Session 1: Fracture of Ceramics with Process Zone.- Fracture Properties of SiC-Based Particulate Composites.- Crack Bridging Processes in Toughened Ceramics.- Fracture Process Zone in Concrete and Ceramics - A Matter of Scaling.- Report on Session 1: Fracture of Ceramics with Process Zone.- Session 2: Fracture in Concrete and Rock.- Microcracking and Damage in Concrete.- Cracking, Damage and Fracture in Stressed Rock: A Holistic Approach.- Test Methods for Determining Mode I Fracture Toughness of Concrete.- Report on Session 2: Fracture in Concrete and Rock.- Session 3: Theoretical Fracture Mechanics Considerations.- Rate Effect, Size Effect and Nonlocal Concepts for Fracture of Concrete and Other Quasi-Brittle Materials.- Micromechanics of Deformation in Rocks.- Asymptotic Analysis of Cohesive Cracks and its Relation with Effective Elastic Cracks.- Reporter's Summary: Session 3, Theoretical Fracture Mechanics Considerations.- Session 4: Experimental Observations.- Microstructure, Toughness Curves and Mechanical Properties of Alumina Ceramics.- Creep Damage Mechanisms in Hot-Pressed Alumina.- Study of the Fracture Process in Mortar with Laser Holographic Measurements.- Reporter's Comments on Session 4 - Experimental Observations.- Session 5: Experimental Methods to Assess Damage.- The Fracture Process Zone in Concrete.- Characterization of the Fracture Behavior of Ceramics Through Analysis of Crack Propagation Studies.- A Review of Experimental Methods to Assess Damage During Fracture of Rock, Concrete and Reinforced Composites.- Similarities Between Fracture Processes in Concrete, Rock and Ceramics: Recorders Report to Session 5 'Experimental Methods to Assess Damage.- Session 6: Theoretical Micromechanics Based Models.- A Review of Some Theories of Toughening Mechanisms in Quasi-Brittle Materials.- On the Form of Micromechanical Models of the Brittle Deformation of Solids.- On the Relationship Between Fracturing of A Microcracking Solid and its Effective Elastic Constants.- Report of Session 6: Theoretical Micromechanics Based Models.- Session 7: Fracture Process in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics.- Determination of Fiber-Matrix Interfacial Properties of Importance to Ceramic Composite Toughening.- Quasi-Ductile Behaviour of Carbon-Reinforced Carbon.- The Fracture Resistance and Brittle Matrix Composites.- Session 7 Discussion.- Session 8: Fracture Toughness of Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites.- Research Challenges in Toughness Development of Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites.- Failure Characterisation of Fibre-Reinforced Cement Composites with R-Curve Characteristics.- Characterization of Interfacial Bond in FRC Materials.- Summary of Session 8: Fracture Toughness of Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites.- Session 9: Strain Rate, Thermal, Time and Fatigue Effects.- Growth of Discrete Cracks in Concrete under Fatigue Loading.- Creep and Creep Rupture of Structural Ceramics.- Fracture of Concrete at High Strain-Rate.- Summary of Session 9: Strain Rate, Thermal, Time, and Fatigue Effects.- Author Index.

This book showcases the state of the art in the field of sensors and microsystems, revealing the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: bio-, physical and chemical sensors; actuators; micro- and nano-structured materials; mechanisms of interaction and signal transduction; polymers and biomaterials; sensor electronics and instrumentation; analytical microsystems, recognition systems and signal analysis; and sensor networks, as well as manufacturing technologies, environmental, food and biomedical applications. The book gathers a selection of papers presented at the 20th AISEM National Conference on Sensors and Microsystems, held in Naples, Italy in February 2019, the event brought together researchers, end users, technology teams and policy makers.

Bio-based plastics and nanocomposites can be used in improved packaging for food. The morphologies and physical and chemical properties of food packaging must be carefully controlled. This book covers topics such as: food packaging types, natural polymers, material properties, regulations and legislation, edible and sustainable food packaging, and trends in end-of-life options. This book is ideal for industrial chemists and materials scientists.

This book presents recent material science-based and mechanical analysis-based advances in joining processes. It includes all related processes, e.g. friction stir welding, joining by plastic deformation, laser welding, clinch joining, and adhesive bonding, as well as hybrid joints. It gathers selected full-length papers from the 1st Conference on Advanced Joining Processes.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to numerical modeling of size effects in metal plasticity. The main classes of strain gradient plasticity formulations are described and efficiently implemented in the context of the finite element method. A robust numerical framework is presented and employed to investigate the role of strain gradients on structural integrity assessment. The results obtained reveal the need of incorporating the influence on geometrically necessary dislocations in the modeling of various damage mechanisms. Large gradients of plastic strain increase dislocation density, promoting strain hardening and elevating crack tip stresses. This stress elevation is quantified under both infinitesimal and finite deformation theories, rationalizing the experimental observation of cleavage fracture in the presence of significant plastic flow. Gradient-enhanced modeling of crack growth resistance, hydrogen diffusion and environmentally assisted cracking highlighted the relevance of an appropriate characterization of the mechanical response at the small scales involved in crack tip deformation. Particularly promising predictions are attained in the field of hydrogen embrittlement. The research has been conducted at the Universities of Cambridge, Oviedo, Luxembourg, and the Technical University of Denmark, in a collaborative effort to understand, model and optimize the mechanical response of engineering materials.

