Heavy metals and metalloids, singly or in combination, induce toxic manifestations either through acute or chronic pathology. In particular, long-term chronic exposure to diverse heavy metals and metalloids to humans and animals can lead to numerous physical, muscular, neurological, nephrological, and diverse degenerative diseases and dysfunctions, including multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and several others. Recognized heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, thallium, and hexavalent chromium are known for enormous toxicity. The immediate vital signs of acute heavy metal exposure include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and acute abdominal pain. Mercury has been identified as the most toxic heavy metal, and mercury poisoning is known as acrodynia or pink disease. Similarly, lead, another toxic heavy metal, was at one time an integral part of painting. Metal Toxicology Handbook further explains and discusses the varying attributes of metals, discussing toxicity, safety, and proper human utilization of metals. Beginning with a broad overview of metals, metalloids, redox biology, and neurodegeneration and going further into the roles, benefits, and toxicity of metals with each section, the text contains 28 chapters from eminent researchers and scientists in their respective fields and is a must-have for anyone researching the potential toxicity in metals. Key Features Discusses the pathology of metal toxicity Highlights the benefits of metals Explains the mechanism and salient features of restoring metabolic homeostasis Highlights dose-dependent beneficial and adverse effects of vanadium safety and toxicity The initial introductory section provides a broad overview of metals, metalloids, redox biology, and neurodegeneration. The second section discusses the pathology of metal toxicity in two chapters, while the third section highlights the mechanism and salient features of restoring metabolic homeostasis in two chapters. The fourth section demonstrates the aspect of radionuclides toxicity. In a change of pace, the fifth section discusses the benefits of metals in four chapters. The sixth section, titled "Toxic Manifestations by Diverse Heavy Metals and Metalloids," provides fourteen chapters that discuss the toxicological mechanism and manifestation of individual metals. The editors have crafted a commentary titled "A Treatise on Metal Toxicity" and summarized a vivid scenario of metal toxicity and its consequences.

Polymer Coatings: Technologies and Applications provides a comprehensive account of the recent developments in polymer coatings encompassing novel methods, techniques, and a broad spectrum of applications. The chapters explore the key aspects of polymer coatings while highlighting fundamental research, different types of polymer coatings, and technology advances. This book also integrates the various aspects of these materials from synthesis to application. Current status, trends, future directions, and opportunities are also discussed. FEATURES Examines the basics to the most recent advances in all areas of polymer coatings Serves as a one-stop reference Discusses polymer-coated nanocrystals and coatings based on nanocomposites Describes morphology, spectroscopic analysis, adhesion, and rheology of polymer coatings Explores conducting, stimuli-responsive, self-healing, hydrophobic and hydrophilic, antifouling, and antibacterial polymer coatings Covers modeling and simulation With contributions from the top international researchers from industry, academia, government, and private research institutions, both new and experienced readers will benefit from this applications-oriented book. Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa is a research scientist at the Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Academic Enhancement Department, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai is a research professor at the Center of Innovation in Design and Engineering for Manufacturing, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. Suchart Siengchin is a professor at and president of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand.

Ultrasonic Welding of Metal Sheets covers various aspects of ultrasonic welding (USW) of metal sheets, including the discussion on modeling and numerical simulations of ultrasonic welding to improve this welding process and performance. This book aims to provide an accessible, comprehensive and up-to-date exposition of the various aspects of joining of dissimilar metal sheets ranging from its fundamentals thorough to metallurgical characteristics covering fundamental concepts, in-detailed explanation about the USW including its implementation, design criteria, work material, welding, thermo-mechanical and research scopes. The book is aimed at researchers, professionals and graduate students in manufacturing, welding, mechanical engineering. Features The ultrasonic spot welding of various metal sheets is described in simplified expression and concepts are elucidated by relevant illustrations. Discusses modeling and numerical simulations of ultrasonic welding to improve the ultrasonic welding process and performance As opposed to competition in the market, this title provides thorough clarification of ultrasonic spot welding of metal sheets with its applications.

Analyzing the self-sufficient Danish island of Samso, this book explains sustainability through a bio-geophysical understanding of how to best use society's limited resources to achieve true sustainability. The method used derives from the thermodynamic function of exergy. By analyzing exergy flows and establishing a system for evaluating the energy and the materials used in a society, the author creates a platform for monitoring certain indicators of sustainability. These indicators inform readers about the actions that must be taken and the time frames for achieving sustainability goals. The exergy-based approach is an important tool for carrying out such an analysis because it Focuses on several key thermodynamic concepts and the usefulness of exergy analysis for evaluating sustainability Explains sustainability by implementing thermodynamic laws to societal consumption and the use of resources Discusses new methods that integrate energy and material fluxes and evaluates them against each other Provides direct indicators for finding the largest problems/obstacles and deciding where measures should be taken Includes instructions on how to establish an accounting system for evaluating the energy and the materials used in a society This book is aimed for professionals, researchers, and students working on nature conservation and environmental management projects related to sustainability.

