This is the first book to consider the development of all three cultural heritage institutions - libraries, archives, and museums - and their interactions with society and culture from ancient history to the present day in Western Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The text explores the social and cultural role of these institutions in the societies that created them, as well as the political, economic and social influences on their mission, philosophy, and services and how those changed throughout time. The work provides a thorough background in the topic for graduate students and professionals in the fields of library and information science, archival studies, and museum resource management, preservation, and administration. Arranged chronologically, the story begins with the temple libraries of ancient Sumer, followed the growth and development of governmental and private libraries in ancient Greece and Rome, the influence of Asia and Islam on Western library development, the role of Christianity in the preservation of ancient literature as well as the skills of reading and writing during the Middle Ages, and the coming of the Renaissance and the rise of the university library. It continues by tracing the gradual division between archives and libraries and the growth of governmental and private libraries as independent institutions during and after the Renaissance and through the Enlightenment, and the development of public and private museums from the "cabinets of curiousities" of private collectors beginning in the 17th century. Individual chapters explore the further growth and development of libraries, archives, and museums in the 19th and 20th centuries, exploring the public library and public museum movements of those centuries, as well as the rise of the governmental and institutional archive. The final chapter discusses the growing collaboration between and even convergence of these institutions in the 21st century and the impact of modern information technology, and makes predictions about the future of all three institutions.

Will American academic and research libraries be able to cope with the current technological, economic, and organizational issues that are bringing about rapid changes in information services or must fundamental changes first take place within these libraries? The twelve essays collected by Spyers-Duran and Mann attempt to answer this question. Section I: "Problems," contains essays on the precarious financial environment of today's academic institutions; the erosion of funding levels in British university libraries; and realistic suggestions for financial planning in academic libraries. Section II: "Changing Approaches," offers discussions on the importance of sharing scholarly resources; the discrepancy between library budgets and services offered; the growing role of the library in the information industry; a review of funding formulas in the academic library; and the changing needs, sources, and styles of financial planning. The final section of the book explores new opportunities for academic and research libraries, and includes information on current library automation; information-sharing among member libraries; external contracting for library services; and grantsmanship.

Background InformationRetrieval (IR) has become, mainly as aresultofthe huge impact of the World Wide Web (WWW) and CD-ROM industry, one of the most important theoretical and practical research topics in Information and Computer Science. Since the inception ofits first theoretical roots about 40 years ago, IR has made avariety ofpractical, experimental and technological advances. It is usually defined as being concerned with the organisation, storage, retrieval and evaluation of information (stored in computer databases) that is likely to be relevant to users' informationneeds (expressed in queries). A huge number ofarticles published in specialisedjournals and at conferences (such as, for example, the Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Information Processing and Management, The Computer Journal, Information Retrieval, Journal of Documentation, ACM TOIS, ACM SIGIR Conferences, etc. ) deal with many different aspects of IR. A number of books have also been written about IR, for example: van Rijsbergen, 1979; Salton and McGill, 1983; Korfhage, 1997; Kowalski, 1997;Baeza-Yates and Ribeiro-Neto, 1999; etc. . IR is typically divided and presented in a structure (models, data structures, algorithms, indexing, evaluation, human-eomputer interaction, digital libraries, WWW-related aspects, and so on) thatreflects its interdisciplinarynature. All theoretical and practical research in IR is ultimately based on a few basic models (or types) which have been elaborated over time. Every model has a formal (mathematical, algorithmic, logical) description of some sort, and these decriptions are scattered all over the literature.

Whether used as a text for library and information science students, as a resource for professional librarians needing to access the information produced by or for the federal establishment, or as a guide for researchers, this acclaimed title is an essential resource and a valuable tool guiding readers through the vast and constantly changing terrain of government information in print and electronic forms. Morehead describes administrative machinery and information systems of the Government Printing Office (GPO); introduces general checklists, indexes, and guides to government information; describes the Congress and intrinsic sources that comprise the legislative process; and details many other government publications. Morehead provides a broad overview of public access issues, giving special attention to the impact of electronic formats (notably the Internet's World Wide Web) on the dissemination of federal government information. He then describes administrative machinery and information systems

With the onslaught of emergent technology in academia, libraries are privy to many innovative techniques to recognize and classify geospatial data - above and beyond the traditional map librarianship. As librarians become more involved in the development and provision of GIS services and resources, they encounter both problems and solutions. ""Integrating Geographic Information Systems into Library Services"" integrates traditional map librarianship and contemporary issues in digital librarianship within a framework of a global embedded information infrastructure, addressing technical, legal, and institutional factors such as collection development, reference and research services, and cataloging/metadata, as well as issues in accessibility and standards.

