The title presents an up-to-date account of the research, development, and applications of metallic alloys, recent research into the structure of charge materials, melt treatment, and casting technologies, and their influence on the properties of melts and ingots. This research has confirmed theoretical concepts about the microheterogenous constitution of metallic melts and has made it possible to manage the quality of castings and ingots of various alloys by their special treatment in the liquid state. The four chapters of the book give theoretical and experimental evidence of the effect of the melt constitution on the structure and properties of the solid metal. Liquid Metal Processing: Applications to Aluminium Alloy Production considers common features of structure formation in aluminium alloys for a wide range of solidification conditions, including ultrasonic and thermal melt treatments and discusses the technological problems of these treatments.

The demands of production, such as thin films in microelectronics, rely on consideration of factors influencing the interaction of dissimilar materials that make contact with their surfaces. Bond formation between surface layers of dissimilar condensed solids-termed adhesion-depends on the nature of the contacting bodies. Thus, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of adhesion interaction of different materials from both applied and fundamental perspectives of surface phenomena. Given the difficulty in obtaining reliable experimental values of the adhesion strength of coatings, the theoretical approach to determining adhesion characteristics becomes more important. Surface Physics: Theoretical Models and Experimental Methods presents straightforward and efficient approaches and methods developed by the authors that enable the calculation of surface and adhesion characteristics for a wide range of materials: metals, alloys, semiconductors, and complex compounds. The authors compare results from the proposed theories-developed within the framework of the electron density functional theory and dielectric formalism-to experimental data. The book begins with a discussion of the thermodynamics of surface phenomena and covers experimental and theoretical methods for studying surface characteristics of solids. Chapters describe calculations of surface and adhesion characteristics of metals using the density functional method. They also examine the calculation of adhesion characteristics of metals, semiconductors, and complex compounds based on dielectric formalism. In addition, the text covers dry friction, adsorption of metal atoms, and ferromagnetic films. The principles and methods presented in this book are useful in selecting optimum materials and coatings for various applications, including minimizing friction for increased efficiency of microelectronic components.

Polymer translocation occurs in many biological and biotechnological phenomena where electrically charged polymer molecules move through narrow spaces in crowded environments. Unraveling the rich phenomenology of polymer translocation requires a grasp of modern concepts of polymer physics and polyelectrolyte behavior. Polymer Translocation discusses universal features of polymer translocations and summarizes the key concepts of polyelectrolyte structures, electrolyte solutions, ionic flow, mobility of charged macromolecules, polymer capture by pores, and threading of macromolecules through pores. With approximately 150 illustrations and 850 equations, the book: Avoids heavy mathematics Uses examples to illustrate the richness of the phenomenon Introduces the entropic barrier idea behind polymer translocation Outlines conceptual components necessary for a molecular understanding of polymer translocation Provides mathematical formulas for the various quantities pertinent to polymer translocation The challenge in understanding the complex behavior of translocation of polyelectrolyte molecules arises from three long-range forces due to chain connectivity, electrostatic interactions, and hydrodynamic interactions. Polymer Translocation provides an overview of fundamentals, established experimental facts, and important concepts necessary to understand polymer translocation. Readers will gain detailed strategies for applying these concepts and formulas to the design of new experiments.

Since the first groundbreaking edition of Developments in Pressure-Sensitive Products was introduced in 1998, heavy research has resulted in substantial progress in the field. Fully updated and expanded to reflect this activity, Developments in Pressure-Sensitive Products, Second Edition provides a detailed overview of the entire range of pressure-sensitive products, both with and without adhesives. It explores the principles behind their design and manufacture along with a variety of applications in medicine, electronics, packaging, and protection. The book establishes the link between underlying theory and practical applications, exploring the physical, molecular, and chemical bases of PSPs while describing the manufacturing processes, end uses, and economic issues involved. This edition includes three new chapters: the first of these explains the new theory of pressure sensitivity considered as a process, illustrating the principles of polymer science governing PSP technology; the second discusses the crosslinking of acrylics, the most important domain in specialized products; and the third presents the latest developments in products based on plastomers, such as hydrogels. Additional coverage includes biological applications of PSPs, engineering problems of coating equipment, web finishing for plastic films, and confectioning. Offering cutting-edge information from the frontiers of research and industry, Developments in Pressure-Sensitive Products, Second Edition is an ideal reference to all aspects of pressure-sensitive technologies and materials.

