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Books > Professional & Technical > Mechanical engineering & materials > Materials science > Mechanics of fluids
This book presents contributions to the 18th biannual symposium of the German Aerospace Aerodynamics Association (STAB). The individual chapters reflect ongoing research conducted by the STAB members in the field of numerical and experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics, mainly for (but not limited to) aerospace applications, and cover both nationally and EC-funded projects. By addressing a number of essential research subjects, together with their related physical and mathematics fundamentals, the book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the current research work in the field, as well as its main challenges and new directions. Current work on e.g. high aspect-ratio and low aspect-ratio wings, bluff bodies, laminar flow control and transition, active flow control, hypersonic flows, aeroelasticity, aeroacoustics and biofluid mechanics is exhaustively discussed here.
Free Convective Heat Transfer is a thorough survey of various kinds of free-convective flows and heat transfer. Reference data are accompanied by a large number of photographs originating from different optical visualization methods illustrating the different types of flow. The formulas derived from numerical and analytical investigations are valuable tools for engineering calculations. They are written in their most compact and general form in order to allow for an extensive range of different variants of boundary and initial conditions, which, in turn, leads to a wide applicability to different flow types. Some specific engineering problems are solved in the book as exemplary applications of these formulas.
Rotary Drum: Fluid Dynamics, Dimensioning Criteria, and Industrial Applications provides in-depth analysis of fluid dynamics in rotary drums. In addition, it provides analysis on the different configurations, including nonconventional ones, diverse industrial applications, and comparison with competing dryer types, as well as the modeling of these devices. Covering important aspects of fluid dynamics in rotary drums, which directly influence the drying performance, the book also considers the significant cost of conventional rotary dryers. It takes into account the scale-up of rotary dryers and the control of product quality during processing, which can leave the final product overdried and overheated, wasting thermal energy. The book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of drying technology.
This textbook covers fundamental and advanced concepts of computational fluid dynamics, a powerful and essential tool for fluid flow analysis. It discusses various governing equations used in the field, their derivations, and the physical and mathematical significance of partial differential equations and the boundary conditions. It covers fundamental concepts of finite difference and finite volume methods for diffusion, convection-diffusion problems both for cartesian and non-orthogonal grids. The solution of algebraic equations arising due to finite difference and finite volume discretization are highlighted using direct and iterative methods. Pedagogical features including solved problems and unsolved exercises are interspersed throughout the text for better understanding. The textbook is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students in the field of mechanical engineering and aerospace engineering, for a course on computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer. The textbook will be accompanied by teaching resources including a solution manual for the instructors. Written clearly and with sufficient foundational background to strengthen fundamental knowledge of the topic. Offers a detailed discussion of both finite difference and finite volume methods. Discusses various higher-order bounded convective schemes, TVD discretisation schemes based on the flux limiter essential for a general purpose CFD computation. Discusses algorithms connected with pressure-linked equations for incompressible flow. Covers turbulence modelling like k- , k- , SST k- , Reynolds Stress Transport models. A separate chapter on best practice guidelines is included to help CFD practitioners.
The subject of jamming and rheology is a broad and interdisciplinary one that is generating increasing interest. This book deals with one of the oldest unsolved problems in condensed matter physics - that of the nature of glass transition in supercooled liquids. Jamming and Rheology is a collection of reprinted articles from several fields, ranging from structural glasses to foams and granular materials. Glassy relaxation and constrained dynamics (jamming) occur at all scales, from microscopic to macroscopic - in the glass transition of supercooled liquids, in fluids confined to thin films, in the structural arrest of particles such as granular materials, and in foams which must be driven by an applied stress in order to flow. Because jamming occurs at the transition between where a flow occurs and where motion stops, it is hoped that there may be a universal feature that describes this transition in all systems. This volume shows that the systems described above share many common phenomenological features, and covers work done by a wide range of scientists and technologists working in areas from physics to chemistry to chemical and mechanical engineering.
High Temperature Gas Dynamics is a primer for scientists, engineers, and students who would like to have a basic understanding of the physics and the behavior of high-temperature gases. It is a valuable tool for astrophysicists as well. The first chapters treat the basic principles of quantum and statistical mechanics and how to derive thermophysical properties from them. Special topics are included that are rarely found in other textbooks, such as the thermophysical and transport properties of multi-temperature gases and a novel method to compute radiative transfer. Furthermore, collision processes between different particles are discussed. Separate chapters deal with the production of high-temperature gases and with electrical emission in plasmas, as well as related diagnostic techniques. This new edition adds over 100 pages and includes the following updates: several sections on radiative properties of high temperature gases and various radiation models, a section on shocks in magneto-gas-dynamics, a section on stability of 2D ionized gas flow, and additional practical examples, such as MGD generators, Hall and ion thrusters, and Faraday generators.
