What is it about the human mind that accounts for the fact that we can all speak and understand a language? Why can't other creatures do the same? And what does this tell us about the rest of a human abilities? Recent dramatic discoveries in linguistics and psychology provide intriguing answers to these age-old mysteries. In this fascinating book, Ray Jackendoff emphasizes the grammatical commonalities across languages, both spoken and signed, and discusses the implications for our understanding of language acquisition and loss.

This book is the final volume of a four-volume set on modern Chinese complex sentences, assessing the key attributes, related sentence structures, and semantic and pragmatic relevance of complex sentences. Complex sentences in modern Chinese are unique in formation and meaning. Following on from analysis on coordinate, causal, and adversative types of complex sentences, the ten chapters in this volume review the characteristics of complex sentences as a whole. The author discusses the constituents, related structures, semantic and pragmatic aspects of complex sentences, covering topics such !!as the constraints and counter-constraints between sentence forms and semantic relationships, six type crossover markers, distinctions between simple sentences and complex sentences, clauses formed by a noun/nominal phrase followed by le, the shi structure, subject ellipsis or tacit understanding of clauses, as well as double-subject sentences, alternative question groups and their relationships with complex sentences. The book will be a useful reference for scholars and learners of the Chinese language interested in Chinese grammar and language information processing.

There has been a noticeable shift in the way the news is accessed and consumed, and most importantly, the rise of fake news has become a common occurrence in the media. With news becoming more accessible as technology advances, fake news can spread rapidly and successfully through social media, television, websites, and other online sources, as well as through the traditional types of newscasting. The spread of misinformation when left unchecked can turn fiction into fact and result in a mass misconception of the truth that shapes opinions, creates false narratives, and impacts multiple facets of society in potentially detrimental ways. With the rise of fake news comes the need for research on the ways to alleviate the effects and prevent the spread of misinformation. These tools, technologies, and theories for identifying and mitigating the effects of fake news are a current research topic that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the media and providing those who consume it with accurate, fact-based information. The Research Anthology on Fake News, Political Warfare, and Combatting the Spread of Misinformation contains hand-selected, previously published research that informs its audience with an advanced understanding of fake news, how it spreads, its negative effects, and the current solutions being investigated. The chapters within also contain a focus on the use of alternative facts for pushing political agendas and as a way of conducting political warfare. While highlighting topics such as the basics of fake news, media literacy, the implications of misinformation in political warfare, detection methods, and both technological and human automated solutions, this book is ideally intended for practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the current surge of fake news, the means of reducing its effects, and how to improve the future outlook.

As the foundation of our rationality, logic has traditionally been considered fixed, stable and constant. This conception of the discipline has been challenged recently by the plurality of logics and in this book, Pavel Arazim extends the debate to offer a new view of logic as dynamic and without a definite, specific shape. The Problem of Plurality of Logics examines the origins of our standard view of logic alongside Kant's theories, the holistic view, the issue of logic's pragmatic significance and Robert Brandom's logical expressivism. Arazim then draws on proof-theoretical approaches to present a convincing argument for a dynamic version of logical inferentialism, which opens space for a new freedom to modify our own logic. He explores the scope, possibilities and limits of this freedom in order to highlight the future paths logic could take, as a motivation for further research. Marking a departure from logical monism and also from the recent doctrine of logical pluralism in its various forms, this book addresses current debates concerning the expressive role of logic and contributes to a lively area of discussion in analytic philosophy.