FROM THE INTRODUCTION Vehicle crashworthiness has been improving in recent years with attention mainly directed towards reducing the impact of the crash on the passengers. Effort has been spent in experimental research and in establishing safe theoretical design criteria on the mechanics of crumpling, providing to the engineers the ability to design vehicle structures so that the maximum amount of energy will dissipate while the material surrounding the passenger compartment is deformed, thus protecting the people inside. During the last decade the attention given to crashworthiness and crash energy management has been centered on composite structures. The main advantages of fibre reinforced composite materials over more conventional isotropic materials, are the very high specific strengths and specific stiffness which can be achieved. Moreover, with composites, the designer can vary the type of fibre, matrix and fibre orientation to produce composites with proved material properties. Besides the perspective of reduced weight, design flexibility and low fabrication costs, composite materials offer a considerable potential for lightweight energy absorbing structures; these facts attract the attention of the automotive and aircraft industry owing to the increased use of composite materials in various applications, such as frame rails used in the apron construction of a car body and the subfloor of an aircraft, replacing the conventional materials used. Our monograph is intended to provide an introduction to this relatively new topic of structural crashworthiness for professional engineers. It will introduce them to terms and concepts of it and acquaint them with some sources of literature about it. We believe that our survey constitutes a reasonably well-balanced synopsis of the topic.

As nanotechnology has developed over the last two decades, some nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles, have become very popular. However, recent research has led to the discovery of other, less-common nanoforms, which often serve as building blocks for more complex structures. In an effort to organize the field, the Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures presents an informal classification based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. A small nanotechnological encyclopedia, this book: Describes a range of little-known nanostructures Offers a unifying vision of the synthesis of nanostructures and the generalization of rare nanoforms Includes downloadable resources with color versions of more than 100 nanostructures Explores the fabrication of rare nanostructures, including modern physical, chemical, and biological synthesis techniques The Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures discusses a classification system not directly related to the dimensionality and chemical composition of nanostructure-forming compounds or composite. Instead, it is based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. Possessing unusual shapes and high surface areas, these structures are potentially very useful for catalytic, medical, electronic, and many other applications.

Two-phase nano- and micro-thermal control device research is now proving relevant to a growing range of modern applications, including those in cryogenics, thermal engineering, MEMS, and aerospace engineering. Until now, researchers have lacked a definitive resource that provides a complete review of micro- and nano-scale evaporative heat and mass transfer in capillaries-porous structures. Transport Phenomena in Capillary-Porous Structures and Heat Pipes covers the latest experiemental research efforts in two-phase thermal control technology research and development. The book covers vaporization heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes occurring in capillary channels and porous structures-paying particular attention to the physical mechanisms of these phenomena. Extensive experimental research activities on unique film and photo materials of boiling inside slits, capillaries, and capillary-porous structures are reviewed. By providing a complete record of research in the field, this volume gives researchers, engineers, and practitioners working on vaporization heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes the findings needed to avoid unnecessary experimental efforts, and will help further the development of this dynamic area of research.

"Should have broad appeal in many kinds of industry, ranging from automotive to computers-basically any organization concerned with products having moving parts!" -David A. Rigney, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA In-Depth Coverage of Frictional Concepts Friction affects so many aspects of daily life that most take it for granted. Arguably, mankind's attempt to control friction dates back to the invention of the wheel. Friction Science and Technology: From Concepts to Applications, Second Edition presents a broad, multidisciplinary overview of the constantly moving field of friction, spanning the history of friction studies to the evolution of measurement instruments. It reviews the gamut of friction test methods, ranging from simple inclined plans to sophisticated laboratory tribometers. The book starts with introductory concepts about friction and progressively delves into the more subtle fundamentals of surface contact, use of various lubricants, and specific applications such as brakes, piston rings, and machine components. Includes American Society of Testing and Management (ASTM) Standards This volume covers multiple facets of friction, with numerous interesting and unusual examples of friction-related technologies not found in other tribology books. These include: Friction in winter sports Friction of touch and human skin Friction of footware and biomaterials Friction drilling of metals Friction of tires and road surfaces Describing the tools of the trade for friction research, this edition enables engineers to purchase or build their own devices. It also discusses frictiona

