Infrared thermography is a measurement technique that enables to obtain non intrusive measurements of surface temperatures. One of the interesting features of this technique is its ability to measure a full two dimensional map of the surface temperature and for this reason it has been widely used as a flow visualization technique. Since the temperature measurements can be extremely accurate it is possible, by using a heat flux sensor, also to measure convective heat transfer coefficient distributions on a surface making the technique de facto quantitative. This book, starting from the basic theory of infrared thermography and heat flux sensor guides, both the experienced researcher and the young student, in the correct application of this powerful technique to various practical problems. A significant number of examples and applications are also examined in detail.

This volume contains the papers of a German symposium dealing with research and project work in numerical and experimental aerodynamics and fluidmechanics for aerospace and other applications. It gives a broad overview over the ongoing work in this field in Germany.

This volume contains eighteen contributions of work, conducted since 2000 in the French - German Research Programme "Numerical Flow Simulation," which was initiated in 1996 by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The main purpose of this third publication on the research programme is again to give an overview over recent progress, and to make the obtained results available to the public. The reports are grouped, like those in the first and the second publi cation (NNFM 66, 1998, and NNFM 75, 2001), under the four headings "Devel opment of Solution Techniques," "Crystal Growth and Melts," "Flows of React ing Gases, Sound Generation" and "Turbulent Flows." All contributions to this publication were reviewed by a board consisting of T. Alziary de Roquefort (Poi tiers, France), H. W. Buggisch (Karlsruhe, Germany), S. Candel (Paris, France), U. Ehrenstein (Nice, France), Th. Gallouet (Marseille, France), W. Kordulla (Gottingen, Germany), A. Lerat (Paris, France), 1. Piquet (Nantes, France), R. Rannacher (Heidelberg, Germany), G. Warnecke (Magdeburg, Germany), and the editor. The responsibility for the contents of the reports nevertheless lies with the contributors."

The research work of the collaborative research center SFB401 Flow Modulation and Fluid-Structure Interaction at Airplane Wings at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, which is reported in this book, was pos sible due to the financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The proposal has been approved after evaluation by the referees of DFG selected from other universities and industry, which is gratefully acknowledged. The work is still in progress and now approved to continue until the end of year 2005. More than 50 scientists from universities of the United States, Russia, France, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, Sweden, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria and research orga nizations NASA, ONERA, NLR, DLR could be invited and have visited the research center, gave seminars on their research on related topics and some of them stayed longer for joined work. Besides its scientific value, also the importance of the pro gram for scientific educa tion becomes evident by looking at the numbers of completed theses, which are up to now about 15 doctoral theses, 40 diploma theses and 70 study theses. The authors of this book acknowledge the valuable support coming from all these persons and institutions. They are especially grateful to the referees having reviewed this work, A. Cohen (Universite Pierre et Marie Curie), J. Cooper (Manchester School of Engineering), W. Devenport (Virginia Tech.), M. Drela (MIT), F. Gern (Avionics Specialties Inc.), A. Griewank (TU Dresden), H. Honlinger (DLR), P."

The author's approach is one of continuum models of the aerodynamic flow interacting with a flexible structure whose behavior is governed by partial differential equations. Both linear and nonlinear models are considered although much of the book is concerned with the former while keeping the latter clearly in view. A complete chapter is also devoted to nonlinear theory. The author has provided new insights into the classical inviscid aerodynamics and raises novel and interesting questions on fundamental issues that have too often been neglected or forgotten in the development of the early history of the subject. The author contrasts his approach with discrete models for

the unsteady aerodynamic flow and the finite element model for the structure. Much of the aeroelasticity has been developed with applications formerly inmind because of its enormous consequences for the safety of aircraft.

Aeroelastic instabilities such as divergence and flutter and aeroelastic responses to gusts can pose a significant hazard to the aircraft and impact its performance. Yet, it is now recognized that

there are many other physical phenomena that have similar characteristics ranging from flows around flexible tall buildings and long span bridges, alternate energy sources such as electric power generation by smart structures to flows internal to the human body.

From the foreword:

"For the theorist and applied mathematician who wishes an introduction to this fascinating subject as well as for the experienced aeroelastician who is open to new challenges and a fresh viewpoint,

this book and its author have much to offer the reader."