Amidst tightening requirements for eliminating CFC's, HCFC's, halons, and HFC's from use in air conditioning and heat pumps, the search began for replacements that are environmentally benign, non-flammable, and similar to the banned refrigerants in system-level behavior. Refrigerant mixtures are increasingly used as working fluids because they demonstrate desirable thermodynamic, feasibility, and safety characteristics. Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with Refrigerant Mixtures provides the first comprehensive, single-source treatment of working fluid mixtures and their applications in vapor compression systems. The authors explain in detail the thermodynamics of refrigerant mixtures, which is vastly more complex than that of individual refrigerants, as well as the fundamentals of various refrigeration cycles and methods for improving their efficiency. They also include important discussions on heat transfer and pressure drop correlations, experimental performance measurements and examples of using refrigerants and their mixtures, and critical operational issues such as control issues, refrigerant mixing, and mass fraction shifts. Assembling reviews of the scattered literature on the subject and reflecting two decades of research by the authors, Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with Refrigerant Mixtures prepares you to design and implement systems that take the best advantage of fluid mixtures, confronting the challenges and grasping the opportunities that they present.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies the flow motion in a discretized space. Its basic scale resolved is the mesh size and time step. The CFD algorithm can be constructed through a direct modeling of flow motion in such a space. This book presents the principle of direct modeling for the CFD algorithm development, and the construction unified gas-kinetic scheme (UGKS). The UGKS accurately captures the gas evolution from rarefied to continuum flows. Numerically it provides a continuous spectrum of governing equation in the whole flow regimes.
This volume contains results gained from the EU-funded 4th Framework project, UNSI (Unsteady Viscous Flows in the Context of Fluid-Structure Interaction). Fifteen European organizations (industrial firms, research labs, and universities) have collaborated on the topic of non-linear, static and dynamic aeroelasticity applications with some special emphasis on the improvement of CFD methods applied to unsteady flow. Hence, the book is split into five main parts: project descriptions (with points of contact for the interested reader), summaries of work performed by each partner, summaries of work carried out in the work tasks, application-oriented syntheses, and, last but not least, conclusions and lessons learned.
A hydraulic system controls the transmission of energy. It transforms the mechanical energy of a prime motor into fluid energy. It controls the fluid configuration and transforms the fluid energy into mechanical work at specified locations. Hydraulic systems feature high power density, sensitive response and precision of control, especially when operating under computer control. Thus, they have been widely used as the energy transmission control systems in aircraft, ships, construction machinery, machine tools and others. Therefore, it is indispensable for a mechanical engineer to become versed with hydraulic control technology. The technology is mainly associated with fluid mechanics and control theories, but it is related to the wider field of engineering as well.This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the analysis and design of hydraulic control systems which will be invaluable for practising engineers, as well as undergraduate and graduate students specializing in mechanical engineering. Firstly, the fundamental concepts of hydraulic control systems are addressed, and illustrated by reference to applications in the field of aviation engineering. Secondly, the fluid mechanics necessary for the comprehension of hydraulic elements are provided. The technology of the hydraulic components composing hydraulic control systems is addressed, the key focus being on how to apply theoretical concepts into the design and analysis of hydraulic components and systems. Finally, there is a discussion on fundamental control technology and its application to hydraulic servo systems. This includes the formation of hydraulic servo systems, basic control theorems, methods identifying the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic actuator systems, and a design method for hydraulic control systems. Numerical exercises are provided at the end of each chapter.
It is our pleasure to present these proceedings from the United Engineering Foundation Conference on The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles: Trucks, Buses and Trains held December 2-6, 2002, in Monterey, California. This Department of Energy, United Engineering Foundation, and industry sponsored conference brought together 90 leading engineering researchers from around the world to discuss the aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles. Participants from national labs, academia, and industry, including truck manufacturers, discussed how computer simulation and experimental techniques could be used to design more fuel efficient trucks, buses, and trains. Conference topics included comparison of computational fluid dynamics calculations using both steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, large-eddy simulation, and hybrid turbulence models and experimental data obtained from the Department of Energy sponsored and other wind tunnel experiments. Advanced experimental techniques including three-dimensional particle image velocimetry were presented, along with their use in evaluating drag reduction devices. We would like to thank the UEF conference organizers for their dedication and quick response to sudden deadlines. In addition, we would like to thank all session chairs, the scientific advisory committee, authors, and reviewers for their many hours of dedicated effort that contributed to a successful conference and resulted in this document of the conference proceedings. We also gratefully acknowledge the support received from the United Engineering Foundation, the US Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Volvo Trucks America, International Truck and Engine Corporation, and Freightliner LLC.