Many believe that the silicon/information age is heading to the Age of Biology and that the next frontier in ceramics will most likely require molecular level or nanoscale control. What, then, is the role of ceramics in the age of biology? As we change from an energy-rich society to an energy-declining society, how can ceramic materials appease the problem? This new edition of Chemical Processing of Ceramics offers a scientific and technological framework for achieving creative solutions to these questions. Edited by experts and containing chapters by leading researchers in the field, the book uses an interdisciplinary approach to cover topics ranging from starting materials to device applications. The book begins with a discussion of starting material, highlighting how to prepare and modify them in the nanoscale range. The chapter authors discuss the synthesis, characterization, and behavior of ceramic powders, the processing of ceramic films via sol-gel technique, and the fabrication of nonoxide ceramics. They also present coverage of several specific thin films, membranes, ferroelectrics, bioceramics, dieletrics, batteries, and superconductors. Although the book is edited, it is organized to reflect the chemical sequence of ceramic processing and the coherent theme of chemical processing for advanced ceramic materials. The coverage of molecular/nanoprocessing techniques that result in new materials will enable researchers and engineers to meet the challenge of producing inorganic materials for use in the applications of the future.

Focusing on layered compounds at the core of materials intercalation chemistry, this reference comprehensively explores clays and other classes of materials exhibiting the ability to pillar, or establish permanent intracrystalline porosity within layers. It offers an authoritative presentation of their fundamental properties as well as summaries of cutting-edge research results. Outlines modern usages of clays and other layered materials, including catalytic and photocatalytic applications. With chapters that explain basic concepts first before delving into more scientifically complex topics, the Handbook of Layered Materials Examines chemistry of clays, pillared clays, and pillared clay heterostructures Scrutinizes layered zirconium phosphates and phosphonates, double hydroxides, manganese oxides, metal chalcogenides, and polysilicates Offers clear descriptions of clay-organic interactions and devotes one chapter specifically to nitroaromatic compound sorption Covers findings in photochemistry and the molecular modeling of surface chemistry Reports recent developments in synthesis, characterization, and host-guest chemistry Contains over 2300 current references, formatting many into expedient tables The companion publication to the lauded Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology (Marcel Dekker, Inc.) from the same expert editors, this reference is ideal for materials chemists and engineers; chemical engineers; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Among all building materials, concrete is the most commonly used-and there is a staggering demand for it. However, as we strive to build taller structures with improved seismic resistance or durable pavement with an indefinite service life, we require materials with better performance than the conventional materials used today. Considering the enormous investment in public infrastructure and society's need to sustain it, the need for new and innovative materials for the repair and rehabilitation of civil infrastructure becomes more evident. These improved properties may be defined in terms of carbon footprint, life-cycle cost, durability, corrosion resistance, strength, ductility, and stiffness. Addressing recent trends and future directions, Mechanics of Fiber and Textile Reinforced Cement Composites presents new opportunities for developing innovative and cost-effective materials and techniques in cement and concrete composites manufacturing, testing, and design. The book offers mathematical models, experimental results, and computational algorithms for efficient designs with fiber and textile reinforced composite systems. It explores alternative solutions using blended cements, innovative reinforcing systems, natural fibers, experimental characterization of key parameters used for design, and optimized designs. Each chapter begins with a detailed introduction, supplies a thorough overview of the existing literature, and sets forth the reasoning behind the experimentation and theory. Documenting the composite action of fibers and textiles, the book develops and explains methods for manufacturing and testing cement composites. Methods to design and analyze structures for reduced weight, increased durability, and minimization of cement use are also examined. The book demonstrates that using a higher volume fraction of fiber systems can result in composites that are quasi-elastic plastic. Speaking to the need to

