This book describes wetting fundamentals and reviews the standard protocol for contact angle measurements. The authors include a brief overview of applications of contact angle measurements in surface science and engineering. They also discuss recent advances and research trends in wetting fundamentals and include measurement techniques and data interpretation of contract angles.

Pneumatic conveying systems offer enormous advantages: flexibility in plant layout, automatic operation, easy control and monitoring, and the ability to handle diverse materials, especially dangerous, toxic, or explosive materials. The Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering provides the most complete, comprehensive reference on all types and sizes of systems, considering their selection, design, maintenance, and optimization. It offers practical guidelines, diagrams, and procedures to assist with plant maintenance, operation, and control. With well over fifty years of combined experience in the field, the authors promote practical, valuable approaches to test, evaluate, and correct both old and newly constructed systems. They include abundant checklists and approaches for preventing component wear, material degradation, and operating dilemmas and suggest lists of alternate materials and components to use if erosion does occur. Comparing various conveying system types, components, and flow mechanisms, the book explains the function of material flow, recommends conveying air velocity for different types of materials, and examines the conveying characteristics of a broad array of materials with emphasis on their impact on system performance. Brimming with invaluable checklists, models, guidelines, diagrams, and illustrations, the Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering is simply the most authoritative guide to pneumatic conveying available and a critical tool for your everyday work.

Comprehensive, unique coverage of turbulent flow including modern prediction and measurement

Turbulent Flow presents the essential physical and analytical background that enables readers to make informed decisions when choosing the best method for the study and prediction of turbulent flows. Critical focus is given to experimental and numerical methods as well as what these methods have revealed about turbulent motion.

Coverage includes an introduction to turbulence theory, the fundamental equations of turbulent flow and their meaning, the techniques used in physical experiments and computer simulations, a review of the progress made in understanding the properties of turbulence, turbulence closures and their applications, and large eddy simulation methods.

Cutting-edge material includes:

• State-of-the-art turbulence closure and simulation techniques
• Up-to-date presentations of major theoretical and experimental advances
• Vortex analysis of turbulence structure, transport, and modeling

Turbulent Flow is an essential book for students and an invaluable reference for mechanical and aerospace engineers, physicists and mathematicians in related disciplines, and engineers and scientists in such fields as chemical, biological, and ocean engineering.

The first of its kind in the field, this title examines the use of modern, shock-capturing finite volume numerical methods, in the solution of partial differential equations associated with free-surface flows, which satisfy the shallow-water type assumption (including shallow water flows, dense gases and mixtures of materials as special samples).
Starting with a general presentation of the governing equations for free-surface shallow flows and a discussion of their physical applicability, the book goes on to analyse the mathematical properties of the equations, in preparation for the presentation of the exact solution of the Riemann problem for wet and dry beds. After a general introduction to the finite volume approach, several chapters are then devoted to describing a variety of modern shock-capturing finite volume numerical methods, including Godunov methods of the upwind and centred type. Approximate Riemann solvers following various approaches are studied in detail as is their use in the Godunov approach for constructing low and high-order upwind TVD methods. Centred TVD schemes are also presented. Two chapters are then devoted to practical applications. The book finishes with an overview of potential practical applications of the methods studied, along with appropriate reference to sources of further information.
Features include:
* Algorithmic and practical presentation of the methods
* Practical applications such as dam-break modelling and the study of bore reflection patterns in two space dimensions
* Sample computer programs and accompanying numerical software (details available at www.numeritek.com)
The book is suitable for teaching postgraduatestudents of civil, mechanical, hydraulic and environmental engineering, meteorology, oceanography, fluid mechanics and applied mathematics. Selected portions of the material may also be useful in teaching final year undergraduate students in the above disciplines. The contents will also be of interest to research scientists and engineers in academia and research and consultancy laboratories.