Surface Structure Modification and Hardening of Al-SI Alloys explores the hardening of material surfaces using concentrated energy flows resulting in the nanostructuring of surface layers. The authors demonstrate how these methods achieve a reduction in plastic deformation of the surface and a more uniform distribution of elastic stresses near the surface during operational use, significantly reducing part failure. It presents results from research and scientific and technological enterprises involved with the modification of light alloy surfaces for use in the automobile and aerospace industries. Additional key features include: Addresses theoretical and experimental research computer simulations of structural phase transformations at the nanolevel to create new materials Details and compares electroexplosion alloying, electron beam processing and electron-plasma alloying of an Al-Si Alloy Explains multiphase plasma jet treatment to obtain high-quality coatings with good and high functional properties This reference is a valuable resource for specialists in the field of physical material science, condensed state physics, metal science and thermal treatment and will be of interest to undergraduate and post-graduate students in these fields.

Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based on Metal Sulphides and Oxides focuses on development of inorganic nanomaterials for removal of metallic species from the aqueous environment. General synthetic methods to prepare such materials are lacking. This book investigates problems of controlled synthesis of these materials and the effect of their morphological characteristics on their sorption capacity. * Synthesizes experimental data on the synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles of zinc, copper, and cadmium sulfides, iron oxides, and manganese oxyhydroxide. * Discusses controlled synthesis of zinc, cadmium, and copper sulfide particles and their sorption properties. * Describes production of iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) and manganese oxyhydroxide particles. * Features numerous SEM images of the obtained nanostructures and original graphs of various characteristics. * Offers practical recommendations. This book is of interest to researchers and scientists working with inorganic synthesis and properties of sorption materials.

The third volume of the Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) focusses on the production of functionalized PHA bio-polyesters, the post-synthetic modification of PHA, processing and additive manufacturing of PHA, development and properties of PHA-based (bio)composites and blends, the market potential of PHA and follow-up materials, different bulk- and niche applications of PHA, and the fate and use of spent PHA items. Divided into fourteen chapters, it describes functionalized PHA and PHA modification, processing and their application including degradation of spent PHA-based products and fate of these bio-polyesters during compositing and other disposal strategies. Aimed at graduate students and professionals in Polymer science, chemical engineering and bioprocessing, it: Covers current state of the art in the development of chemically modifiable PHA including mult-istep modifications of isolated biopolyesters, short syntheses of monomer feedstocks and so forth. Describes design of functionalized PHA-based polymeric materials by chemical modification . Illustrates preparation of bioactive oligomers derived from microbial PHA and synthetic analogues of natural PHA oligomers. Discusses processing and thermomechanical properties of PHA. Reviews advantages of PHA against other bio-based and conventional polymers with current applications and potential uses of PHA-based polymers highlighting innovative products.

The Art of Measuring in the Thermal Sciences provides an original state-of-the-art guide to scholars who are conducting thermal experiments in both academia and industry. Applications include energy generation, transport, manufacturing, mining, processes, HVAC&R, etc. This book presents original insights into advanced measurement techniques and systems, explores the fundamentals, and focuses on the analysis and design of thermal systems. Discusses the advanced measurement techniques now used in thermal systems Links measurement techniques to concepts in thermal science and engineering Draws upon the original work of current researchers and experts in thermal-fluid measurement Includes coverage of new technologies, such as micro-level heat transfer measurements Covers the main types of instrumentation and software used in thermal-fluid measurements This book offers engineers, researchers, and graduate students an overview of the best practices for conducting sound measurements in the thermal sciences.

For over forty years, Materials for Engineers and Technicians has given thousands of students an easily accessible introduction to materials engineering and manufacturing processes. This renowned text is a comprehensive overview of the wide-ranging subject area, written in a straightforward, readable style. It is devoid of excessive jargon and mathematical complexity, and retains a practical down-to-earth approach. This expanded edition references specifications for materials and materials testing that have been updated to include European-wide standards of the EU. More applications of materials and case studies have been included. New content discusses the choice of materials and processes in relation to 3D printing and the importance of materials recycling and sustainability. The increased emphasis on the selection of materials reflects this aspect of materials engineering now seen within current vocational and university courses. In addition to meeting the requirements of vocational and undergraduate engineering syllabuses, this text also serves as a valuable desktop reference for professional engineers working in product design who require a quick source of information on materials and manufacturing processes.