The future of reference librarianship as a viable and essential part of the library depends on developing a proactive, participatory, and hands-on approach to automation. This book pulls together the most important elements of change likely to influence library information services and explains them clearly. It covers both the conceptual context and practical real-life implementations of current automation in reference services. The automation technologies include OPACs, CD-ROM, international networks, expert systems, natural language processing, and virtual reality. In addition to helping people find information, reference librarians also perform another service: the comprehension and understanding of the operative connections between and route to information. It necessitates an unrelenting exploration and immersion within the world information matrix to maintain currency and knowledge. The author shows how reference librarians have in the past and will in the future take a leading role in adapting automation to reference services.

In response to the often-cited need to improve science literacy in the United States, this book examines how popular science information resources contribute to this goal and recommends nearly 2,500 significant titles--70 percent published since 1990--representing all fields of modern science. This guide provides librarians, educators, and other information specialists with an understanding of science literacy, as well as the knowledge of the skills and principles necessary to evaluate works of popular science. The annotated bibliographies are organized into nine subject areas and represent the body of current, significant popular literature for the entire discipline, including reference works, autobiography and biography, history of the discipline, and specific topics within the discipline. Nonprint resources are evaluated as well. This work will be valuable for collection development, making reference recommendations, and designing programmatic learning activities and is intended for public, high school, community college, and college and university librarians, as well as for science teachers.

Librarians and information specialists must develop representative collections and be able to evaluate and recommend scientific information resources effectively. This work is unique in developing a unifying contextual background and linking popular science library collections to science literacy. Part One, Scientific Information, Popular Science, and Lifelong Learning, discusses historical and current issues related to popular science, science literacy, and information resources. Included is the most exhaustive discussion available of how to evaluate works of popular science. Part Two, Subject Guides to Popular Information Resources, is an annotated bibliography of 2,500 recommended print and nonprint works in general science, astronomy and space sciences, biological sciences, chemistry, mathematics, medicine and health sciences, natural history, physics, and technology and applied science. Each core entry contains a complete bibliographic citation, a 25-75 word descriptive and evaluative annotation, and a list of review sources. Annotations consider the resource's level of relevance, scope, comprehensibility, and uniqueness, and compare resources, especially the ways in which they complement or contrast with one another. Additional recommended titles contain a brief annotation.

Since the mid 1980s academic libraries have established minority residency programs in an effort to increase the representation of librarians of color in their institutions. Now more than a decade later, these programs continue to be developed. Essays written by librarians of color who participated in residency programs, and administrators whose institutions made the programs possible, remind us of the continuing need for diversity in academic libraries.

The decade prior to World War II was a time of intense introspection on the part of librarians. There was considerable controversy over whether librarianship constituted a science in any proper sense of the term. Education for librarianship was undergoing close scrutiny and reform. Issues related to federal aid, adult education, and rural library development were unresolved and subject to heated discussion. In the late 1940s the Public Library Inquiry was conceived to study and document the conditions, achievements, and weaknesses of public libraries and librarianship. For the next 40 years, the Inquiry set the tone and agenda for professional discourse about the purpose of the public library.

This book examines the professional and political ideology that informed and sustained the Public LIbrary Inquiry. The volumes of the Inquiry, while representing the results of research on the status of the public library and librarianship, also reveal a remarkably consistent ideological position that united them in a way perhaps unintended by their creators. Inherent in the Inquiry's discourse are particular notions and assumptions about the nature of American democracy, the public library, and relations between them. The Inquiry also reflects, in its recommendations, particular professional values that define what the public library's purpose ought to be if the library is to contribute meaningfully to a democratic culture, and gain social recognition of that contribution.