This innovative text emphasizes a "less-is-more" approach to modeling complicated systems such as heat transfer by treating them first as "1-node lumped models" that yield simple closed-form solutions. The author develops numerical techniques for students to obtain more detail, but also trains them to use the techniques only when simpler approaches fail. Covering all essential methods offered in traditional texts, but with a different order, Professor Sidebotham stresses inductive thinking and problem solving as well as a constructive understanding of modern, computer-based practice. Readers learn to develop their own code in the context of the material, rather than just how to use packaged software, offering a deeper, intrinsic grasp behind models of heat transfer. Developed from over twenty-five years of lecture notes to teach students of mechanical and chemical engineering at The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, the book is ideal for students and practitioners across engineering disciplines seeking a solid understanding of heat transfer. This book also: * Adopts a novel inductive pedagogy where commonly understood examples are introduced early and theory is developed to explain and predict readily recognized phenomena * Introduces new techniques as needed to address specific problems, in contrast to traditional texts' use of a deductive approach, where abstract general principles lead to specific examples * Elucidates readers' understanding of the "heat transfer takes time" idea-transient analysis applications are introduced first and steady-state methods are shown to be a limiting case of those applications * Focuses on basic numerical methods rather than analytical methods of solving partial differential equations, largely obsolete in light of modern computer power * Maximizes readers' insights to heat transfer modeling by framing theory as an engineering design tool, not as a pure science, as has been done in traditional textbooks * Integrates practical use of spreadsheets for calculations and provides many tips for their use throughout the text examples

"Showcases the beneftis and potential advantages of water hydraulics over oil-based media. Interweaves examples and excercises throughout the text to illustrate critical concepts, with helpful appendices on abbreviations, symbols, conversion factors, and water contaminants, and glossary sections."

This book discusses the core principles and practical applications of a brand new machine category: liquid-metal soft machines and motors. After a brief introduction on the conventional soft robot and its allied materials, it presents the new conceptual liquid-metal machine, which revolutionizes existing rigid robots, both large and small. It outlines the typical features of the soft liquid-metal materials and describes the various transformation capabilities, mergence of separate metal droplets, self-rotation and planar locomotion of liquid-metal objects under external or internal mechanism. Further, it introduces a series of unusual phenomena discovered while developing the shape changeable smart soft machine and interprets the related mechanisms regarding the effects of the shape, size, voltage, orientation and geometries of the external fields to control the liquid-metal transformers. Moreover, the book illustrates typical strategies to construct a group of different advanced functional liquid-metal soft machines, since such machines or robots are hard to fabricate using rigid-metal or conventional materials. With highly significant fundamental and practical findings, this book is intended for researchers interested in establishing a general method for making future smart soft machine and accompanying robots.

This book considers the kinematics and dynamics of the flows of fluids exhibiting a yield stress. Continuum mechanics governing the fluid mechanics is described. Two chapters are dedicated to analytical solutions to several steady and unsteady flows of viscoplastic fluids, including flows with pressure-dependent rheological parameters. Perturbation methods, variational inequalities to solve fluid flow problems, and the use of energy methods are discussed. Numerical modeling using augmented Lagrangian, operator splitting, finite difference, and lattice Boltzmann methods are employed. The second edition provides new sections on flows of yield stress fluids with pressure-dependent rheological parameters, on flows with wall slip, and on deriving the fundamental equations for Boltzmann lattice materials. Furthermore new material on the lubrication approximation and applications of finite differences has been added.

This book offers a succinct review of single-phase flow and a solid grounding in the two-phase flow, focusing on mixture and separated flows. This graduate text provides a unified treatment of the fundamental principles of two-phase flow and shows how to apply the priciples to a variety of homogeneous mixture as well as separated liquid-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-solid, and gas-liquid flow problems, which maybe steady or transient, laminar or turbulent.

Each chapter contains several sample problems, which illustrate the outlined theory and provide approaches to find simplified analytic descriptions of complex two-phase flow phenomena.

This well-balanced introductory text will be suitable for final year undergraduates and postgraduates in mechanical, chemical, biomedical, nuclear, environmental and aerospace engineering, as well as in applied mathematics and the physical sciences. It will be a valuable reference for practicing engineers and scientists.

A solutions manual will also be available and the book is accompanied by a CD-ROM with animations of the Two-Phase Flow Fundamentals and applications.