A hydraulic system controls the transmission of energy. It transforms the mechanical energy of a prime motor into fluid energy. It controls the fluid configuration and transforms the fluid energy into mechanical work at specified locations. Hydraulic systems feature high power density, sensitive response and precision of control, especially when operating under computer control. Thus, they have been widely used as the energy transmission control systems in aircraft, ships, construction machinery, machine tools and others. Therefore, it is indispensable for a mechanical engineer to become versed with hydraulic control technology. The technology is mainly associated with fluid mechanics and control theories, but it is related to the wider field of engineering as well.This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the analysis and design of hydraulic control systems which will be invaluable for practising engineers, as well as undergraduate and graduate students specializing in mechanical engineering. Firstly, the fundamental concepts of hydraulic control systems are addressed, and illustrated by reference to applications in the field of aviation engineering. Secondly, the fluid mechanics necessary for the comprehension of hydraulic elements are provided. The technology of the hydraulic components composing hydraulic control systems is addressed, the key focus being on how to apply theoretical concepts into the design and analysis of hydraulic components and systems. Finally, there is a discussion on fundamental control technology and its application to hydraulic servo systems. This includes the formation of hydraulic servo systems, basic control theorems, methods identifying the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic actuator systems, and a design method for hydraulic control systems. Numerical exercises are provided at the end of each chapter.
For all fluid mechanics, hydraulics, and related courses in Mechanical, Manufacturing, Chemical, Fluid Power, and Civil Engineering Technology and Engineering programs. The leading applications-oriented approach to engineering fluid mechanics is now in full color, with integrated software, new problems, and extensive new coverage. Now in full color with an engaging new design, Applied Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition, is the fully updated edition of the most popular applications-oriented approach to engineering fluid mechanics. It offers a clear and practical presentation of all basic principles of fluid mechanics (both statics and dynamics), tying theory directly to real devices and systems used in mechanical, chemical, civil, and environmental engineering. The 7th edition offers new real-world example problems and integrates the use of world-renowned PIPE-FLO(r) software for piping system analysis and design. It presents new procedures for problem-solving and design; more realistic and higher quality illustrations; and more coverage of many topics, including hose, plastic pipe, tubing, pumps, viscosity measurement devices, and computational fluid mechanics.Full-color images and color highlighting make charts, graphs, and tables easier to interpret organize narrative material into more manageable chunks, and make all of this text's content easier to study. Teaching and Learning Experience This applications-oriented introduction to fluid mechanics has been redesigned and improved to be more engaging, interactive, and pedagogically effective. *Completely redesigned in full color, with additional pedagogical features, all designed to engage today's students: This edition contains many new full-color images, upgraded to improve realism, consistency, graphic quality, and relevance. New pedagogical features have been added to help students explore ideas more widely and review material more efficiently.*Provides more hands-on practice and real-world applications, including new problems and software: Includes access to the popular PIPE-FLO(r) and Pump-Base(r) software packages, with detailed usage instructions; new real-world example problems; and more supplementary problems *Updated and refined to reflect the latest products, tools, and techniques: Contains updated data and analysis techniques, improved problem solving and design techniques, new content on many topics, and extensive new references.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and optimal shape design (OSD)
are of practical importance for many engineering applications - the
aeronautic, automobile, and nuclear industries are all major users
of these technologies.
The dynamics of transitional and turbulent flows is often dominated by organized structures with a life-time much longer than the characteristic time-scale of the surrounding small-scale turbulence. Organized structures may appear as secondary flows as a result of an instability, but they persist in turbulent flows. They manifest themselves as eddies or localized vortices and play an important role in, for example, mixing and transport processes. Although the existence of organized structures has been revealed by many experiments and by numerical simulations, they are somewhat elusive, as there is no consensus on how to define them and technically how to detect them. This volume contains reviewed papers from the IUTAM Symposium entitled "Simulation and Identification of Organized Structures in Flows" which was held in Lyngby, Denmark, on 25th - 29th May, 1997. The purpose of the symposium was to present the latest results from leading scientists within the field of detection and simulation of organized flow structures. Describing various aspects of complex, organized flow motion, including topics such as decomposition techniques, structure definition and recognition, experimental techniques and topological concepts, this volume should be of interest to all researchers active in the field.
Equipping readers with the ability to analyze the aerodynamic forces on an aircraft, the book provides comprehensive knowledge of the characteristics of subsonic and supersonic airflow. This book begins with the fundamental physics principles of aerodynamics, then introduces the Continuity Equation, Energy Equations, and Bernoulli's Equation, which form the basic aerodynamic principles for subsonic airflow. It provides a thorough understanding of the forces acting on an aircraft across a range of speeds and their effects on the aircraft's performance, including a discussion on the difference in aerofoil and aircraft shapes. Aircraft stability issues are analyzed, along with the development of a boundary layer over an aerofoil, the changes of air speed and air pressure, and boundary layer separation. Readers will gain a clear understanding of the nature of airflow over aircraft during subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flight. The book emphasizes the connection between operating actions in flight and aerodynamic requirements. The content will be of interest to senior undergraduates studying to obtain their Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL)/Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate, general aviation and air transport pilots, and aircraft maintenance engineers.
Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) is one of the newest of the coal-based generation technologies available commercially. This authoritative volume contains an excellent balance of the theoretical and practical aspects of PFBC technology, including economics, the fundamental theory of plant design and sorbent characterization, using the results obtained from a wide range of pilot-scale and full-scale demonstration units
This book provides a practical study of modern heat pipe engineering, discussing how it can be optimized for use on a wider scale. An introduction to operational and design principles, this book offers a review of heat and mass transfer theory relevant to performance, leading into and exploration of the use of heat pipes, particularly in high-heat flux applications and in situations in which there is any combination of non-uniform heat loading, limited airflow over the heat generating components, and space or weight constraints. Key implementation challenges are tackled, including load-balancing, materials characteristics, operating temperature ranges, thermal resistance, and operating orientation. With its presentation of mathematical models to calculate heat transfer limitations and temperature gradient of both high- and low-temperature heat pipes, the book compares calculated results with the available experimental data. It also includes a series of computer programs developed by the author to support presented data, aid design, and predict performance.
A major new reference book bringing together wide-ranging expert guidance on coastal engineering, including harbours and estuaries. It covers both traditional engineering topics and the fast developing areas of mathematical modelling and computer simulation.
The design of bridges across rivers and streams is a major component of many civil engineering projects. The size of waterways must be kept reasonably small for reasons of economy and yet be large enough to allow floods to pass. Bridge Hydraulics is the first book to consider both arched and rectangular waterway openings in detail and to describe all of the main methods of analysis. With clear examples and relevant case studies, using both laboratory models and full- size bridges in the field, it is not only a thorough and accessible introduction to bridge hydraulics, but also a guide that will enable engineers to produce authoritative analyses and more effective designs.
Ludwig Prandtl, with his fundamental contributions to hydrodynamics, ae- dynamics, and gas dynamics, greatly in?uenced the development of ?uid - chanics as a whole, and it was his pioneering research in the ?rst half of the last century that founded modern ?uid mechanics. His book Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre, which appeared in 1942, originated from previous pub- cations in 1913, Lehre von der Flu]ssigkeit und Gasbewegung, and 1931, Abriss der Str]omungslehre. The title Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre, or Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, is an indication of Prandtl's intentions to guide the reader on a carefully thought-out path through the di?erent areas of ?uid mech- ics. On his way, the author advances intuitively to the core of the physical problem, without extensive mathematical derivations. The description of the fundamental physical phenomena and concepts of ?uid mechanics that are needed to derive the simpli?ed models has priority over a formal treatment of the methods. This is in keeping with the spirit of Prandtl's research work. The ?rst edition of Prandtl's Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre was the only book on ?uid mechanics of its time and, even today, counts as one of the most important books in this area. After Prandtl's death, his students Klaus Oswatitsch and Karl Wieghardt undertook to continue his work, and to add new ?ndings in ?uid mechanics in the same clear manner of presentation."
A realization of recent clean energy initiatives, fluidized bed combustion (FBC) has quickly won industry preference due to its ability to burn materials as diverse as low-grade coals, biomass, and industrial and municipal waste. Fluidized Bed Combustion catalogs the fundamental physical and chemical processes required of bubbling fluidized beds before launching into application-centered coverage of hot-gas generator, incinerator, and boiler concepts and design, calculations for regime parameters and dimensions, and all aspects of FBC operation. It enumerates the environmental consequences of fluidized bed processes and proposes measures to reduce the formation of harmful emissions.
Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering combines coverage of basic thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer for a one- or two-term course for a variety of engineering majors. The book covers fundamental concepts, definitions, and models in the context of engineering examples and case studies. It carefully explains the methods used to evaluate changes in equilibrium, mass, energy, and other measurable properties, most notably temperature. It then also discusses techniques used to assess the effects of those changes on large, multi-component systems in areas ranging from mechanical, civil, and environmental engineering to electrical and computer technologies. Includes a motivational student study guide on downloadable resources to promote successful evaluation of energy systems This material helps readers optimize problem solving using practices to determine equilibrium limits and entropy, as well as track energy forms and rates of progress for processes in both closed and open thermodynamic systems. Presenting a variety of system examples, tables, and charts to reinforce understanding, the book includes coverage of: How automobile and aircraft engines work Construction of steam power plants and refrigeration systems Gas and vapor power processes and systems Application of fluid statics, buoyancy, and stability, and the flow of fluids in pipes and machinery Heat transfer and thermal control of electronic components Keeping sight of the difference between system synthesis and analysis, this book contains numerous design problems. It would be useful for an intensive course geared toward readers who know basic physics and mathematics through ordinary different |
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