated function systems (IFS), fractal dimension computation, the Mandelbrot set - we explore data analysis by driven IFS, construction of four-dimensional fractals, basic multifractals, synchronization of chaotic processes, fractal finger paints, cooking fractals, videofeedback, and fractal networks of resistors and oscillators.

A practical guide to solving problems in chemistry with fractal geometry.
It has been two decades since Mandelbrot formulated his revolutionary theories of fractal geometry. Yet, in that brief time, fractals -those strangely beautiful infinite geometric patterns -and the computational processes that give rise to them have become a valued research tool in a broad array of scientific, social-scientific, and commercial fields. While inroads also have been made in applying fractals to theoretical and applied chemistry, there continues to be a dearth of texts and references on the subject. This book helps fill that gap in the literature.
Fractals in Chemistry provides chemists with a concise, practical introduction to fractal theory and its applications to a wide range of "bread and butter" issues in chemistry. Drawing upon his considerable experience as a researcher who helped pioneer some of the methods he describes, Walter Rothschild critically appraises the power and limitations of the fractal approach and shows how it can provide more predictive classification schemes and explain phenomena difficult to handle by classical means. Then, with the help of nearly 100 illustrations, he demonstrates how to apply fractals to model chemical phenomena such as adsorption, aggregation, catalysis, chemical reactivity, degradation, and turbulent flames, and how to understand dynamics on fractals in terms of fractons in diffusion-limited reactions, dispersive spectroscopies, and energy transfer.
Fractals in Chemistry is both a valuable working resource for professionals in physical chemistry, chemical physics, and computer modeling and an excellent graduate-level text for coursescovering the use of fractals in chemistry.

The textbook is a very good start into the mathematical field of topology. A variety of topological concepts with some elementary applications are introduced. It is organized in such a way that the reader gets to significant applications quickly.This revised version corrects the many discrepancies in the earlier edition. The emphasis is on the geometric understanding and the use of new concepts, indicating that topology is really the language of modern mathematics.

This book contains selected chapters on perfectoid spaces, their introduction and applications, as invented by Peter Scholze in his Fields Medal winning work. These contributions are presented at the conference on "Perfectoid Spaces" held at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bengaluru, India, from 9-20 September 2019. The objective of the book is to give an advanced introduction to Scholze's theory and understand the relation between perfectoid spaces and some aspects of arithmetic of modular (or, more generally, automorphic) forms such as representations mod p, lifting of modular forms, completed cohomology, local Langlands program, and special values of L-functions. All chapters are contributed by experts in the area of arithmetic geometry that will facilitate future research in the direction.

Originally published in 1971 The Geometry of Environment is a fusion of art and mathematics introducing stimulating ideas from modern geometry, using illustrations from architecture and design. The revolution in the teaching of mathematics and the advent of the computer in design challenge traditional ways of appreciating the space about us, and expand the 'structural' understanding of our surroundings through such concepts as transformations, symmetry groups, sets and graphs. This book aims to show the relevance of 'new maths' and encourages exploration of the widening intellectual horizons of environmental design and architecture.

The Yang-Mills theory of gauge interactions is a prime example of interdisciplinary mathematics and advanced physics. Its historical development is a fascinating window into the ongoing struggle of mankind to understand nature. The discovery of gauge fields and their properties is the most formidable landmark of modern physics. The expression of the gauge field strength as the curvature associated to a given connection, places quantum field theory in the same geometrical footing as the gravitational field of general relativity which is naturally written in geometrical terms. The understanding of such geometrical property may help one day to write a unified field theory starting from symmetry principles.

Of course, there are remarkable differences between the standard gauge fields and the gravitational field, which must be understood by mathematicians and physicists before attempting such unification. In particular, it is important to understand why gravitation is not a standard gauge field.

This book presents an account of the geometrical properties of gauge field theory, while trying to keep the equilibrium between mathematics and physics. At the end we will introduce a similar approach to the gravitational field.