Multi-phase flows are part of our natural environment such as tornadoes, typhoons, air and water pollution and volcanic activities as well as part of industrial technology such as power plants, combustion engines, propulsion systems, or chemical and biological industry. The industrial use of multi-phase systems requires analytical and numerical strategies for predicting their behavior. .In its fourth extended edition the successful monograph package Multiphase Flow Daynmics contains theory, methods and practical experience for describing complex transient multi-phase processes in arbitrary geometrical configurations, providing a systematic presentation of the theory and practice of numerical multi-phase fluid dynamics.

In the present second volume the methods for describing the mechanical interactions in multiphase dynamics are provided. This fourth edition includes various updates, extensions, improvements and corrections.

"The literature in the field of multiphase flows is numerous. Therefore, it is very important to have a comprehensive and systematic overview including useful numerical methods. The volumes have the character of a handbook and accomplish this function excellently. The models are described in detail and a great number of comprehensive examples and some cases useful for testing numerical solutions are included. These two volumes are very useful for scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of technical thermodynamics, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and for mathematicians with interest in technical problems. Besides, they can give a good overview of the dynamically developing, complex field of knowledge to students. This monograph is highly recommended,

BERND PLATZER, ZAAM

In the present second volume the methods for describing the mechanical interactions in multiphase dynamics are provided. This fourth edition includes various updates, extensions, improvements and corrections.

"The literature in the field of multiphase flows is numerous. Therefore, it is very important to have a comprehensive and systematic overview including useful numerical methods. The volumes have the character of a handbook and accomplish this function excellently. The models are described in detail and a great number of comprehensive examples and some cases useful for testing numerical solutions are included. These two volumes are very useful for scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of technical thermodynamics, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and for mathematicians with interest in technical problems. Besides, they can give a good overview of the dynamically developing, complex field of knowledge to students. This monograph is highly recommended,

BERND PLATZER, ZAAM

"The literature in the field of multiphase flows is numerous. Therefore, it is very important to have a comprehensive and systematic overview including useful numerical methods. The volumes have the character of a handbook and accomplish this function excellently. The models are described in detail and a great number of comprehensive examples and some cases useful for testing numerical solutions are included. These two volumes are very useful for scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of technical thermodynamics, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and for mathematicians with interest in technical problems. Besides, they can give a good overview of the dynamically developing, complex field of knowledge to students. This monograph is highly recommended,

BERND PLATZER, ZAAM

Modeling hydrologic changes and predicting their impact on watersheds is a dominant concern for hydrologists and other water resource professionals, civil and environmental engineers, and urban and regional planners. As such changes continue, it becomes more essential to have the most up-to-date tools with which to perform the proper analyses and modeling of the complex ecology, morphology, and physical processes that occur within watersheds. An application-oriented text, Modeling Hydrologic Change: Statistical Methods provides a step-by-step presentation of modeling procedures to help you properly analyze and model real-world data.

The text addresses modeling systems where change has affected data that will be used to calibrate and test models of the system. The use of actual hydrologic data will help you learn how to handle the vagaries of real-world hydrologic-change data. All four elements of the modeling process are discussed: conceptualization, formulation, calibration, and verification. Although the book is oriented towards the statistical aspects of modeling, a strong background in statistics is not required. The statistical and modeling methods discussed here will be of value to all disciplines involved in modeling change. With approximately 100 illustrations, Modeling Hydrologic Change will equip you with an understanding with which to perform the proper analyses and modeling of the complex processes that occur across various disciplines.

Stepped channel designs have been used for more than 3,500 years. A significant number of dams were built with overflow stepped spillways during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before the design technique became outdated with the progresses in hydraulic jump stilling basin design. Recent advances in technology (e.g. RCC, polymer-coated gabion wire) have triggered a regain in interest for the stepped design, although much expertise had been lost in the last eighty years. The steps increase significantly the rate of energy dissipation taking place along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Stepped cascades are used also in water treatment plants to enhance the air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) and of volatile organic components (VOC). This book presents the state-of-the-art in stepped channel hydraulics. It is based upon the research expertise of the writer, his professional experience as an expert-consultant, and his experience in teaching stepped spillway hydraulics to undergraduate students, postgraduate research students and professionals since 1982. Results from more than forty-five laboratory studies and four prototype investigations were reanalyzed and compared, enabling the book to provide a new understanding of stepped channel hydraulics, aimed at both the research and professional communities.

