Increasingly stringent environmental regulations and industry adoption of waste minimization guidelines have thus, stimulated the need for the development of recycling and reuse options for metal related waste. This book, therefore, gives an overview of the waste generation, recycle and reuse along the mining, beneficiation, extraction, manufacturing and post-consumer value chain. This book reviews current status and future trends in the recycling and reuse of mineral and metal waste and also details the policy and legislation regarding the waste management, health and environmental impacts in the mining, beneficiation, metal extraction and manufacturing processes. This book is a useful reference for engineers and researchers in industry, policymakers and legislators in governance, and academics on the current status and future trends in the recycling and reuse of mineral and metal waste. Some of the key features of the book are as follows: Holistic approach to waste generation, recycling and reuse along the minerals and metals extraction. Detailed overview of metallurgical waste generation. Practical examples with complete flow sheets, techniques and interventions on waste management. Integrates the technical issues related to efficient resources utilization with the policy and regulatory framework. Novel approach to addressing future commodity shortages.

Used primarily for characterizing polymers and biological systems, vibrational spectroscopy continues to uncover structural information pertinent to a growing number of applications. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biological and Polymeric Materials compiles the latest developments in advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques that are applicable to both polymeric materials and biological compounds. It also presents instrumentation and experimental details that can be used by polymer chemists and biochemists in the design of their own experiments. The text starts by describing the application of static and dynamic FT-IR spectroscopies to liquid crystalline polyurethanes, including a clear exposition of the theory behind the experiments. It discusses the measurement of static and dynamic linear dichroism and stress or strain in both single and multiple fiber composite materials. The book explains the roles of vibrational spectroscopy and the Langmuir-Blodgett technique in the study and preparation of high-quality ultrathin materials. Chapters rich in both theoretical and experimental details describe two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and vibrational circular dichroism. Biomedically-oriented chapters describe the advances in IR imaging of tissues made possible by focal-plane arrays; as well as the use of ligand-gated FT-IR difference spectroscopy in neuropharmacology, particularly in identifying ligands and modes of action for the large number of membrane receptors recently identified in the human genome. The final chapter discusses the application of time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy to biological materials, providing a detailed guide to the use of commercial step-scan instrumentation for examining sub-millisecond mechanistic details of photobiological processes. Written by eminent experts in these fields, Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biological and Polymeric Materials is an ideal and practical reference for the broad spectrum of researchers interested in the analysis and integration of biological and polymeric materials.

Providing an up-to-date overview of the field, this reference presents extensive discussions on a wide range of approaches for molecular imprinting written by pioneering experts on the subject. Molecularly Imprinted Materials: Science and Technology offers experimental protocols that exemplify specific techniques, as well as detailed surveys on molecular imprinting research and applications. Provides a comprehensive tutorial for those who wish to learn basic techniques and make new contributions to the field, as well as in-depth discussions, guidelines, and experimental protocols to help beginners gain a jump-start in the field of molecular imprinting The book examines the recent evolution of the technology, offering step-by-step instruction on methods to design and optimize molecularly imprinted polymers and suggestions, recommendations, and troubleshooting strategies for alternative approaches and improvements discussed in the text. about the editors... MINGDI YAN is Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Oregon. After serving as a senior research scientist at Ikonos Corporation, Portland, Oregon, she joined the Portland State University faculty and now leads a research group in organic and polymeric materials science. She received the B.S. degree in polymer physics from the University of Science and Technology, China, and the Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from the University of Oregon. OLOF RAMSTROEM is Associate Professor, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. After serving with Professor Jean-Marie Lehn at Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France, he joined the Royal Institute of Technology and is now leading a group specializing in supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition. He received the M.Sc. degree in chemical engineering and the Ph.D. degree in bioorganic chemistry/applied biochemistry from Lund Institute of Technology/Lund University, Sweden.