Resource discovery has many meanings, and it is now being defined as library research software that allows a library user to search multiple Web-based resources simultaneously and generate usable search results. Planning and Implementing Resource Discovery Tools in Academic Libraries addresses the many new resource discovery tools and products in existence, as well as their potential uses and applications. This timely publication will be invaluable to librarians and administrators seeking information on how to evaluate, choose, and ultimately implement a resource discovery product for their library s collection.

Solutions to the unique problems of academic libraries in urban and metropolitan areas are provided in this professional handbook. Issues faced by the administrators of these libraries can differ markedly from those encountered by their counterparts in residential college towns, with service demands emanating from both the surrounding community and their own academic community. Written by experienced urban university librarians, each chapter addresses issues unique to the "in-city" academic library. Reaching out to their communities to establish links with business, industry, and other libraries, the administrators of the urban/metropolitan libraries require a great degree of diplomacy and management skills. Service demands arising from urban high schools place additional pressures on limited resources. This handbook shows how the use of new technologies can assist the urban academic librarian in fashioning services for a nonresident faculty, as well as a usually older student body, comprised of many international and part-time students. The characteristics of city living and their impact on information-seeking behavior are discussed. Other topics covered are resource sharing, setting fees, staff and collection security, environmental pollution and space requirements.

The best of middle school teaching is "learning by doing" and is interdisciplinary. This book ties it all together and offers a complete, innovative program, from vision, through planning, implementation, and assessment. The program is accomplished through the collaboration of the school library media specialist and the language arts teacher. Senator outlines ways in which they can collaboratively plan, teach, and assess units which use language arts as tools. She includes specific instructional programs, suggestions for staff development, examples of questions, organizers, and units for grades six through eight, ideas for creating schedules, and methods of working together to develop materials for instruction. This program reflects the restructuring movement in American education. It emphasizes process as well as content, uses authentic material, and stresses interdisciplinary learning and learning by doing. The first part deals with literature as a subject and offers many practical units for the library media specialist and the language arts teacher to use in collaboratively teaching students inquiry and a framework for literature. Armed with these tools, students are able to read, discuss, think, and write about more challenging and interesting literature. Senator offers many ideas for "extending" literature through creative dramatics, storytelling, booktalks, and book shares. The second half of the book shows how to plan interdisciplinary units so that students, through resource-based learning, may learn to use new technologies and information problem-solving. The work also includes some units for elementary and secondary schools. Because of its innovative methods and practicalideas it will be a boon to library media specialists, language arts and English teachers, reading specialists, and library schools and undergraduate and graduate schools of education.

Give your patrons access to the digital content they need Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries is an essential guide to the challenges of acquiring, licensing, and managing the electronic access and use of books and journals. Medical librarians working in a variety of settings, including academic health centers, hospital libraries, and government health associations, provide entry-level, mid-career, and experienced librarians with comprehensive information and advice on dealing with electronic resources. This invaluable resource examines a wide range of issues, including collection development, pricing, open access, licensing, remote access, statistics, publisher liability, and the Semantic Web. As healthcare professionals, researchers, educators, and students rely more and more on digital content, medical libraries spend more and more time dealing with the complexities surrounding the use of e-resources. Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries examines the issues they face everyday, including the shift from print to electronic materials, off-campus and cross-campus access, usage statistics, journal pricing, open-access publishing, licensing, collection development, and much more. Topics addressed in Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries include: how to negotiate consortial packages how to use an electronic resource management (ERM) system how to create a portal to share electronic resources how to consolidate costs and provide wide access how open access affects pricing how to establish and maintain access to licensed e-resources how to develop a combined e-journal Web page how off-campus students interact with a full-service document delivery option for electronic journals how to integrate e-resources into an online catalog how to apply emerging Semantic Web technologies to digital libraries and much more Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries is an invaluable professional guide for medical and academic librarians, and a helpful classroom resource for faculty and students in library schools.