Earl Dowell, Duke University, USA

"

The contents of this book covers the material required in the Fluid Mechanics Graduate Core Course (MEEN-621) and in Advanced Fluid Mechanics, a Ph. D-level elective course (MEEN-622), both of which I have been teaching at Texas A&M University for the past two decades. While there are numerous undergraduate fluid mechanics texts on the market for engineering students and instructors to choose from, there are only limited texts that comprehensively address the particular needs of graduate engineering fluid mechanics courses. To complement the lecture materials, the instructors more often recommend several texts, each of which treats special topics of fluid mechanics. This circumstance and the need to have a textbook that covers the materials needed in the above courses gave the impetus to provide the graduate engineering community with a coherent textbook that comprehensively addresses their needs for an advanced fluid mechanics text. Although this text book is primarily aimed at mechanical engineering students, it is equally suitable for aerospace engineering, civil engineering, other engineering disciplines, and especially those practicing professionals who perform CFD-simulation on a routine basis and would like to know more about the underlying physics of the commercial codes they use. Furthermore, it is suitable for self study, provided that the reader has a sufficient knowledge of calculus and differential equations. In the past, because of the lack of advanced computational capability, the subject of fluid mechanics was artificially subdivided into inviscid, viscous (laminar, turbulent), incompressible, compressible, subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic flows.

Critical regimes of two-phase flows with a polydisperse solid phase form the basis of such widespread industrial processes as separation of various powdery materials and minerals dressing. It is impossible to describe such complicated flows analytically. Therefore, this study concentrates on invariants experimentally revealed and theoretically grounded for such flows.

This approach can be compared with the situation in gases, where in order to determine principal parameters of their state, one does not need to measure the kinetic energy and velocity of each molecule and find its contribution to the temperature and pressure. These parameters are determined in a simple way for the system on the whole.

A novel conception of two-phase flows allowing the formulation of their statistical parameters is physically substantiated. On the basis of the invariants and these parameters, a comprehensive method of estimating and predicting mass transfer in such flows is developed.

It is noteworthy that the presented results are mostly phenomenological. Such an approach can be successfully extended to the separation of liquids, gases and isotopes.

The book is intended for students and specialists engaged in chemical technology, mineral dressing, ceramics, microelectronics, pharmacology, power generation, thermal engineering and other fields in which flows carrying solid particles are used in the technological process.

Airbreathing Propulsion covers the physics of combustion, fluid and thermo-dynamics, and structural mechanics of airbreathing engines, including piston, turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, and ramjet engines. End-of-chapter exercises allow the reader to practice the fundamental concepts behind airbreathing propulsion, and the included PAGIC computer code will help the reader to examine the relationships between the performance parameters of different engines. Large amounts of data have on many different piston, turbojet, and turboprop engines have been compiled for this book and are included as an appendix. This textbook is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying aeronautical engineering, aerospace engineering, and mechanical engineering.

The?rstGermanedition of thebook"Fluiddynamicsofpackedcolumns with modern random and structured packings for gas/liquid systems" was published in 1991. It sold out within a few years. Added to this were numerous enquiries, in particular within the industry, prompting me to publish a second, extended edition. A packed column remains the core element of any diffusional separation process. This underlines the need for basic design principles for packed columns, which enhance the design process by making it more accurate and reliable. The SBD (suspended bed of droplets) model introduced in the ?rst German edition of the book was well received by the experts and is now used by a large number of com- nies in the industry, as it offers improved reliability in the ?uid dynamic design of packed columns. For the purpose of facilitating the design process, the SBD model was in- grated into the simulation programme ChemCAD. The software programme FDPAK, which is available for Windows, has certainly contributed to the widespread use of the SBD model. The programme is very user-friendly and the calculation results are p- sented in tabular as well as graphic form, showing ?ood load, pressure drop and hold-up diagrams in the entire operating range.