Presenting the end-use and application technologies of pressure-sensitive adhesives and products, Volume Three of the Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Products discusses the build up and classes of pressure-sensitive products, the main representatives of pressure-sensitive products, and their application domains. It divides the main product classes of solvent-based, water-based, and hot-melt-based formulations by their debonding characteristics and water and temperature resistance, and illustrates build-up by adhesive-coated, adhesiveless, carrierless, and linerless pressure-sensitive products. It presents application technology, equipment, and novel products such as RFID, medical, and labels, as well as the self-adhesive competitors of pressure-sensitive products. It also lists professional organizations and suppliers, along with the main literature sources.

A teaching tool intended to complement existing books on the theory of materials science, metallurgy, and electron microscopy, this text focuses on metals and alloys. It visualizes key structural elements common to crystalline materials, including crystal lattice imperfections, along with the principles and steps involved in the microstructure development in metallic materials under external influences. Designed as an atlas, Microstructure of Metals and Alloys contains a collection of carefully selected original transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs taken by the authors. These images demonstrate typical crystal lattice defects, elements of the microstructure of metals and alloys, and the basic processes occurring to the crystal structure during plastic deformation, polygonization, recrystallization, and rapid solidification. The book is organized into six chapters. Each deals with a particular problem in the field of physical metallurgy, and begins with a description of the basic concept and terms. These descriptions enable readers to achieve a better understanding of the essential issues relevant to specific challenges. Providing comprehensive, illustrative coverage of the basic topics in materials science, this important work emphasizes fundamental principles over specific materials, in a manner that is fully consistent with the contemporary tendency in materials science teaching.

"With the appearance and fast evolution of high performance materials, mechanical, chemical and process engineers cannot perform effectively without fluid processing knowledge. The purpose of this book is to explore the systematic application of basic engineering principles to fluid flows that may occur in fluid processing and related activities. In Viscous Fluid Flow, the authors develop and rationalize the mathematics behind the study of fluid mechanics and examine the flows of Newtonian fluids. Although the material deals with Newtonian fluids, the concepts can be easily generalized to non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. The book contains many examples. Each chapter is accompanied by problems where the chapter theory can be applied to produce characteristic results. Fluid mechanics is a fundamental and essential element of advanced research, even for those working in different areas, because the principles, the equations, the analytical, computational and experimental means, and the purpose are common.

During the past 10 years a large variety of new multiphase polymer-based materials have been studied from a morphological point of view. Simultaneously, huge progress has been achieved in microscopy. These circumstances underline the need for a reference that delineates the differences of various types of nanostructures in multiphase polymer-based materials. Multiphase Polymer-Based Materials: An Atlas of Phase Morphology at the Nano and Micro Scale presents up-to-date coverage of developments in this field in a practical and easy to use format. Illustrates Microscopic Tools for Phase Morphology Investigation The author sifted through an encyclopedic amount of information to provide a selection of more than 550 microscopy pictures resulting from the observation of multiphase polymer-based materials. These illustrations include micro and nanopolymer blends, micro and nanocomposites, micro and nano phases in copolymers, thermosets, and thermoplastic blends that were intensively developed over the past decade. Each picture includes a detailed explanation of how to attain these materials, how the samples were prepared, and how the observations were conducted. A Practical Straightforward Approach to Microscopic Observation The book examines the various microscopic tools employed for the investigation of the phase morphology, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides a practical, straightforward approach for dealing with the microscopic observation of phase morphology in multicomponent polymer blends and nanocomposites.

