"Showcases the beneftis and potential advantages of water hydraulics over oil-based media. Interweaves examples and excercises throughout the text to illustrate critical concepts, with helpful appendices on abbreviations, symbols, conversion factors, and water contaminants, and glossary sections."

This book discusses the core principles and practical applications of a brand new machine category: liquid-metal soft machines and motors. After a brief introduction on the conventional soft robot and its allied materials, it presents the new conceptual liquid-metal machine, which revolutionizes existing rigid robots, both large and small. It outlines the typical features of the soft liquid-metal materials and describes the various transformation capabilities, mergence of separate metal droplets, self-rotation and planar locomotion of liquid-metal objects under external or internal mechanism. Further, it introduces a series of unusual phenomena discovered while developing the shape changeable smart soft machine and interprets the related mechanisms regarding the effects of the shape, size, voltage, orientation and geometries of the external fields to control the liquid-metal transformers. Moreover, the book illustrates typical strategies to construct a group of different advanced functional liquid-metal soft machines, since such machines or robots are hard to fabricate using rigid-metal or conventional materials. With highly significant fundamental and practical findings, this book is intended for researchers interested in establishing a general method for making future smart soft machine and accompanying robots.

Environmental Fluid Mechanics provides comprehensive coverage of a combination of basic fluid principles and their application in a number of different situations-exploring fluid motions on the earth's surface, underground, and in oceans-detailing the use of physical and numerical models and modern computational approaches for the analysis of environmental processes. Environmental Fluid Mechanics covers novel scaling methods for a variety of environmental issues; equations of motion for boundary layers; hydraulic characteristics of open channel flow; surface and internal wave theory; the advection diffusion equation; sediment and associated contaminant transport in lakes and streams; mixed layer modeling in lakes; remediation; transport processes at the air/water interface; and more.

This book gathers the proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, which was held on September 17-19 in Berlin, Germany. The different chapters, written by leading experts, reports on the most recent developments in flow physics modelling, and gives a special emphasis to industrially relevant applications of hybrid RANS-LES methods and other turbulence-resolving modelling approaches. The book addresses academic researchers, graduate students, industrial engineers, as well as industrial R&D managers and consultants dealing with turbulence modelling, simulation and measurement, and with multidisciplinary applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), such as flow control, aero-acoustics, aero-elasticity and CFD-based multidisciplinary optimization. It discusses in particular advanced hybrid RANS-LES methods. Further topics include wall-modelled Large Eddy Simulation (WMLES) methods, embedded LES, Lattice-Bolzman methods and turbulence-resolving applications and a comparison of the LES methods with both hybrid RANS-LES and URANS methods. Overall, the book provides readers with a snapshot on the state-of-the-art in CFD and turbulence modelling, with a special focus to hybrid RANS-LES methods and their industrial applications.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

This book commemorates the 60th birthday of Dr. Wim van Horssen, a specialist in nonlinear dynamic and wave processes in solids, fluids and structures. In honor of Dr. Horssen's contributions to the field, it presents papers discussing topics such as the current problems of the theory of nonlinear dynamic processes in continua and structures; applications, including discrete and continuous dynamic models of structures and media; and problems of asymptotic approaches.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

An analysis of polymer and composite rheology. This second edition covers flow properties of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, and general principles and applications of all phases of polymer rheology, with new chapters on the rheology of particulate and fibre composites. It also includes new and expanded detail on polymer blends and emulsions, foams, reacting systems, and flow through porous media as well as composite processing operations.