This book introduces the materials and traditional processes involved in the manufacturing industry. It discusses the properties and application of different engineering materials as well as the performance of failure tests. The book lists both destructible and non-destructible processes in detail. The design associated with each manufacturing processes, such Casting, Forming, Welding and Machining, are also covered.

Reactive and functional polymers are manufactured with the aim of improving the performance of unmodified polymers or providing functionality for different applications. These polymers are created mainly through chemical reactions, but there are other important modifications that can be carried out by physical alterations in order to obtain reactive and functional polymers. This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of these reactive and functional polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume Four considers surface interactions, modifications and reactions, as well as reactive processes for recycling polymers and their biodegradability and compostability. World renowned researchers from Argentina, Austria, China, Egypt, France, Iran, Italy, Nepal and United States have participated in this book. With its comprehensive scope and up-to-date coverage of issues and trends in Reactive and Functional Polymers, this is an outstanding book for students, professors, researchers and industrialists working in the field of polymers and plastic materials.

This book introduces the latest research regarding the adsorption of heavy metals, toxic ions, and organic compounds at the interfaces of water/minerals, such as mineralogical characterizations, surface chemistry, and modification of natural minerals as adsorbents, as well as the adsorption of cations, anions, and organic compounds in water. Presenting findings by the authors and their co-workers, the book helps readers grasp the principals and benefits of using minerals for water treatment, as well as the advanced technologies in the area developed over last 30 years, especially the last 10 years.

Transport phenomena are the processes and rules by which heat, mass, and momentum move through and between materials and systems. Along with thermodynamics, mechanics, and electromagnetism, this body of knowledge and theory forms the core principals of all physical systems and is essential to all engineering disciplines. This new edition of a classic work on how transport phenomena behave in materials and materials systems will provide expanded coverage and up-to-date theory and knowledge from today's research on heat transfer and fluid behavior, with ample examples of practical applications to materials processing and engineering. Professional engineers and students alike will find one of the clearest and most accessible approaches to an often difficult and challenging subject. Logical pedagogy, with clear applications to real materials engineering problems will make more vivid the abstract body of knowledge that comprises today's understanding of transport phenomena. Readers will find: A new chapter on boiling and condensationRevised chapters on heat transport, mass transport in solid state and mass transport in fluidsRevised and expanded end-of-chapter problems and exercisesS.I. Units throughoutExtensive Appendices of standard materials propertiesFor classroom use, a Solutions Manual is available

This book presents selected papers from the international conference on advanced manufacturing and materials sciences (ICAMMS 2018). The papers reflet recent advances in manufacturing sector focusing on process optimization and give emphasis to testing and evaluation of new materials with potential use in industrial applications.

Composite materials are a major growth area within advanced materials and the range of applications for such products continues to grow and increase in diversity with every new development. Composite products are highly in demand and reached sales of $21.2 billion globally in 2014. The top three market segments in 2014 were transportation, construction, pipes, and tanks. Other segments include energy, automotive, and aerospace. This state-of-the-art book has been written by high-profile authors who have extensive experience and knowledge in the field of composite materials. The chapters in this collection would be useful for a wide range of audience: undergraduate and post-graduate students students, industrial professionals, materials scientists and researchers, and composite manufacturers. This book provides the reader with a wide range of information in the interdisciplinary subject area of composite materials. The book consists of thirteen chapters. It deals with two types of nanocomposites: graphene and carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites, their manufacturing, properties and applications. It also presents fibre reinforced composites and a comprehensive review of bio-composites. Furthurmore, it has a focus on thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of advanced composite materials.

This book highlights the innovations in textile fibres, that is the starting point of the supply chain. There are numerous innovations made in terms of making the existing fibres sustainable and also to discover new sustainable fibres. This book deals with those innovative sustainable textile fibres in detail. It also presents an overview of various current textile fibres, their issues associated with sustainability and how new, sustainable fibres overcome those issues. Finally it discusses the challenges and implications of these sustainable fibres on technical and economic fronts.