This volume examining key factors related to successful reference service practices provides librarians with an important and significantly different perspective on the reference process. Author Jo Bell Whitlatch describes the major factors that need to be considered to obtain a comprehensive view of the reference process in academic libraries, arguing that the understanding of the reference process can be enhanced by borrowing from current research in other disciplines that place an increasing emphasis on service organizations rather than on manufacturing organizations. The book identifies major studies and theories related to how people who are served participate in organizations. Further, Whitlatch discusses how such studies can contribute to an understanding of the academic reference librarian's role. In addition, the study that constitutes a central part of The Role of the Academic Reference Librarian reports on the results of testing parts of a model of the reference process. The material presented here is drawn from four principal sources: the literature on reference service; broader literature on service organizations from the disciplines of business, psychology, and sociology; the author's professional experience; and a detailed study of reference encounters in five academic libraries that assesses reference service effectiveness by focusing on the librarian's perception of the quality of service, the library users' perception of the quality of service, and whether or not the information sought was located. Included are tables and figures that graphically enhance the text. For academic librarians and library researchers, the volume will serve as a guide to designing studies of reference services that will add to the present understanding of the subject. Graduate students in library and information science will find this handbook indispensable for the successful practice of reference services.

The essays presented in this book reflect revised papers delivered at the Research Library in the 21st Century Symposium, held at The University of Texas at Austin, September 2006. Internationally known library, museum, information agency, and higher education administrators have contributed their views, concerns, and optimism in developing this book. In an effort to begin shaping a strategy for the future of academic research libraries, some of the best minds in the field and representatives from leading institutions have been chosen to explore these issues. These essays investigate the evolving nature of scholarly communications, the many challenges facing higher education generally, and the obligations of research libraries to promote teaching, learning, and research in a time of rapid change. Readers will find the perspectives offered here are as incisive and as fresh now as when they were presented. This book was based on a special issue of Journal of Library Administration.

"Foundations in Library and Information Science" continues to be a series on the cutting edge of research with volumes of relevance both to the informed librarian and to the interested laymen. Volumes have reflected the depth and diversity of topics in library and information science covering collection development and management, library administration and organization, library automation and technology, serials management, library information systems and electronic media.

Government publishing reflects nearly every aspect of life in America, and this wealth of information is easily available if one knows how and where to obtain it. The third edition of this standard reference work contains a profusion of titles covering the period of June 1989 to January 1993. Some previous publications-parts of long-standing series or those of continuing topical interest-are included. Many entries (e.g. AIDS, women, Iran-Contra, and space exploration) reflect the profound changes in our society since the last edition was published. Arrangement is by subject; each entry includes bibliographic description, issuing agency, SuDocs number, GPO stock number and price, and an annotation.

Refiguring the Archive at once expresses cutting-edge debates on the archive' in South Africa and internationally, and pushes the boundaries of those debates. It brings together prominent thinkers from a range of disciplines, mainly South Africans but a number from other countries. Traditionally archives have been seen as preserving memory and as holding the past. The contributors to this book question this orthodoxy, unfolding the ways in which archives construct, sanctify, and bury pasts. In his contribution, Jacques Derrida (an instantly recognisable name in intellectual discourse worldwide) shows how remembering can never be separated from forgetting, and argues that the archive is about the future rather than the past. Collectively the contributors demonstrate the degree to which thinking about archives is embracing new realities and new possibilities. The book expresses a confidence in claiming for archival discourse previously unentered terrains. It serves as an early manual for a time that has already begun.

Arranged in three parts, this bibliography and guide to British directories in its second edition explains their evolution, describes the different types of directories and their content, and offers a new chapter on the use of directory material in historical studies. Over 2200 directory titles are listed, with indexes by publisher, place and subject. This updated edition also provides a guide to the 120 library collections of directories.

For over a decade, some academic libraries have been purchasing, rather than borrowing, recently published books requested by their patrons through interlibrary loan. These books had one circulation guaranteed and so appealed to librarians who were concerned about the large percentage of books selected and purchased by librarians but never checked out by their patrons. Early assessments of the projects indicated that patrons selected quality books that in many cases were cross disciplinary and covered emerging areas of scholarly interest. However, now we have a significant database of the ILL purchase records to compare these titles with books selected through normal methods. The projects described in this book present a powerful argument for involving patrons in the book selection process.