This monograph focusing on gas flows addresses mostly theoretical issues and develops semi-analytical models as well as numerical methods for stimulating micro flows. It is appropriate for researchers in fluid mechanics interested in this new flow field as well as for electrical or mechanical engineers or physicists who need to incorporate flow modeling into their work. From the reviews: "For those who want to compute flows at the micro scale, this monograph is a must. It describes the state of the art and helps by providing coefficients, such as [are] needed in situations of slip. Those who wonder what new fluid dynamics there is in the microworld are served by the overview of theory and treasures of numerical methods." ?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS B / FLUIDS

This book critically reexamines what turbulence really is, from a fundamental point of view and based on observations from nature, laboratories, and direct numerical simulations. It includes critical assessments and a comparative analysis of the key developments, their evolution and failures, along with key misconceptions and outdated paradigms. The main emphasis is on conceptual and problematic aspects, physical phenomena, observations, misconceptions and unresolved issues rather than on conventional formalistic aspects, models, etc. Apart from the obvious fundamental importance of turbulent flows, this emphasis stems from the basic premise that without corresponding progress in fundamental aspects there is little chance for progress in applications such as drag reduction, mixing, control and modeling of turbulence. More generally, there is also a desperate need to grasp the physical fundamentals of the technological processes in which turbulence plays a central role.

Accuracy in the laboratory setting is key to maintaining the integrity of scientific research. Inaccurate measurements create false and non-reproducible results, rendering an experiment or series of experiments invalid and wasting both time and money. This handy guide to solid, fluid, and thermal measurement helps minimize this pitfall through careful detailing of measurement techniques. Concise yet thorough, Mechanical Variables Measurement-Solid, Fluid, and Thermal describes the use of instruments and methods for practical measurements required in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences. Organized according to measurement problem, the entries are easy to access. The articles provide equations to assist engineers and scientists who seek to discover applications and solve problems that arise in areas outside of their specialty. Sections include references to more specialized publications for advanced techniques, as well. It offers instruction for a range of measuring techniques, basic through advanced, that apply to a broad base of disciplines. As an engineer, scientist, designer, manager, researcher, or student, you encounter the problem of measurement often and realize that doing it correctly is pivotal to the success of an experiment. This is the first place to turn when deciding on, performing, and troubleshooting the measurement process. Mechanical Variables Measurement-Solid, Fluid, and Thermal leads the reader, step-by-step, through the straits of experimentation to triumph.

Adopts a completely original approach to the study of processes of mass transfer. In contrast to the usual approach, based on the concept of continuum media and the theory of heat and mass transfer, the topic is considered from a new viewpoint, taking into account the heterogeneous dispersal state of porous bodies. The author bases his discussion on the theory of surface forces and microhydrodynamic analysis of the processes of mass transport of gases, liquids and vapors, providing the reader with a systematic account of liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces.
Topics treated in this book include structural peculiarities, equilibrium and properties of liquids in porous bodies. Various mechanisms of mass transfer are considered, including liquid flow in pores and films, gas diffusion, combined transfer of liquid and vapor, convective diffusion in solutions, structure formation, capillary phenomena, and wetting.
This unique book provides a wealth of information from the former Soviet Union, which will be of great interest to chemists, physicists and materials scientists, as well as industrialists working with a variety of different products in which disperse systems and porous bodies are important.

With the appearance and fast evolution of high performance materials, mechanical, chemical and process engineers cannot perform effectively without fluid processing knowledge. The purpose of this book is to explore the systematic application of basic engineering principles to fluid flows that may occur in fluid processing and related activities.
In Viscous Fluid Flow, the authors develop and rationalize the mathematics behind the study of fluid mechanics and examine the flows of Newtonian fluids. Although the material deals with Newtonian fluids, the concepts can be easily generalized to non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. The book contains many examples. Each chapter is accompanied by problems where the chapter theory can be applied to produce characteristic results.
Fluid mechanics is a fundamental and essential element of advanced research, even for those working in different areas, because the principles, the equations, the analytical, computational and experimental means, and the purpose are common.

A unified treatment of cavitation, a phenomenon which extends across the boundaries of many fields. The approach is wide-ranging and the aim is to give due consideration to the many aspects of cavitation in proportion to their importance. Particular attention is paid to the diverse situations in which cavitation occurs and to its practical implications. The material includes basic hydrodynamical and acoustical theory, as well as experimental findings in physics, chemistry and biology laboratories. Cavitation-related phenomena covered include such diverse examples as erosion of ship propellers, ultrasonic cleaning, detection of high energy particles, fragmentation of biological cells and sonoluminescence.