This book presents the broad aspects of measurement, performanceanalysis, and characterization for materials and devices through advanced manufacturing processes. The field of measurement and metrology as a precondition for maintaining high-quality products, devices, and systems in materials and advanced manufacturing process applications has grown substantially in recent years. The focus of this book is to present smart materials in numerous technological sectors such as automotive, bio-manufacturing, chemical, electronics, energy, and construction. Advanced materials have novel properties and therefore must be fully characterized and studied in-depth so they can be incorporated into products that will outperform existing products and resolve current problems. The book captures the emerging areas of materials science and advanced manufacturing engineering and presents recent trends in research for researchers, field engineers, and academic professionals.

This book disseminates recent research, theories, and practices relevant to the areas of surface engineering and the processing of materials for functional applications in the aerospace, automobile, and biomedical industries. The book focuses on the hidden technologies and advanced manufacturing methods that may not be standardized by research institutions but are greatly beneficial to material and manufacturing industrial engineers in many ways. It details projects, research activities, and innovations in a global platform to strengthen the knowledge of the concerned community. The book covers surface engineering including coating, deposition, cladding, nanotechnology, surface finishing, precision machining, processing, and emerging advanced manufacturing technologies to enhance the performance of materials in terms of corrosion, wear, and fatigue. The book captures the emerging areas of materials science and advanced manufacturing engineering and presents recent trends in research for researchers, field engineers, and academic professionals.

Covers radiation-assisted synthesis, processing, and modification of all kinds of materials Provides comparative studies, merits, demerits, and applications very systematically Transcends across polymers science and technology, radiation technology, advanced materials technology, biomaterials technology and so forth Includes a section on 3D printing by laser melting of CoCr alloys

Covers synthesis, properties and applications of quantum dots Discusses the modern fabrication technologies, processing, nanostructure formation, and mechanisms of reinforcement of quantum dots-polymer nanocomposites Explores the properties of quantum dots-based polymer nanocomposites Discusses the biocompatibility, suitability, and toxic effects of quantum dots-based polymer nanocomposites Reviews recent innovations, applications, opportunities, and future directions in quantum dots-based polymer nanocomposites

Presents exclusive material on MXene based polymer nanocomposites Highlights properties and potential applications of polymers upon addition of MXenes Discusses effect of MXenes on various thermoplastic and elastomer polymers Focusses on the properties, fabrications methods, and applications of relevant polymer matrices Extensively deals with role of MXene in polymers

Provides a through and systematic discussion on the functionally graded adhesive and its joints Discusses analytical modelling and numerical analyses of the joints Details 3D stress and failure delamination analysis for composite analyses of functionally graded out-of-plane joints under various combinations of loading Illustrates FE Modeling and simulation of interfacial failure and damage propagation in out-of-plane joints Includes effect of various gradation function profiles on damage growth driving forces (SERR)

Provides a platform related to fabrication and advancement of all categories of polymeric biomaterials Explores advancement of pertinent biomedical and drug delivery systems Includes a wide range of biomaterials and its application in diversified fields Gives out environmental justification of green biopolymers and their applications in water remediation Discusses advanced applications of bio-composite polymers viz. food packaging and anti-corrosive coatings

The book fills a void as a textbook with hands-on laboratory exercises designed for biomedical engineering undergraduates in their senior year or the first year of graduate studies specializing in electrical aspects of bioinstrumentation. Each laboratory exercise concentrates on measuring a biophysical or biomedical entity, such as force, blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, etc., and guides students though all the way from sensor level to data acquisition and analysis on the computer. The book distinguishes itself from others by providing electrical circuits and other measurement setups that have been tested by the authors while teaching undergraduate classes at their home institute over many years. Key Features: * Hands-on laboratory exercises on measurements of biophysical and biomedical variables * Each laboratory exercise is complete by itself and they can be covered in any sequence desired by the instructor during the semester * Electronic equipment and supplies required are typical for biomedical engineering departments * Data collected by undergraduate students and data analysis results are provided as samples * Additional information and references are included for preparing a report or further reading at the end of each chapter Students using this book are expected to have basic knowledge of electrical circuits and troubleshooting. Practical information on circuit components, basic laboratory equipment, and circuit troubleshooting is also provided in the first chapter of the book.

Magnesium is one of the most abundant minerals in seawater. Extracting magnesium from seawater could reduce cost of this mineral, resulting in positive implications for industries that use it. This book addresses mineral process engineering with emphasis on magnesium and provides practicing engineers and students with comprehensive knowledge on magnesium and how it is extracted from seawater and magnesium ores. It takes a chemical engineering approach as separation of magnesium from seawater involves the application of the powerful science of chemistry and transport phenomena principles. This monograph discusses magnesium resources and occurrence, includes an exploration study on deriving magnesium and mineral salts from seawater, and features coverage of magnesium chloride. It also covers commercial methods for magnesium production as an end product, current and prospective applications in the energy domain, and offers an account of the use of magnesium to store hydrogen in the form of magnesium hydride.