In this book, trigonometry is presented mainly through the solution of specific problems. The problems are meant to help the reader consolidate their knowledge of the subject. In addition, they serve to motivate and provide context for the concepts, definitions, and results as they are presented. In this way, it enables a more active mastery of the subject, directly linking the results of the theory with their applications. Some historical notes are also embedded in selected chapters.The problems in the book are selected from a variety of disciplines, such as physics, medicine, architecture, and so on. They include solving triangles, trigonometric equations, and their applications. Taken together, the problems cover the entirety of material contained in a standard trigonometry course which is studied in high school and college.We have also added some interesting, in our opinion, entertainment problems. To solve them, no special knowledge is required. While they are not directly related to the subject of the book, they reflect its spirit and contribute to a more lighthearted reading of the material.

Features Over sixty paper stars, all made without cutting, gluing or decorating using the modular origami technique Hundreds of clear step-by-step instructions show you how, based on the technique of folding a small number of simple units and joining them together as a satisfying puzzle Secrets tips to make new shapes just by varying a few lengths and angles Suitable for teaching and learning art, geometry and mathematics. Teachers will appreciate the practical advice to succeed in using origami for education.

The Center and Focus Problem: Algebraic Solutions and Hypotheses, M. N. Popa and V.V. Pricop, ISBN: 978-1-032-01725-9 (Hardback) This book focuses on an old problem of the qualitative theory of differential equations, called the Center and Focus Problem. It is intended for mathematicians, researchers, professors and Ph.D. students working in the field of differential equations, as well as other specialists who are interested in the theory of Lie algebras, commutative graded algebras, the theory of generating functions and Hilbert series. The book reflects the results obtained by the authors in the last decades. A rather essential result is obtained in solving Poincare's problem. Namely, there are given the upper estimations of the number of Poincare-Lyapunov quantities, which are algebraically independent and participate in solving the Center and Focus Problem that have not been known so far. These estimations are equal to Krull dimensions of Sibirsky graded algebras of comitants and invariants of systems of differential equations.

The Center and Focus Problem: Algebraic Solutions and Hypotheses, M. N. Popa and V.V. Pricop, ISBN: 978-1-032-01725-9 (Hardback) This book focuses on an old problem of the qualitative theory of differential equations, called the Center and Focus Problem. It is intended for mathematicians, researchers, professors and Ph.D. students working in the field of differential equations, as well as other specialists who are interested in the theory of Lie algebras, commutative graded algebras, the theory of generating functions and Hilbert series. The book reflects the results obtained by the authors in the last decades. A rather essential result is obtained in solving Poincare's problem. Namely, there are given the upper estimations of the number of Poincare-Lyapunov quantities, which are algebraically independent and participate in solving the Center and Focus Problem that have not been known so far. These estimations are equal to Krull dimensions of Sibirsky graded algebras of comitants and invariants of systems of differential equations.

Features Provides an accessible introduction to mathematics in art Supports the narrative with a self-contained mathematical theory, with complete proofs of the main results (including the classification theorem for similarities) Presents hundreds of figures, illustrations, computer-generated graphics, designs, photographs, and art reproductions, mainly presented in full color Includes 21 projects and about 280 exercises, about half of which are fully solved Covers Euclidean geometry, golden section, Fibonacci numbers, symmetries, tilings, similarities, fractals, cellular automata, inversion, hyperbolic geometry, perspective drawing, Platonic and Archimedean solids, and topology New to the Second Edition New exercises, projects and artworks Revised, reorganised and expanded chapters More use of color throughout

This book contains a systematic exposition of the theory of spinors in finite-dimensional Euclidean and Riemannian spaces. The applications of spinors in field theory and relativistic mechanics of continuous media are considered. The main mathematical part is connected with the study of invariant algebraic and geometric relations between spinors and tensors. The theory of spinors and the methods of the tensor representation of spinors and spinor equations are thoroughly expounded in four-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. Very useful and important relations are derived that express the derivatives of the spinor fields in terms of the derivatives of various tensor fields. The problems associated with an invariant description of spinors as objects that do not depend on the choice of a coordinate system are addressed in detail. As an application, the author considers an invariant tensor formulation of certain classes of differential spinor equations containing, in particular, the most important spinor equations of field theory and quantum mechanics. Exact solutions of the Einstein-Dirac equations, nonlinear Heisenberg's spinor equations, and equations for relativistic spin fluids are given. The book presents a large body of factual material and is suited for use as a handbook. It is intended for specialists in theoretical physics, as well as for students and post-graduate students of physical and mathematical specialties.