This book focuses on developing strategies for ultra-lean combustion of natural gas and hydrogen, and contributes to the research on extending the lean flammability limit of hydrogen and air using a hot supersonic jet. The author addresses experimental methods, data analysis techniques, and results throughout each chapter and: Explains the fundamental mechanisms behind turbulent hot jet ignition using non-dimensional analysis Explores ignition characteristics by impinging hot jet and multiple jets in relation to better controllability and lean combustion Explores how different instability modes interact with the acoustic modes of the combustion chamber. This book provides a potential answer to some of the issues that arise from lean engine operation, such as poor ignition, engine misfire, cycle-to-cycle variability, combustion instability, reduction in efficiency, and an increase in unburned hydrocarbon emissions. This thesis was submitted to and approved by Purdue University.

The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols: An Introduction, Second Edition provides a concise, but thorough exposition of fundamental concepts in the field of pharmaceutical aerosols. This revised edition will allow researchers in the field to gain a thorough understanding of the field from first principles, allowing them to understand, design, develop and improve inhaled pharmaceutical aerosol devices and therapies. Chapters consider mechanics and deposition, specifically in the respiratory tract, while others discuss the mechanics associated with the three existing types of pharmaceutical inhalation devices. This text will be very useful for academics and for courses taught at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of this book, it will also serve a wide audience that includes engineers and scientists involved with inhaled aerosol therapies.

As the sequel to the proceedings of the International Conference of Continuum Mechanics Focusing on Singularities (CoMFoS15), the proceedings of CoMFoS16 present further advances and new topics in mathematical theory and numerical simulations related to various aspects of continuum mechanics. These include fracture mechanics, shape optimization, modeling of earthquakes, material structure, interface dynamics and complex systems.. The authors are leading researchers with a profound knowledge of mathematical analysis from the fields of applied mathematics, physics, seismology, engineering, and industry. The book helps readers to understand how mathematical theory can be applied to various industrial problems, and conversely, how industrial problems lead to new mathematical challenges.

This book reports on the latest developments in computational fluid dynamics and turbulence modeling, with a special emphasis on hybrid RANS-LES methods and their industrial applications. It gathers the proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, held on September 26-28 in Strasbourg, France. The different chapters covers a wealth of topics such as flow control, aero-acoustics, aero-elasticity and CFD-based multidisciplinary optimization. Further topics include wall-modelled Large Eddy Simulation (WMLES), embedded LES, Lattice-Bolzman methods, turbulence-resolving applications and comparisons between LES, hybrid RANS-LES and URANS methods. The book addresses academic researchers, graduate students, industrial engineers, as well as industrial R&D managers and consultants dealing with turbulence modelling, simulation and measurement, and with multidisciplinary applications of computational fluid dynamics.

The second Workshop on "Quality and Reliability of Large-Eddy Simulations," QLES2009, was held at the University of Pisa from September 9 to September 11, 2009. Its predecessor, QLES2007, was organized in 2007 in Leuven (Belgium). The focus of QLES2009 was on issues related to predicting, assessing and assuring the quality of LES. The main goal of QLES2009 was to enhance the knowledge on error sources and on their interaction in LES and to devise criteria for the prediction and optimization of simulation quality, by bringing together mathematicians, physicists and engineers and providing a platform specifically addressing these aspects for LES. Contributions were made by leading experts in the field. The present book contains the written contributions to QLES2009 and is divided into three parts, which reflect the main topics addressed at the workshop: (i) SGS modeling and discretization errors; (ii) Assessment and reduction of computational errors; (iii) Mathematical analysis and foundation for SGS modeling.

This thesis analyzes aerodynamic forces in viscous and compressible external flows. It is unique, as the force theories discussed apply to fully viscous and compressible Navier-Stokes external flows, allowing them to be readily combined with computational fluid dynamics to form a profound basis of modern aerodynamics. This thesis makes three fundamental contributions to theoretical aerodynamics, presenting: (1) a universal far-field zonal structure that determines how disturbance flow quantities decay dynamically to the state of rest at infinity; (2) a universal and exact total-force formula for steady flow and its far-field asymptotics; and (3) a general near-field theory for the detailed diagnosis of all physical constituents of aerodynamic force and moment.