This book analyzes several compliant contact force models within the context of multibody dynamics, while also revisiting the main issues associated with fundamental contact mechanics. In particular, it presents various contact force models, from linear to nonlinear, from purely elastic to dissipative, and describes their parameters. Addressing the different numerical methods and algorithms for contact problems in multibody systems, the book describes the gross motion of multibody systems by using a two-dimensional formulation based on the absolute coordinates and employs different contact models to represent contact-impact events. Results for selected planar multibody mechanical systems are presented and utilized to discuss the main assumptions and procedures adopted throughout this work. The material provided here indicates that the prediction of the dynamic behavior of mechanical systems involving contact-impact strongly depends on the choice of contact force model. In short, the book provides a comprehensive resource for the multibody dynamics community and beyond on modeling contact forces and the dynamics of mechanical systems undergoing contact-impact events.

This book examines blast waves-their methods of generation, their propagation in several dimensions through the real atmosphere and layered gases, and their interactions with simple structures-thereby providing a broad overview of the field. The intended audience has a basic knowledge of algebra and a good grasp of the concepts of conservation of mass and energy. The text includes an introduction to blast wave terminology and conservation laws, and there is a discussion of units and the importance of consistency. This new edition of Blast Waves has been thoroughly updated and includes two new chapters that cover numerical hydrodynamics and blast injury. Authored by an expert with over forty years of experience in the field of blast and shock, this book offers many lessons as well as a historical perspective on developments in the field.

This book concerns the most up-to-date advances in computational transport phenomena (CTP), an emerging tool for the design of gas-solid processes such as fluidized bed systems. The authors examine recent work in kinetic theory and CTP and illustrate gas-solid processes' many applications in the energy, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. They also discuss the kinetic theory approach in developing constitutive equations for gas-solid flow systems and how it has advanced over the last decade as well as the possibility of obtaining innovative designs for multiphase reactors, such as those needed to capture CO2 from flue gases. Suitable as a concise reference and a textbook supplement for graduate courses, Computational Transport Phenomena of Gas-Solid Systems is ideal for practitioners in industries involved with the design and operation of processes based on fluid/particle mixtures, such as the energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food processing.

This expanded special issue of the Journal of Thermal Spray Technology features peer-reviewed and edited contributions based on papers presented at ITSC 2010.

This book focuses on the latest applications of nonlinear approaches in engineering and addresses a range of scientific problems. Examples focus on issues in automotive technology, including automotive dynamics, control for electric and hybrid vehicles, and autodriver algorithm for autonomous vehicles. Also included are discussions on renewable energy plants, data modeling, driver-aid methods, and low-frequency vibration. Chapters are based on invited contributions from world-class experts who advance the future of engineering by discussing the development of more optimal, accurate, efficient, cost, and energy effective systems. This book is appropriate for researchers, students, and practising engineers who are interested in the applications of nonlinear approaches to solving engineering and science problems. Presents a broad range of practical topics and approaches; Explains approaches to better, safer, and cheaper systems; Emphasises automotive applications, physical meaning, and methodologies.

Cotton fiber is the most important natural fiber used in the textile industry. The physical structure and chemical compositions of cotton fibers have been extensively studied. Newer high speed spinning instruments are being deployed around the world that demand longer, stronger and finer fibers. Consequently, genetic improvement in fiber quality has been stressed. With improvement in fiber quality has come the realization that further fiber improvement will require a better understanding of fiber development and biology. As a consequence, cotton fiber developmental biology, genetics and genomics have become focal points in the cotton research community. As the longest single-celled plant hair, cotton fiber has been used as an experiment model to study trichome initiation and elongation in plants. This book provides a comprehensive update on cotton fiber physics, chemistry and biology that form the three sections of the book. In the physics section, the physical structure of cotton fiber is first illustrated in great detail. Then a suite of fiber properties and their measuring methods are described. The pros and cons of each method are outlined. New methods to measure physical properties of single fiber and young developing fibers are included. In the chemistry section, the chemical compositions of cotton fibers are described in detail. This knowledge is necessary for efficient modification of cotton fibers for better and broader utilization. The advancement in cotton fiber modification using chemical and enzymatic methods opened new ways to utilize cotton fibers. In the biology section, the book first introduces the utilization of naturally occurring color cottons. Color cottons possess unique attributes such as better fire retardant ability. Advancement in understanding fiber color genetics and biochemical pathways and new utilization of color cottons are discussed. Recent technological advancements in molecular biology and genomics have enabled us to study fiber development in great depth. Many genes and quantitative trait loci related to fiber quality attributes have been identified and genetically mapped. Some of these genes and QTLs are being used in breeding. Progresses in cotton fiber improvement using breeding and biotechnology are discussed in the last chapter. This book serves as a reference for researchers, students, processors, and regulators who either conduct research in cotton fiber improvement or utilize cotton fibers.