Risk and Reliability: Coastal and Hydraulic Engineering sets out the methods which are increasingly being required by Government Agencies for river and sea defence design and flood defence system management. And it shows how to describe uncertainty in the performance of flood and erosion defences. It introduces the key statistical concepts required for the implementation of a reliability analysis, and the analytical and the numerical methods are each described with worked examples. Example applications of the methods are given to illustrate their advantages and limitations, together with case studies drawn from the author's experience of academia and consultancy. It draws together scattered material and provides coastal and hydraulic engineers with an accessible entry to reliability analysis and thence to the cutting-edge literature. This book suits advanced undergraduates and MSc students of flood and coastal defence. It also serves as a helpful source of information for consultants, practitioners and academics.

The interest in the field of active flow control (AFC) is steadily increasing. In - cent years the number of conferences and special sessions devoted to AFC org- ized by various institutions around the world continuously rises. New advanced courses for AFC are offered by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast- nautics (AIAA), the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC), the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (CISM), the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), to name just a few. New books on AFC are published by prominent colleagues of our field and even a new periodical, the 'International Journal of Flow Control', appeared. Despite these many activities in AFC it was felt that a follow-up of the highly successful 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL' Conference held in Berlin in 2006 was appropriate. As in 2006, 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL II' consisted only of invited lectures. To sti- late multidisciplinary discussions between experimental, theoretical and numerical fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, turbomachinary, mathematics, control engineering, metrology and computer science parallel sessions were excluded. Unfortunately, not all of the presented papers made it into this volume. As the preparation and printing of a book takes time and as this volume should be available at the conf- ence, the Local Organizing Committee had to set up a very ambitious time sch- ule which could not be met by all contributors.

This volume contains the description of an EC-sponsered program to study all relevant aspects of shock/ boundary-layer interaction control, the latter designed to improve aircraft performance at design (cruise) and off-design conditions. The work being presented includes a discussion of basic control experiments and the corresponding physical modeling, to account for shock control and a discussion of the airfoil experiments conducted for code validation and control assessment, in conjunction with the basic experiments and computations. The contents is comprised of a section giving a broad overview of the research carried out here and more detailed individual contributions by the participants in the research.
Der Band enthalt den Abschlussbericht eines von EU geforderten Projekts EUROSHOCK, das alle relevanten Aspekte der Kontrolle von Stossfronten und Grenzschichten (wichtig z.B. fur die Verbesserung der Flugeigenschaften von Fluzeugen) untersuchte. Neben einer ausfuhrlichen Diskussion der grundlegenden Kontrollexperimente und der zugrundeliegenden Modellierung werden auch die Versuche an Tragflachen beschrieben, die zur Validierung von Modellrechnungen durchgefuhrt werden. Daruber hinaus enthalt der Band auch die detaillierten Ergebnisse der Teilnehmer an dem Forschungsprogramm."

Ludwig Prandtl, with his fundamental contributions to hydrodynamics, ae- dynamics, and gas dynamics, greatly in?uenced the development of ?uid - chanics as a whole, and it was his pioneering research in the ?rst half of the last century that founded modern ?uid mechanics. His book Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre, which appeared in 1942, originated from previous pub- cations in 1913, Lehre von der Flu]ssigkeit und Gasbewegung, and 1931, Abriss der Str]omungslehre. The title Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre, or Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, is an indication of Prandtl's intentions to guide the reader on a carefully thought-out path through the di?erent areas of ?uid mech- ics. On his way, the author advances intuitively to the core of the physical problem, without extensive mathematical derivations. The description of the fundamental physical phenomena and concepts of ?uid mechanics that are needed to derive the simpli?ed models has priority over a formal treatment of the methods. This is in keeping with the spirit of Prandtl's research work. The ?rst edition of Prandtl's Fu]hrer durch die Str]omungslehre was the only book on ?uid mechanics of its time and, even today, counts as one of the most important books in this area. After Prandtl's death, his students Klaus Oswatitsch and Karl Wieghardt undertook to continue his work, and to add new ?ndings in ?uid mechanics in the same clear manner of presentation."