This book provides a comprehensive discussion of the newest and best in the field of rock scour assessment due to falling high-velocity jets. It comprises the papers of a workshop organized to bring together engineers and scientists from all over the world to promote the exchange of knowledge on the complexities of the hydrodynamic-geotechnical scour problem. The workshop covered topics ranging from physical modelling to jet aeration and air entrainment in plunge pools as well as numerical modelling and protection measures. Some interesting case studies from around the world are also presented. This book is the first to bring together practical experience and theoretical understanding related to the latest scour evacuation methods. It will enhance future research and design activities as well as helping to improve safety of hydraulic structures and dams.

Environmental Fluid Mechanics provides comprehensive coverage of a combination of basic fluid principles and their application in a number of different situations-exploring fluid motions on the earth's surface, underground, and in oceans-detailing the use of physical and numerical models and modern computational approaches for the analysis of environmental processes. Environmental Fluid Mechanics covers novel scaling methods for a variety of environmental issues; equations of motion for boundary layers; hydraulic characteristics of open channel flow; surface and internal wave theory; the advection diffusion equation; sediment and associated contaminant transport in lakes and streams; mixed layer modeling in lakes; remediation; transport processes at the air/water interface; and more.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

This monograph is devoted to the description of the physical fundamentals of laser refractography-a novel informational-measuring technique for the diagnostics of optically inhomogeneous media and flows, based on the idea of using spatially structured probe laser radiation in combination with its digital recording and c- puter techniques for the differential processing of refraction patterns. Considered are the physical fundamentals of this technique, actual optical schemes, methods of processing refraction patterns, and possible applications. This informational technique can be employed in such areas of science and technology as require remote nonperturbative monitoring of optical, thermophysical, chemical, aerohydrodynamic, and manufacturing processes. The monograph can also be recommended for students and postgraduates of - formational, laser, electro-optical, thermophysical, chemical, and other specialties. Laser refractography is a conceptually novel refraction method for the diagn- tics of inhomogeneous media, based on the idea of using spatially structured probe laser radiation in combination with its digital recording and computer techniques for the differential processing of refraction patterns.

Since many processes in the food industry involve fluid flow and heat and mass transfer, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides a powerful early-stage simulation tool for gaining a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the performance of food processing, allowing engineers to test concepts all the way through the development of a process or system. Published in 2007, the first edition was the first book to address the use of CFD in food processing applications, and its aims were to present a comprehensive review of CFD applications for the food industry and pinpoint the research and development trends in the development of the technology; to provide the engineer and technologist working in research, development, and operations in the food industry with critical, comprehensive, and readily accessible information on the art and science of CFD; and to serve as an essential reference source to undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers in universities and research institutions. This will continue to be the purpose of this second edition. In the second edition, in order to reflect the most recent research and development trends in the technology, only a few original chapters are updated with the latest developments. Therefore, this new edition mostly contains new chapters covering the analysis and optimization of cold chain facilities, simulation of thermal processing and modeling of heat exchangers, and CFD applications in other food processes.

This book critically reexamines what turbulence really is, from a fundamental point of view and based on observations from nature, laboratories, and direct numerical simulations. It includes critical assessments and a comparative analysis of the key developments, their evolution and failures, along with key misconceptions and outdated paradigms. The main emphasis is on conceptual and problematic aspects, physical phenomena, observations, misconceptions and unresolved issues rather than on conventional formalistic aspects, models, etc. Apart from the obvious fundamental importance of turbulent flows, this emphasis stems from the basic premise that without corresponding progress in fundamental aspects there is little chance for progress in applications such as drag reduction, mixing, control and modeling of turbulence. More generally, there is also a desperate need to grasp the physical fundamentals of the technological processes in which turbulence plays a central role.