Avoiding lengthy mathematical discussions, this reference specifically addresses issues affecting the day-to-day practices of those who design, operate, and purchase liquid pipelines in the oil, water, and process industries. Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics supplies an abundance of practical examples and applications for an in-depth understanding of liquid properties, as well as the layout, assessment, and enhancement of effective pipeline systems. The most valuable and reader-friendly reference available for engineers concerned with the optimization of liquid transportation through pipelines

One of two self-contained volumes belonging to the newly revised Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, Second Edition, this book focuses on process design, equipment, and testing used in steel heat treatment. Steel Heat Treatment: Equipment and Process Design presents the classical perspectives that form the basis of heat treatment processes while incorporating detailed descriptions of the latest advances since the 1997 publication of the first edition. This book covers the basic principles of heat treatment and the equipment used in modern industrial settings. It also offers detailed coverage of induction heat treatment as well as important types of furnaces, heat transfer, cooling processes, computation, power supplies, laser treatments, residual stress and loading, microstructural analysis, and quality control. The book features thoroughly updated and new information, most notably in the chapters on vacuum heat processing, designing quench processes, laser hardening, and metallurgical property testing. Steel Heat Treatment: Equipment and Process Design provides a focused resource for everyday use by advanced students and practitioners in metallurgy, process design, heat treatment, and mechanical and materials engineering.

Fluid Bed Technology in Materials Processing comprehensively covers the various aspects of fluidization engineering and presents an elaborate examination of the applications in a multitude of materials processing techniques. This singular resource discusses: All the basic aspects of fluidization essential to understand and learn about various techniques The range of industrial applications Several examples in extraction and process metallurgy Fluidization in nuclear engineering and nuclear fuel cycle with numerous examples Innovative techniques and several advanced concepts of fluidization engineering, including use and applications in materials processing as well as environmental and bio-engineering Pros and cons of various fluidization equipment and specialty of their applications, including several examples Design aspects and modeling Topics related to distributors effects and flow regimes A separate chapter outlines the importance of fluidization engineering in high temperature processing, including an analysis of the fundamental concepts and applications of high temperature fluidized bed furnaces for several advanced materials processing techniques. Presenting information usually not available in a single source, Fluid Bed Technology in Materials Processing serves Fluidization engineers Practicing engineers in process metallurgy, mineral engineering, and chemical metallurgy Researchers in the field of chemical, metallurgical, nuclear, biological, environmental engineering Energy engineering professionals High temperature scientists and engineers Students and professionals who adopt modeling of fluidization in their venture for design and scale up

Doped by isovalent or heterovalent foreign impurities, II-VI semiconductor compounds enable control of optical and electronic properties, making them ideal in detectors, solar cells, and other precise device applications. Quaternary alloys allow a simultaneous adjustment of band gap and lattice constant, increasing radiant efficiency at a wide range of wavelengths. Quaternary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductors consolidates data pertaining to diagrams of quaternary systems based on these semiconductor compounds. The book illustrates up-to-date experimental and theoretical information about phase relations based on II-VI semiconductor systems with four components. It critically evaluates many industrially significant systems presented in two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases. The author classifies all materials according to the periodic groups of their constituent atoms and additional components in the order of their group number. Each quaternary database description contains brief information on the diagram type, possible phase transformations and physical-chemical interactions of the components, thermodynamic characteristics, and methods for equilibrium investigation and sample preparation. Most of the phase diagrams are in their original form. For those with varying published data, the text includes several versions for comparison. This book provides invaluable data for technologists and researchers involved in developing and manufacturing II-VI semiconductors at industrial and national laboratories. It is also suitable for phase relations researchers, inorganic chemists, and semiconductor physicists as well as graduate students in materials science and engineering. Check out the companion books: Ternary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductor Compounds and

This practical reference/text provides a thorough overview of cost estimating as applied to various manufacturing industries, with special emphasis on metal manufacturing concerns. It presents examples and study problems illustrating potential applications and the techniques involved in estimating costs.;Containing both US and metric units for easy conversion of world-wide manufacturing data, Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries: outlines professional societies and publications dealing with cost estimating and cost analysis; details the four basic metalworking processes - machining, casting, forming, and joining; reveals five techniques for capital cost estimating, including the new AACE International's Recommended Practice 16R-90 and the new knowledge and experience method; discusses the effect of scrap rates and operation costs upon unit costs; offers four formula methods for conceptual cost estimating and examines material-design-cost relationships; describes cost indexes, cost capacity factors, multiple-improvement curves, and facility cost estimation techniques; offers a generalized metal cutting economics model for comparison with traditional economic models; and more.;Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries serves as an on-the-job, single-source reference for cost, manufacturing, and industrial engineers and as a text for upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students in cost estimating, engineering economics, and production operations courses.;A Solutions manual to the end-of-chapter problems is available free of charge to instructors only. Requests for the manual must be made on official school stationery.