In the process industries, stiction is the most common performance-limiting valve problem and over the last decade numerous different techniques for overcoming it have been proposed. This book represents a comprehensive presentation of these methods, including their principles, assumptions, strengths and drawbacks. Guidelines and working procedures are provided for the implementation of each method and MATLAB (R)-based software can be downloaded from www.ualberta.ca/~bhuang/stiction-book enabling readers to apply the methods to their own data. Methods for the limitation of stiction effects are proposed within the general context of: oscillation detection in control loops, stiction detection, diagnosis and stiction quantification and diagnosis of multiple faults. The state-of-the-art algorithms presented in this book are demonstrated and compared in industrial case studies of diverse origin - chemicals, building, mining, pulp and paper, mineral and metal processing.

The primary purpose of this text is to document many of the lessons that have been learned during the author s more than forty years in the field of blast and shock. The writing therefore takes on an historical perspective, in some sense, because it follows the author s experience. The book deals with blast waves propagating in fluids or materials that can be treated as fluids.

It begins by distinguishing between blast waves and the more general category of shock waves. It then examines several ways of generating blast waves, considering the propagation of blast waves in one, two and three dimensions as well as through the real atmosphere. One section treats the propagation of shocks in layered gases in a more detailed manner.

The book also details the interaction of shock waves with structures in particular reflections, progressing from simple to complex geometries, including planar structures, two-dimensional structures such as ramps or wedges, reflections from heights of burst, and three-dimensional structures.

Intended for those with a basic knowledge of algebra and a solid grasp of the concepts of conservation of mass and energy, the text includes an introduction to blast wave terminology and conservation laws as well as a discussion of units and the importance of consistency."

With this second revised and extended edition, the readers have a solid source of information for designing state-of-the art turbomachinery components and systems at hand. Based on fundamental principles of turbomachinery thermo-fluid mechanics, numerous CFD based calculation methods are being developed to simulate the complex 3-dimensional, highly unsteady turbulent flow within turbine or compressor stages. The objective of this book is to present the fundamental principles of turbomachinery fluid-thermodynamic design process of turbine and compressor components, power generation and aircraft gas turbines in a unified and compact manner. The book provides senior undergraduate students, graduate students and engineers in the turbomachinery industry with a solid background of turbomachinery flow physics and performance fundamentals that are essential for understanding turbomachinery performance and flow complexes. While maintaining the unifying character of the book structure in this second revised and extended edition all chapters have undergone a rigorous update and enhancement. Accounting for the need of the turbomachinery community, three chapters have been added, that deal with computationally relevant aspects of turbomachinery design such as boundary layer transition, turbulence and boundary layer.

Der Band enthalt den Abschlussbericht des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms "Flusssimulation mit Hochstleistungsrechnern." Es fuhrt die Arbeiten fort, die schon als Band 38 in der Reihe "Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics" erschienen sind.Work is reported, which was sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft from 1993 to 1995. Scientists from numerical mathematics, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and turbomachinery present their work on flow simulation with massively parallel systems, on the direct and large-eddy simulation of turbulence, and on mathematical foundations, general solution techniques and applications. Results are reported from benchmark computations of laminar flow around a cylinder, in which seventeen groups participated."

In recent years there has been an unmistakable tendency for research in the fields of hydraulics and fluid mechanics to involve ever more sophisticated study of increasingly detailed aspects of problems, while in the process becoming further and further detached from the reali ties faced by practising engineers. At the same time, too many hy draulic engineers have continued to conduct model studies with the goal of obtaining ad-hoc solutions for specific problems, while direct ing little if any of their attention toward elucidation of the underlying mechanics and toward generalization of their results for future appli cation. It was against this background that the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) and the International As sociation for Hydraulic Research (IAHR) were approached and asked to cosponsor the Symposium on Flow-Induced Structural Vibrations, which would have as its objective the promotion of interaction between the active researchers and the practitioners, and of communication between the different disciplines concerned. To this end, invitations were extended to individuals who together represented the full range of the investigation-application spectrum, and contributions were so licited from scientists and engineers who, in general, approach vi bration problems along different avenues. In soliciting contributions to the Symposium it was emphasized that priority would be given to IV Preface papers which shed light on the constituent phenomena involved in vi bration problems and thereby enhance our understanding of the basic vibration-inducing mechanisms."