This is the first book to introduce Green-function-based multiscale theory and the corresponding finite element method, which are readily applicable to composites and random media. The methodology is considered to be the one that most effectively tackles the uncertainty of stress propagation in complex heterogeneities of random media, and which presents multiscale theory from distinctive scale separation and scale-coupling viewpoints. Deliberately taking a multiscale perspective, it covers scale separation and then scale coupling. Both micromechanics and novel scale-coupling mechanics are described in relation to variational principles and bounds, as well as in the emerging topics on percolation and scale-coupling computation. It gives detail on the different bounds encountered, covering classical second and third order, new fourth order, and innovative ellipsoidal variations. Green-function-based multiscale theory is addressed to applications in solid mechanics and transport of complex media ranging from micro- and nano-composites, polycrystals, soils, rocks, cementitious materials, to biological materials. It is useful as a graduate textbook in civil and mechanical engineering and as a reference.

Corrosion Protection for the Oil and Gas Industry: Pipelines, Subsea Equipment, and Structures summarizes the main causes of corrosion and requirements for materials protection, selection of corrosion-resistant materials and coating materials commonly used for corrosion protection, and the limitations to their use, application, and repair. This book focuses on the protection of steels against corrosion in an aqueous environment, either immersed in seawater or buried. It also includes guidelines for the design of cathodic protection systems and reviews of cathodic protection methods, materials, installation, and monitoring. It is concerned primarily with the external and internal corrosion protection of onshore pipelines and subsea pipelines, but reference is also made to the protection of other equipment, subsea structures, risers, and shore approaches. Two case studies, design examples, and the author's own experiences as a pipeline integrity engineer are featured in this book. Readers will develop a high quality and in-depth understanding of the corrosion protection methods available and apply them to solve corrosion engineering problems. This book is aimed at students, practicing engineers, and scientists as an introduction to corrosion protection for the oil and gas industry, as well as to overcoming corrosion issues.

In the dynamic digital age, the widespread use of computers has transformed engineering and science. A realistic and successful solution of an engineering problem usually begins with an accurate physical model of the problem and a proper understanding of the assumptions employed. With computers and appropriate software we can model and analyze complex physical systems and problems. However, efficient and accurate use of numerical results obtained from computer programs requires considerable background and advanced working knowledge to avoid blunders and the blind acceptance of computer results. This book provides the background and knowledge necessary to avoid these pitfalls, especially the most commonly used numerical methods employed in the solution of physical problems. It offers an in-depth presentation of the numerical methods for scales from nano to macro in nine self-contained chapters with extensive problems and up-to-date references, covering: Trends and new developments in simulation and computation Weighted residuals methods Finite difference methods Finite element methods Finite strip/layer/prism methods Boundary element methods Meshless methods Molecular dynamics Multiphysics problems Multiscale methods

Surface Engineering of Metals provides basic definitions of classical and modern surface treatments, addressing mechanisms of formation, microstructure, and properties of surface layers. Part I outlines the fundamentals of surface engineering, presents the history of its development, and proposes a two-category classification of surface layers. Discussions include the basic potential and usable properties of superficial layers and coatings, explaining their concept, interaction with other properties, and the significance of these properties for proper selection and functioning. Part II provides an original classification of the production methods of surface layers. Discussions include the latest technologies in this field, characterized by directional or beam interaction of particles or of the heating medium with the treat surface.

This book is an investigation into the barrier qualities of concrete. The transport of fluids, in particular organic and contaminating liquids, through concrete can lead to water and soil pollution. This is a world-wide problem on which there is little published material. This state-of-the-art report redresses the balance and sets out current knowledge on all aspects of the problem, testing methods and indicates the need for further research.

This book shows how the engineering and architectural aspects of submarine design relate to each other, and describes the operational performance required of a vessel. The authors explain concepts of hydrodynamics, structure, powering and dynamics, in addition to architectural considerations that bear on the submarine design process. They pay particular attention to the interplay among these aspects of design, and devote a final chapter to the generation of the concept design for the submarine as a whole. Submarine design makes extensive use of computers, and the authors give examples of algorithms used in concept design. They provide engineering insight as well as an understanding of the intricacies of the submarine design process. The book will serve as a text for students and as a reference manual for practicing engineers and designers in marine and naval engineering.

Presents exclusive material on integration of 4D imaging and 4D printing Demonstrates the industrial applications of 4D imaging in 4D printing using multiple case studies Discusses use of open source 4D imaging tools for biomedical applications Includes in-house development of smart materials for 4D printing Reviews low cost, indigenous lab scale solutions for various veterinary applications