This book aims to face particles in flows from many different, but essentially interconnected sides and points of view. Thus the selection of authors and topics represented in the chapters, ranges from deep mathematical analysis of the associated models, through the techniques of their numerical solution, towards real applications and physical implications. The scope and structure of the book as well as the selection of authors was motivated by the very successful summer course and workshop "Particles in Flows'' that was held in Prague in the August of 2014. This meeting revealed the need for a book dealing with this specific and challenging multidisciplinary subject, i.e. particles in industrial, environmental and biomedical flows and the combination of fluid mechanics, solid body mechanics with various aspects of specific applications.

This book presents a selection of the best papers from the HEaRT 2015 conference, held in Lisbon, Portugal, which provided a valuable forum for engineers and architects, researchers and educators to exchange views and findings concerning the technological history, construction features and seismic behavior of historical timber-framed walls in the Mediterranean countries. The topics covered are wide ranging and include historical aspects and examples of the use of timber-framed construction systems in response to earthquakes, such as the gaiola system in Portugal and the Bourbon system in southern Italy; interpretation of the response of timber-framed walls to seismic actions based on calculations and experimental tests; assessment of the effectiveness of repair and strengthening techniques, e.g., using aramid fiber wires or sheets; and modelling analyses. In addition, on the basis of case studies, a methodology is presented that is applicable to diagnosis, strengthening and improvement of seismic performance and is compatible with modern theoretical principles and conservation criteria. It is hoped that, by contributing to the knowledge of this construction technique, the book will help to promote conservation of this important component of Europe's architectural heritage.

High-pressure Molecular Spectroscopy describes examples of the applications of several spectroscopic methods to investigate the behavior of various chemical systems under high pressures, including guest-host interactions, chemical reactions, molecule-based multiferroics, lanthanide ion-doped glasses, and organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. The techniques involved include: Luminescence studies Inelastic neutron scattering Infrared and Raman studies Synchrotron X-ray diffraction

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in group III-nitride based ultraviolet LED and laser technologies, covering different substrate approaches, a review of optical, electronic and structural properties of InAlGaN materials as well as various optoelectronic components. In addition, the book gives an overview of a number of key application areas for UV emitters and detectors, including water purification, phototherapy, sensing, and UV curing. The book is written for researchers and graduate level students in the area of semiconductor materials, optoelectronics and devices as well as developers and engineers in the various application fields of UV emitters and detectors.

This book gives an overview of the existing self-healing nanotextured vascular approaches. It describes the healing agents used in engineering self-healing materials as well as the fundamental physicochemical phenomena accompanying self-healing. This book also addresses the different fabrication methods used to form core-shell nanofiber mats. The fundamental theoretical aspects of fracture mechanics are outlined. A brief theoretical description of cracks in brittle elastic materials is given and the Griffith approach is introduced. The fracture toughness is described, including viscoelastic effects. Critical (catastrophic) and subcritical (fatigue) cracks and their growth are also described theoretically. The adhesion and cohesion energies are introduced as well, and the theory of the blister test for the two limiting cases of stiff and soft materials is developed. In addition, the effect of non-self-healing nanofiber mats on the toughening of ply surfaces in composites is discussed. The book also presents a brief description of the electrochemical theory of corrosion crack growth. All the above-mentioned phenomena are relevant in the context of self-healing materials.

In this volume, operators, engineers, and researchers present information about all aspects of current processing technologies for nickel and cobalt, as well as emerging technologies for both metals. Contributions from industry and academia encompass metallurgical aspects of metals commonly associated with nickel and cobalt, such as copper and platinum group metals (PGMs). Specific focus areas of the collection include, but are not limited to mineral processing, metallurgy of nickel and cobalt ores, battery materials, recycling, recovery of associated byproducts and PGMs, and sulfide and laterite processing.

Integrated Design of Multiscale, Multifunctional Materials and Products is the first of its type to consider not only design of materials, but concurrent design of materials and products. In other words, materials are not just selected on the basis of properties, but the composition and/or microstructure iw designed to satisfy specific ranged sets of performance requirements. This book presents the motivation for pursuing concurrent design of materials and products, thoroughly discussing the details of multiscale modeling and multilevel robust design and provides details of the design methods/strategies along with selected examples of designing material attributes for specified system performance. It is intended as a monograph to serve as a foundational reference for instructors of courses at the senior and introductory graduate level in departments of materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering and civil engineering who are interested in next generation systems-based design of materials.
Key Features:
* First of its kind to consider not only design of materials, but concurrent design of materials and products.
* Treatment of uncertainty via robust design of materials
* Integrates the "materials by design approach" of Olson/Ques Tek LLC with the "materials selection" approach of Ashby/Granta
* Distinquishes the processes of concurrent design of materials and products as an overall systems design problem from the field of multiscale modeling
* Systematic mathematical algorithms and methods are introduced for robust design of materials, rather than ad hoc heuristics--it is oriented towards a true systems approach to design of materials and products