This book looks at patron-driven acquisitions for printed books at Purdue University, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the University of Illinois, as well as exploring new programs that allow patrons to select e-books or participate in other innovative ways in building the library collections.

This book was published as a special issue of Collection Management.

A step-by-step guide written specifically to introduce school library media specialists to the Internet, addressing their distinct needs and the unique relationships that exist between media specialists, their students, and classroom colleagues. Steps for incorporating the Internet into the media center program, online resource identification, and descriptions of successful learning activities will have immediate application in any media center. Intended for media specialists with little or no Internet experience, it explains clearly how to incorporate the Internet into the media center, cites exemplary World Wide Web sites for media specialists, and covers the following topics: how to connect to the Internet; Internet tools and how to use them; the best ways to browse the World Wide Web and retrieve useful information; the basics of home page development; listservs and USENET newsgroups for the school library media specialist; how to develop and evaluate Internet-based instructional activities--with illustrations of actual Internet use, and strategies for promoting responsible student use of the Internet. Helpful appendices include a guide for evaluating World Wide Web resources, a sample Internet acceptable use policy, a selective subject list of World Wide Web resources, a glossary of terms, and a bibliography of recommended titles. MacDonald explains clearly and with Web screen illustrations how to accomplish each step of Internet connection and use. He describes and evaluates hardware and service provider issues, Internet search tools and browsers, and cites exemplary World Wide Web sites for school library media specialists. All terms--such as Telnet, FTP, Gopher, WAIS, Netscape, HTML, and Java--are clearly explained and their uses evaluated in terms of the school library media center. This guide cuts through the confusion of the Internet and provides a clear path to transforming traditional media center services through use of the Internet and to developing enhanced media center and classroom programs in collaboration with teachers.

Student literacy is a perennial concern in and across nations, with measurement and accountability continually ramped up at both individual student and school levels. Debates about literacy and how it can best be improved are never far from media headlines. However, relatively little consideration is given to the role that school libraries and their staff play in building and maintaining student literacy, despite research linking school libraries and qualified staff to student literacy gains. With the number of students who struggle with basic literacy skills increasing in many nations, school libraries can play an important role in improving the academic, vocational and social outcomes for these young people, thereby increasing their opportunities. Fostering student wellbeing is also a key priority for schools given the challenges young people face in current times. This book seeks to promote greater understanding of the links between reading, literacy and wellbeing that could help students cope with these challenges, and the role of the school library in leading this approach. It explores the current role of school library professionals and highlights how literacy and wellbeing education and support sit within this, paying specific attention to how school library professionals build reading engagement and promote student wellbeing through various approaches, such as fostering health literacy and creating nurturing environments. Readers will be empowered to build a case for the importance of their role and library, and audit their current literacy and wellbeing offerings, and adjust or extend them where applicable based on best practice. The book also explores some of the many challenges facing school libraries and their professional staff that may need to be mitigated to ensure that they can reach their full potential for supporting student literacy and wellbeing.

Medical libraries are confronted with the international aspects of copyright and licence agreements, and cope with a fast-growing demand for high quality medical information in order to bring evidence-based medicine into practice. Medical librarians also serve the public, especially in those countries where consumer health information is in the forefront of health care policy. The importance of pharmaceutical information is well understood; the need for information transfer from (basic) research into (clinical) practice is not restricted to medicine, but is also important in veterinary sciences. In all fields in which members of EAHIL are working the commercial interest and political value of information is recognized. With the exponential growth of medical, health and health-care related information available or accessible on the Internet, librarians play a crucial role in information dissemination. Information services, especially in medicine, are no longer local activities, but are knitted into the global web. The Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports of The Netherlands, Mrs Els Borst-Eilers, gives many arguments why doctors need to be better informed. The papers of Lois Ann Colaianni (USA), Derek Law (UK), Charles Oppenheim (UK), Bas Savenije (NL) and many others show that the library provides a paradigm for the management of networked resources.