Microporous Media presents new developments from nearly a decade of advancement. Written by a leading researcher in the field, this reference provides examples of the most original scientific and technical research impacting studies in porosity and microporosity, and illustrates methods to forecast the properties of microporous structures for improved electronic, construction, electrical, chemical, and medical applications. The book outlines new results in fractal, self-organization, and polymer theories; pore aging, and percolation; and their various engineering applications, and considers the impact of preparation conditions on the structure and properties of microporous materials.

Sealing is an age-old problem that dates back to our earliest attempts to create a more comfortable living environment. Prehistoric people used natural sealants such as earth, loam, grass, and reeds to protect the interior of their homes against the weather. Today's applications extend to a myriad of uses. The Handbook of Sealant Technology provides an in-depth examination of sealants, reviewing their historical developments and fundamentals, adhesion theories and properties, and today's wide range of applications. Featuring contributions from international academic and industry experts, this comprehensive, illustrated reference explores: The history of sealants from the Stone Age to the present The testing and durability of sealants and sealed joints The use of organofunctional silanes in sealant technology Hot melt and intumescent sealants Urethane waterproofing membrane systems Foam back-up materials Sealants for use in construction, bridge expansion joints, and automotive electronics Fibrin sealants for biomedical applications As technology continues to develop, the potential for sealant use grows exponentially. This valuable reference guide provides a window on the past and offers insight into the extent of future possibilities in a host of industries.

These ten volumes provide an excellent, in-depth overview of all nanomaterial types and their uses in the life sciences. Each volume is dedicated to a specific material class and covers fundamentals, synthesis strategies, structure-property relationships, material behaviour finetuning, biological effects and applications in the life sciences. All important material classes are covered: metallic, metal oxide, magnetic, carbon, polymeric, composite and semiconducting nanomaterials as well as nanostructured surfaces and films.

Despite significant advances in technology and equipment for rolled steel, the computerization of production processes and the steady increase in production of sheet steel, recent scientific and technological achievements have not been compiled in the special literature and revealed to a wide range of specialists. This book details new approaches, computational techniques, and reliable calculation methods of leaf-rolling modes, forecasting and optimization of the technologies, increasing productivity of the mill and a radical improvement in the quality of steel products.

Several statistical techniques are used for the design of materials through extraction of knowledge from existing data banks. These approaches are getting more attention with the application of computational intelligence techniques. This book illustrates the alternative but effective methods of designing materials, where models are developed through capturing the inherent correlations among the variables on the basis of available imprecise knowledge in the form of rules or database, as well as through the extraction of knowledge from experimental or industrial database, and using optimization tools.

How Can We Lower the Power Consumption of Gas Sensors? There is a growing demand for low-power, high-density gas sensor arrays that can overcome problems relative to high power consumption. Low power consumption is a prerequisite for any type of sensor system to operate at optimum efficiency. Focused on fabrication-friendly microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other areas of sensor technology, MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors explores the distinct advantages of using MEMS in low power consumption, and provides extensive coverage of the MEMS/nanotechnology platform for gas sensor applications. This book outlines the microfabrication technology needed to fabricate a gas sensor on a MEMS platform. It discusses semiconductors, graphene, nanocrystalline ZnO-based microfabricated sensors, and nanostructures for volatile organic compounds. It also includes performance parameters for the state of the art of sensors, and the applications of MEMS and nanotechnology in different areas relevant to the sensor domain. In addition, the book includes: An introduction to MEMS for MEMS materials, and a historical background of MEMS A concept for cleanroom technology The substrate materials used for MEMS Two types of deposition techniques, including chemical vapour deposition (CVD) The properties and types of photoresists, and the photolithographic processes Different micromachining techniques for the gas sensor platform, and bulk and surface micromachining The design issues of a microheater for MEMS-based sensors The synthesis technique of a nanocrystalline metal oxide layer A detailed review about graphene; its different deposition techniques; and its important electronic, electrical, and mechanical properties with its application as a gas sensor Low-cost, low-temperature synthesis techniques An explanation of volatile organic compound (VOC) detection and how relative humidity affects the sensing parameters MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors provides a broad overview of current, emerging, and possible future MEMS applications. MEMS technology can be applied in the automotive, consumer, industrial, and biotechnology domains.