This book offers an essential introduction to the linear and non-linear behavior of solid materials, and to the concepts of deformation, displacement and stress, within the context of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. To illustrate the fundamental principles, the book starts with an overview of solid mechanics, experimental methods, classes of material behaviors, and the thermodynamic modeling framework. It then explores linear elastic behavior, thermoelasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity, fracture mechanics and damage behavior. The last part of the book is devoted to conventional and magnetic shape memory alloys, which may be used as actuators or sensors in adaptive structures. Given its range of coverage, the book will be especially valuable for students of engineering courses in Mechanics. Further, it includes a wealth of examples and exercises, making it accessible to the widest possible audience.

Hamiltonian fluid dynamics and stability theory work hand-in-hand in a variety of engineering, physics, and physical science fields. Until now, however, no single reference addressed and provided background in both of these closely linked subjects. Introduction to Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics and Stability Theory does just that-offers a comprehensive introduction to Hamiltonian fluid dynamics and describes aspects of hydrodynamic stability theory within the context of the Hamiltonian formalism. The author uses the example of the nonlinear pendulum-giving a thorough linear and nonlinear stability analysis of its equilibrium solutions-to introduce many of the ideas associated with the mathematical argument required in infinite dimensional Hamiltonian theory needed for fluid mechanics. He examines Andrews' Theorem, derives and develops the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima (CMH) equation, presents an account of the Hamiltonian structure of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, and discusses the stability theory associated with the KdV soliton. The book's tutorial approach and plentiful exercises combine with its thorough presentations of both subjects to make Introduction to Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics and Stability Theory an ideal reference, self-study text, and upper level course book.

Airflow examines and describes the many ways in which modellers and practitioners of a wide range of hobbies and sports (even cricket!) can understand and confront, harness and exploit the physical properties of wind and air. The book's admirable breadth and depth offers something not only for students of many science and technical subjects, but also to the hobbyists and disciples of 'alternative energy'. The book will be of particular interest to the increasing number of people who are hooked on the thrill and excitement of sports such as yachting, aeromodelling, ballooning, car racing, parachuting, kite flying, boomerang throwing, hang gliding, soaring in sailplanes and power flying.

Since Prandtl first suggested it in 1904, boundary layer theory has become a fundamental aspect of fluid dynamics. Although a vast literature exists for theoretical and experimental aspects of the theory, for the most part, mathematical studies can be found only in separate, scattered articles. Mathematical Models in Boundary Layer Theory offers the first systematic exposition of the mathematical methods and main results of the theory. Beginning with the basics, the authors detail the techniques and results that reveal the nature of the equations that govern the flow within boundary layers and ultimately describe the laws underlying the motion of fluids with small viscosity. They investigate the questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions, the stability of solutions with respect to perturbations, and the qualitative behavior of solutions and their asymptotics. Of particular importance for applications, they present methods for an approximate solution of the Prandtl system and a subsequent evaluation of the rate of convergence of the approximations to the exact solution. Written by the world's foremost experts on the subject, Mathematical Models in Boundary Layer Theory provides the opportunity to explore its mathematical studies and their importance to the nonlinear theory of viscous and electrically conducting flows, the theory of heat and mass transfer, and the dynamics of reactive and muliphase media. With the theory's importance to a wide variety of applications, applied mathematicians-especially those in fluid dynamics-along with engineers of aeronautical and ship design will undoubtedly welcome this authoritative, state-of-the-art treatise.

This is a unique collection of papers, all written by leading specialists, that presents the most recent results and advances in stability theory as it relates to fluid flows. The stability property is of great interest for researchers in many fields, including mathematical analysis, theory of partial differential equations, optimal control, numerical analysis, and fluid mechanics. This text will be essential reading for many researchers working in these fields.