Size, Shape, and Synthesis Key to "Tuning" Properties The discovery and rapid evolution of carbon nanotubes have led to a vastly improved understanding of nanotechnology, as well as dozens of possible applications for nanomaterials of different shapes and sizes ranging from composites to biology, medicine, energy, transportation, and electronic devices. Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers an overview of structure-property relationships, synthesis and purification, and potential applications of carbon nanotubes and fibers, including whiskers, cones, nanobelts, and nanowires. Using research on carbon nanotubes as a foundation to further developments, this book discusses methods for growing and synthesizing amorphous and nanocrystalline graphitic carbon structures and inorganic nanomaterials, including wet chemical synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, and others. It also describes boron nitride and metal chalcogenide nanotubes in detail and reviews the unique properties and methods for characterizing and producing single-crystalline semiconducting and functional-oxide nanowires. The chapters also identify challenges involving the controlled growth, processing, and assembly of organic and inorganic nanostructures that must be addressed before large-scale applications can be implemented. Edited by award-winning professor and researcher Dr. Yury Gogotsi, Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers a well-rounded perspective on the advances leading to improved nanomaterial properties for a range of new devices and applications including electronic devices, structural composites, hydrogen and gas storage, electrodes in electrochemical energy-storage systems, sorbents, and filters.

An evolution is currently underway in the textile industry and Textile for Industrial Applications is the guidebook for its growth. This industry can be classified into three categories-clothing, home textile, and industrial textile. Industrial textiles, also known as technical textiles, are a part of the industry that is thriving and showing great promise. Unlike conventional textiles traditionally used for clothing or furnishing by consumers, industrial textiles are used for manufacturing and functionality purposes, and generally by other industries. This book provides an encyclopedic review of industrial textiles, covering all of the latest trends in the development and application of these textiles with advice and suggestions on how to apply them in other industries. Discusses the latest technologies adopted in the industrial textile industry including nano finishing and plasma applications Covers the basic fundamentals about product characteristics and production techniques Caters to students and faculty involved in textile technology, composite technology, and other interdisciplinary courses as it relates to product engineering and product development Textiles for Industrial Applications details the market potential and growth of industrial textiles and explains the steps involved in the product development of industrial textiles. It discusses property requirement, the basic textile manufacturing process, manufacturing techniques and fibers used, as well as application methods. The book highlights recent developments in terms of raw material usage, manufacturing technology, and value-added finishes in this sector. A separate chapter focuses on the testing procedures of various industrial textiles.

An analysis of polymer and composite rheology. This second edition covers flow properties of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, and general principles and applications of all phases of polymer rheology, with new chapters on the rheology of particulate and fibre composites. It also includes new and expanded detail on polymer blends and emulsions, foams, reacting systems, and flow through porous media as well as composite processing operations.

Corrosion of Polymers and Elastomers provides a detailed examination of the corrosive effects of thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and elastomeric materials. The book is perfectly suited for specialists interested in the corrosion resistance and mechanisms of these materials. Following a general introduction to the composition, properties, and applications of polymers, the book focuses on the effects of chemical corrosion caused by changes in temperature, moisture, and other corrodents. Organized by material type, the chapters cover each material's ability to withstand sun, weather, and ozone as well as its chemical resistance and typical applications. The book also includes compatibility tables for each of the materials and compares the corrosion resistance of selected elastomers.

Discusses the components of textile finishes, and the chemical and physical properties of, as well as their effects on, various fibres. The book covers fundamentals of fibre finish science, such as theories of friction; laboratory testing of formulations, from preliminary component evaluation to analyses for material characterization; and the influence of wetting, emulsification and finish distribution on coatings.