Surface Phenomena in the Structural and Mechanical Behaviour of Solid Polymers explores the role of various surface phenomena in the structural and mechanical behaviour of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. This book: Discusses the development of the interfacial surface in the deformation of polymers Examines the healing of interfacial surfaces in polymers Inspects the structure and properties of polymers in thin films and surface layers Evaluates the mechanism of inelastic deformation in glassy amorphous polymers Investigates strain softening and the phenomena taking place upon deformation of polymers in active liquid media Covers the Rehbinder effect, or the adsorption reduction of the strength of solids Describes the properties of polymers in environmental or solvent crazing Analyses the interaction of the highly developed surface of crazed polymers with diverse low- and high-molecular mass components Addresses the instability and self-organisation of surface layers in polymers and diverse polymer systems Presents theoretical speculations concerning the structurally mechanical behaviour of 'a rigid coating on a soft substratum' (RCSS) systems Assesses the stress-strain properties of the thin surface layers of polymers and the nanometric coatings deposited on their surfaces Highlights the efficacy of the approaches developed for RCSS systems for the analysis and description of natural phenomena Details the applied aspects of surface phenomena in the structurally mechanical behaviour of polymers Thus, Surface Phenomena in the Structural and Mechanical Behaviour of Solid Polymers provides a useful framework for the development of new and innovative polymer-based materials.

Oxide-based materials and structures are becoming increasingly important in a wide range of practical fields including microelectronics, photonics, spintronics, power harvesting, and energy storage in addition to having environmental applications. This book provides readers with a review of the latest research and an overview of cutting-edge patents received in the field. It covers a wide range of materials, techniques, and approaches that will be of interest to both established and early-career scientists in nanoscience and nanotechnology, surface and material science, and bioscience and bioengineering in addition to graduate students in these areas. Features: Contains the latest research and developments in this exciting and emerging field Explores both the fundamentals and applications of the research Covers a wide range of materials, techniques, and approaches

In spite of the apparent simplicity of silica's composition and structure, scientists are still investigating fundamental questions regarding the formation, constitution, and behavior of colloidal silica systems. Colloidal Silica: Fundamentals and Applications introduces new information on colloid science related to silica chemistry as well as theoretical and experimental aspects of significant areas of colloidal silica science and technology. This resource is dedicated to helping researchers find new uses of silica and answers to practical problems as its industrial use continues to grow steadily in traditional and novel areas. Written by leading silica scientists around the world, this book reflects developments in the field since silica scientist Ralph K. Iler published his authoritative book on silica chemistry in 1979. It discusses properties and methods of characterization, synthesis, and preparation of silica in terms of industrial applications. Following an analysis of the surface chemistry of various silicas, the book explores methods for measuring particle size and useful characterization techniques for determining structure, stability, and reactivity. The authors then focus on various studies, analytical methods, and current applications involving silica gels and powders, silica coatings, colloidal silica, and sol-gel technology. Colloidal Silica: Fundamentals and Applications features up-to-date material relating to fields as diverse as catalysis, metallurgy, electronics, glass, ceramics, paper and pulp technology, optics, elastomers, food, health care, and industrial chromatography. It is ideal for scientists interested in silica chemistry and physics as well as those not familiar with the subject.

In the fast-developing field of nanomedicine, a broad variety of materials have been used for the development of advanced delivery systems for drugs, genes, and diagnostic agents. With the recent breakthroughs in the field, we are witnessing a new age of disease management, which is governed by precise regulation of dosage and delivery. This book presents the advances in the use of lipid-based and inorganic nanomaterials for medical imaging, diagnosis, theranostics, and drug delivery. The materials discussed include liposome-scaffold systems, elastic liposomes, targeted liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipoproteins, exosomes, porous inorganic nanomaterials, silica nanoparticles, and inorganic nanohybrids. The book provides all available information about them and describes in detail their advantages and disadvantages and the areas where they could be utilized successfully.