Since many processes in the food industry involve fluid flow and heat and mass transfer, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides a powerful early-stage simulation tool for gaining a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the performance of food processing, allowing engineers to test concepts all the way through the development of a process or system. Published in 2007, the first edition was the first book to address the use of CFD in food processing applications, and its aims were to present a comprehensive review of CFD applications for the food industry and pinpoint the research and development trends in the development of the technology; to provide the engineer and technologist working in research, development, and operations in the food industry with critical, comprehensive, and readily accessible information on the art and science of CFD; and to serve as an essential reference source to undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers in universities and research institutions. This will continue to be the purpose of this second edition. In the second edition, in order to reflect the most recent research and development trends in the technology, only a few original chapters are updated with the latest developments. Therefore, this new edition mostly contains new chapters covering the analysis and optimization of cold chain facilities, simulation of thermal processing and modeling of heat exchangers, and CFD applications in other food processes.

The design of bridges across rivers and streams is a major component of many civil engineering projects. The size of waterways must be kept reasonably small for reasons of economy and yet be large enough to allow floods to pass. Bridge Hydraulics is the first book to consider both arched and rectangular waterway openings in detail and to describe all of the main methods of analysis. With clear examples and relevant case studies, using both laboratory models and full- size bridges in the field, it is not only a thorough and accessible introduction to bridge hydraulics, but also a guide that will enable engineers to produce authoritative analyses and more effective designs.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203028414

This book considers the kinematics and dynamics of the flows of fluids exhibiting a yield stress. Continuum mechanics governing the fluid mechanics is described. Two chapters are dedicated to analytical solutions to several steady and unsteady flows of viscoplastic fluids, including flows with pressure-dependent rheological parameters. Perturbation methods, variational inequalities to solve fluid flow problems, and the use of energy methods are discussed. Numerical modeling using augmented Lagrangian, operator splitting, finite difference, and lattice Boltzmann methods are employed. The second edition provides new sections on flows of yield stress fluids with pressure-dependent rheological parameters, on flows with wall slip, and on deriving the fundamental equations for Boltzmann lattice materials. Furthermore new material on the lubrication approximation and applications of finite differences has been added.

Rheology Principles, Measurements, and Applications Christopher W. Macosko If you use rheological measurements to characterize new materials, analyze non-Newtonian flow problems, or design plastic parts, or if you would like to use rheology to overcome a particular problem, this volume will prove invaluable to your research. Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications presents an extremely practical, timely, and accessible three-dimensional account of the subject. It has been specifically designed to enable researchers to understand and apply information from the latest rheological literature to their own operations. Worked examples and exercises with solutions make it ideal for self-study. This book covers the essential criteria for selecting the best test types for various applications, accurately interpreting results, and determining other areas where rheology and rheological phenomena may be useful in your work. Section one develops important constitutive equations using simple deformations; section two explores shear and extensional rheometers, techniques for measuring material functions, and optical methods in rheology; and section three discusses applications of rheology to polymeric liquid and dispersions. Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications will be of greatest interest to chemical engineers, chemists, polymer scientists, and mechanical engineers, as well as students in these and related fields.

Bringing together contributions on a diverse range of topics, this text explores the relationship between discrete and continuum mechanics as a tool to model new and complex metamaterials. Providing a comprehensive bibliography and historical review of the field, it covers mechanical, acoustic and pantographic metamaterials, discusses Naive Model Theory and Lagrangian discrete models, and their applications, and presents methods for pantographic structures and variational methods for multidisciplinary modeling and computation. The relationship between discrete and continuous models is discussed from both mathematical and engineering viewpoints, making the text ideal for those interested in the foundation of mechanics and computational applications, and innovative viewpoints on the use of discrete systems to model metamaterials are presented for those who want to go deeper into the field. An ideal text for graduate students and researchers interested in continuum approaches to the study of modern materials, in mechanical engineering, civil engineering, applied mathematics, physics, and materials science.

This revised text provides an updated account of principles and survey modelling in hydraulic, coastal and offshore engineering. Topics covered include discrete forms of conservation laws, numerical methods, the foundations of computational hydraulics, and applications of computational hydraulics.