Der Sammelband enthalt Beitrage einer Tagung uber die Simulation von dreidimensionalen Flussigkeiten. Sie geben einen Uberblick uber den Stand des Wissens auf dem Gebiet der numerischen Simulation der Turbulenz, angewandt auf eine weite Spanne von Problemen wie Aerodynamik, Nicht-Newtonsche Flussigkeiten, Konvektion.This volume contains the material presented at the IMACS-COST Conference on CFD, Three-Dimensional Complex Flows, held in Lausanne (Switzerland), September 13 - 15, 1995. It gives an overview of the current state of numerical simulation and turbulence modelling applied to a wide range of fluid flow problems such as an example aerodynamics, non-Newtonian flows, transition, thermal convection."

Sloshing causes liquid to fluctuate, making accurate level readings difficult to obtain in dynamic environments. The measurement system described uses a single-tube capacitive sensor to obtain an instantaneous level reading of the fluid surface, thereby accurately determining the fluid quantity in the presence of slosh. A neural network based classification technique has been applied to predict the actual quantity of the fluid contained in a tank under sloshing conditions.

In "A neural network approach to fluid quantity measurement in dynamic environments," effects of temperature variations and contamination on the capacitive sensor are discussed, and the authors propose that these effects can also be eliminated with the proposed neural network based classification system. To examine the performance of the classification system, many field trials were carried out on a running vehicle at various tank volume levels that range from 5 L to 50 L. The effectiveness of signal enhancement on the neural network based signal classification system is also investigated. Results obtained from the investigation are compared with traditionally used statistical averaging methods, and proves that the neural network based measurement system can produce highly accurate fluid quantity measurements in a dynamic environment. Although in this case a capacitive sensor was used to demonstrate measurement system this methodology is valid for all types of electronic sensors.

The approach demonstrated in "A neural network approach to fluid quantity measurement in dynamic environments "can be applied to a wide range of fluid quantity measurement applications in the automotive, naval and aviation industries to produce accurate fluid level readings. Students, lecturers, and experts will find the description of current research about accurate fluid level measurement in dynamic environments using neural network approach useful."

This book is an effort to explore the technical aspects associated with bird flight and migration on wings. After a short introduction on the birds migration, the book reviews the aerodynamics and Energetics of Flight and presents the calculation of the Migration Range. In addition, the authors explains aerodynamics of the formation flight and finally introduces great flight diagrams.

This short book deals with the mathematical modeling of jets impinging porous media. It starts with a short introduction to models describing turbulences in porous media as well as turbulent heat transfer. In its main part, the book presents the heat transfer of impinging jets using a local and a non-local thermal equilibrium approach.

Diffuse interface (D.I.) model for muliphase flows.- Phase separation of viscous ternary liquid mixtures.- Dewetting and decomposing films of simple and complex liquids.- Phase-field models.

Multiphase flows are typically described assuming that the different phases are separated by a sharp interface, with appropriate boundary conditions. This approach breaks down whenever the lengthscale of the phenomenon that is being studied is comparable with the real interface thickness, as it happens, for example, in the coalescence and breakup of bubbles and drops, the wetting and dewetting of solid surfaces and, in general, im micro-devices. The diffuse interface model resolves these problems by assuming that all quantities can vary continuously, so that interfaces have a non-zero thickness, i.e. they are "diffuse." The contributions in this book review the theory and describe some relevant applications of the diffuse interface model for one-component, two-phase fluids and for liquid binary mixtures, to model multiphase flows in confined geometries.

The dynamics of bodies containing fluids is a subject of long-standing im portance in many technical applications. The stability of motion of such bodies, in particular, has been the subject of study by Soviet engineers and applied mathematicians who have brought their fuH powers of analysis to bear on the problem, and have succeeded in developing a very weH-founded body of theory. It is difficult to find a more striking example anywhere of the application of the classical methods of analytical mechanics, together with more modern concepts of stability analysis, in such a comprehensive and elegent form as that presented by Profs. Moiseyev and Rumyantsev. Therefore, it is highly significant that this recent monograph has been trans lated and made available to the English-speaking community. H. NORMAN ABRAMSON San Antonio July, 1967 v Foreword During the last 15-20 years, problems of dynamics of rigid bodies with fluid-filled cavities have increasingly attracted the attention of scientists."