Since the late 20th century, graphene-a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice-has garnered appreciable attention as a potential next-generation electronic material due to its exceptional properties. These properties include high current density, ballistic transport, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, optical transmittance, and super hydrophobicity at nanometer scale. In contrast to research on its excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties, research on the syntheses of a single sheet of graphene for industrial applications is in its nascent stages. Graphene: Synthesis and Applications reviews the advancement and future directions of graphene research in the areas of synthesis and properties, and explores applications, such as electronics, heat dissipation, field emission, sensors, composites, and energy.

Examines the general nature of systems, systems modeling, and control Covers both linear graphing and bond graphing approaches to systems design and analysis Integrates computational software, using MATLAB and Simulink primarily Includes analytical examples and numerical examples, simulations, case studies, and chapter problems Presents key issues summaries in point form within chapters, for easy reference and recollection

Surface and colloid chemistry principles impact many aspects of our daily lives, ranging from the cleaners and cosmetics we use to combustion engines and cement. Exploring the range of this field of study, Surface and Colloid Chemistry provides a detailed analysis of its principles and applications and demonstrates how they relate to natural phenomena and industrial processes. Surface and colloid chemistry at work in nature and industry: rain drops combustion engines soap bubbles foam food products air pollution waste-water treatment washing and cleaning cosmetics painting and printing oil and gas production oil spills plastics and polymers biology and pharmaceuticals milk products cement adhesive coal The book begins with an introduction to surfaces and colloids. It describes basic considerations regarding liquids and capillarity, and examines the liquid-solid interface phenomena. It explores the physicochemical properties of surfactants, Langmuir-Blodgett films, adsorption on solid surfaces, and adsorption as it relates to cleaning processes. Then the author examines colloidal systems and thin liquid films before moving on to emulsion science and technology. The final chapter provides examples of applications in science and a range of industries. Examples and Illustrations Integrating real-world examples throughout the text, this volume stimulates readers to consider both fundamental theory and industrial applications. More than 100 figures elucidate the concepts described in the text. Sample questions and answers are provided where appropriate, along with detailed data and discussions. Pertinent references are offered to facilitate further study.

Creates a wide-ranging knowledge base on gas sensor design and fabrication work as applied to industrial and hazardous sectors Provides restructured literature for researchers and academicians working in the field of design and fabrication of gas sensors. Delivers state-of-the-art work going on in the domain, including micro- and nano-sensors Covers the whole range of gas-sensing aspects, from basics, synthesis, and processing to characterization, testing, and application development Serves as a ready reckoner with a wealth of information to aspiring graduate and postdoctoral researchers engaged in the gas-sensing domain

Without sacrificing scientific strictness, this introduction to the field guides readers through mathematical modeling, the theoretical treatment of the underlying physical laws and the construction and effective use of numerical procedures to describe the behavior of the dynamics of physical flow.
The book is carefully divided into three main parts:
- The design of mathematical models of physical fluid flow;
- A theoretical treatment of the equations representing the model, as Navier-Stokes, Euler, and boundary layer equations, models of turbulence, in order to gain qualitative as well as quantitative insights into the processes of flow events;
- The construction and effective use of numerical procedures in order to find quantitative descriptions of concrete physical or technical fluid flow situations.
Both students and experts wanting to control or predict the behavior of fluid flows by theoretical and computational fluid dynamics will benefit from this combination of all relevant aspects in one handy volume.

This book explores recent developments in the design and synthesis of greener nanomaterials and their eco-friendly utilization at the industrial scale. It defines key material descriptors required for their successful employment in different applications and discusses their cost-effective synthesis from natural extracts. The text provides comprehensive links between the design/fabrication of nanoparticles and their catalytic performance (activity, selectivity, and stability) in various applications. The topics covered include photocatalysis, wastewater treatment, environmental ecology, medical biology, biotechnology, sensors, cosmetics, remediation, energy, and phytoformulation.