A classic from 1965, this book covers the main aspects of the theory of quantum liquids, including the elementary excitation spectrum, hydrodynamics, and kinetic phenomena. The book requires no special training and assumes only general knowledge of the fundamentals of theoretical physics. It was developed from studies at the Institute of Physical Problems of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and can be used as a guide for professors teaching quantum liquid theory or as a text for graduate students.

An analysis of polymer and composite rheology. This second edition covers flow properties of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, and general principles and applications of all phases of polymer rheology, with new chapters on the rheology of particulate and fibre composites. It also includes new and expanded detail on polymer blends and emulsions, foams, reacting systems, and flow through porous media as well as composite processing operations.

Adopts a completely original approach to the study of processes of mass transfer. In contrast to the usual approach, based on the concept of continuum media and the theory of heat and mass transfer, the topic is considered from a new viewpoint, taking into account the heterogeneous dispersal state of porous bodies. The author bases his discussion on the theory of surface forces and microhydrodynamic analysis of the processes of mass transport of gases, liquids and vapors, providing the reader with a systematic account of liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces.
Topics treated in this book include structural peculiarities, equilibrium and properties of liquids in porous bodies. Various mechanisms of mass transfer are considered, including liquid flow in pores and films, gas diffusion, combined transfer of liquid and vapor, convective diffusion in solutions, structure formation, capillary phenomena, and wetting.
This unique book provides a wealth of information from the former Soviet Union, which will be of great interest to chemists, physicists and materials scientists, as well as industrialists working with a variety of different products in which disperse systems and porous bodies are important.

Accuracy in the laboratory setting is key to maintaining the integrity of scientific research. Inaccurate measurements create false and non-reproducible results, rendering an experiment or series of experiments invalid and wasting both time and money. This handy guide to solid, fluid, and thermal measurement helps minimize this pitfall through careful detailing of measurement techniques. Concise yet thorough, Mechanical Variables Measurement-Solid, Fluid, and Thermal describes the use of instruments and methods for practical measurements required in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences. Organized according to measurement problem, the entries are easy to access. The articles provide equations to assist engineers and scientists who seek to discover applications and solve problems that arise in areas outside of their specialty. Sections include references to more specialized publications for advanced techniques, as well. It offers instruction for a range of measuring techniques, basic through advanced, that apply to a broad base of disciplines. As an engineer, scientist, designer, manager, researcher, or student, you encounter the problem of measurement often and realize that doing it correctly is pivotal to the success of an experiment. This is the first place to turn when deciding on, performing, and troubleshooting the measurement process. Mechanical Variables Measurement-Solid, Fluid, and Thermal leads the reader, step-by-step, through the straits of experimentation to triumph.

Airflow examines and describes the many ways in which modellers and practitioners of a wide range of hobbies and sports (even cricket!) can understand and confront, harness and exploit the physical properties of wind and air. The book's admirable breadth and depth offers something not only for students of many science and technical subjects, but also to the hobbyists and disciples of 'alternative energy'. The book will be of particular interest to the increasing number of people who are hooked on the thrill and excitement of sports such as yachting, aeromodelling, ballooning, car racing, parachuting, kite flying, boomerang throwing, hang gliding, soaring in sailplanes and power flying.

With the appearance and fast evolution of high performance materials, mechanical, chemical and process engineers cannot perform effectively without fluid processing knowledge. The purpose of this book is to explore the systematic application of basic engineering principles to fluid flows that may occur in fluid processing and related activities.
In Viscous Fluid Flow, the authors develop and rationalize the mathematics behind the study of fluid mechanics and examine the flows of Newtonian fluids. Although the material deals with Newtonian fluids, the concepts can be easily generalized to non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. The book contains many examples. Each chapter is accompanied by problems where the chapter theory can be applied to produce characteristic results.
Fluid mechanics is a fundamental and essential element of advanced research, even for those working in different areas, because the principles, the equations, the analytical, computational and experimental means, and the purpose are common.