Localized Dynamics of Thin-Walled Shells focuses on localized vibrations and waves in thin-walled structures with variable geometrical and physical characteristics. It emphasizes novel asymptotic methods for solving boundary-value problems for dynamic equations in the shell theory, in the form of functions which are highly localized near both fixed and moving lines/points on the shell surface. Features First-of-its-kind work, synthesizing knowledge of the localization of vibrations and waves in thin-walled shells with a mathematical tool to study them Suitable for researchers working on the dynamics of thin shells and also as supplementary reading for undergraduates studying asymptotic methods Offers detailed analysis of wave processes in shells with varying geometric and physical parameters

Combines chemistry and material science in order to provide a complete overview of the design, synthesis, and applications of organo-silica This book offers comprehensive and systematic coverage of the latest developments in functional hybrid silicon copolymers, their applications, and how they were developed in relation to previous works in the preparation of various functional groups terminated silicone materials. Silicon Containing Hybrid Copolymers begins with a chapter that introduces readers to organo-silicon materials. It then presents a chapter on reactive functionally terminated polyorganosiloxanes, and contains a section on the methods and advances of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and copolymers. Nanostructured self-assemblies from silicon containing hybrid copolymers are discussed?as are superhydrophobic materials derived from hybrid silicon. Other chapters examine silicone copolymers for healthcare and personal care applications; construction of organic optoelectronic materials by using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS); and 3D printing silicone materials and devices. The book also includes an overview of material toughening and fire retardancy in regards to hybrid POSS nanocomposites. This title: -Focuses on design and synthesis strategies, providing a valuable resource for researchers in academia and industry -Presents recent applications, with emphasis on the underlying strategies and the influence from previous designs, in fields such as healthcare and consumer care -Combines synthetic pathways with design specific considerations to provide the reader with greater control over the design process Silicon Containing Hybrid Copolymers is an ideal book for materials scientists, polymer chemists, and bioinorganic chemists.

Surface engineering is considered an important aspect in the reduction of friction and wear. This reference text discusses a wide range of surface engineering technologies along with applications in a comprehensive manner. The book describes various methods in surface engineering technology with a thorough explanation of various aspects of each process that comes under this domain. Apart from an enhanced explanation of the process and its attributes, this book also gives insight into the types of materials, applications, and optimization of surface engineering techniques. It discusses important topics including surface engineering of the functionality of graded materials, materials characterization, processing of biomaterials, design, surface modification technologies and process control, smart manufacturing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning applications. The book: discusses computational and simulation analyses for better selection of process parameters covers optimizations of processes with state-of-the-art technologies discusses applications of surface engineering in medical, agricultural, architecture engineering, and allied sectors covers processing techniques of biomaterials in surface engineering The text is useful for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers working in diverse areas such as industrial and production engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, and manufacturing science. It covers a hybrid process for surface modification, modeling techniques, and issues in surface engineering.

Nanocomposites are composite materials that have dimensions less than 100 nm in at least one of their phases, offering a higher surface-to-volume ratio. They are high-performance materials, exhibit unusual properties, and are considered as materials of the 21st century. In this book, experts from the field discuss the basic concepts, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of nanocomposites. The book is helpful for researchers, professional engineers, students, and those associated with a variety of disciplines of both academia and industry in seeking an understanding of what has been recently done in the field and the challenges related to it.

Presents a new method for producing simple and complex metal oxide and fluoride nanopowders Based on the "evaporation-condensation" process using pulsed electron beam evaporation (PEBE) Presents the results of more than 10 years of study of the characteristics of nanopowders produced using the aforementioned method. Useful for the researchers in nanotechnology, physical chemistry, biomedicine, and pharmaceuticals, especially those with an interest in drug delivery or cancer therapy.

Covers many different practical applications of nanoparticles Summarizes the latest studies on the synthesis and functionalization of nanosized particles Features information on nanostructures, which play an important role in practical applications Offers up-to-date information given by specialists in each field