This book provides state-of-the-art results and theories in homogeneous turbulence, including anisotropy and compressibility effects with extension to quantum turbulence, magneto-hydodynamic turbulence and turbulence in non-newtonian fluids. Each chapter is devoted to a given type of interaction (strain, rotation, shear, etc.), and presents and compares experimental data, numerical results, analysis of the Reynolds stress budget equations and advanced multipoint spectral theories. The role of both linear and non-linear mechanisms is emphasized. The link between the statistical properties and the dynamics of coherent structures is also addressed. Despite its restriction to homogeneous turbulence, the book is of interest to all people working in turbulence, since the basic physical mechanisms which are present in all turbulent flows are explained. The reader will find a unified presentation of the results and a clear presentation of existing controversies. Special attention is given to bridge the results obtained in different research communities. Mathematical tools and advanced physical models are detailed in dedicated chapters.

This thesis proposes a new raft-type wave-powered desalination device that can convert wave power into hydraulic energy and use reverse osmosis (RO) to directly desalinate seawater. Both analytical and numerical methods are used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the device. Further, the thesis investigates the maximum power extraction and multiple parameter effects on power absorption and averaged permeate water flux. Lastly, it proposes and assesses two power extraction enhancing strategies. The thesis offers a valuable and important reference guide to ocean-wave-and-structure interaction and wave-powered seawater desalination for scientists and engineers alike.

This immensely practical guide to PIV provides a condensed, yet exhaustive guide to most of the information needed for experiments employing the technique. This second edition has updated chapters on the principles and extra information on microscopic, high-speed and three component measurements as well as a description of advanced evaluation techniques. What's more, the huge increase in the range of possible applications has been taken into account as the chapter describing these applications of the PIV technique has been expanded.

This book provides in-depth coverage of the latest research and development activities concerning innovative wind energy technologies intended to replace fossil fuels on an economical basis. A characteristic feature of the various conversion concepts discussed is the use of tethered flying devices to substantially reduce the material consumption per installed unit and to access wind energy at higher altitudes, where the wind is more consistent. The introductory chapter describes the emergence and economic dimension of airborne wind energy. Focusing on "Fundamentals, Modeling & Simulation", Part I includes six contributions that describe quasi-steady as well as dynamic models and simulations of airborne wind energy systems or individual components. Shifting the spotlight to "Control, Optimization & Flight State Measurement", Part II combines one chapter on measurement techniques with five chapters on control of kite and ground stations, and two chapters on optimization. Part III on "Concept Design & Analysis" includes three chapters that present and analyze novel harvesting concepts as well as two chapters on system component design. Part IV, which centers on "Implemented Concepts", presents five chapters on established system concepts and one chapter about a subsystem for automatic launching and landing of kites. In closing, Part V focuses with four chapters on "Technology Deployment" related to market and financing strategies, as well as on regulation and the environment. The book builds on the success of the first volume "Airborne Wind Energy" (Springer, 2013), and offers a self-contained reference guide for researchers, scientists, professionals and students. The respective chapters were contributed by a broad variety of authors: academics, practicing engineers and inventors, all of whom are experts in their respective fields.

The book presents high-quality papers presented at 3rd International Conference on Applications of Fluid Dynamics (ICAFD 2016) organized by Department of Applied Mathematics, ISM Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India in association with Fluid Mechanics Group, University of Botswana, Botswana. The main theme of the Conference is "Sustainable Development in Africa and Asia in context of Fluid Dynamics and Modeling Approaches". The book is divided into seven sections covering all applications of fluid dynamics and their allied areas such as fluid dynamics, nanofluid, heat and mass transfer, numerical simulations and investigations of fluid dynamics, magnetohydrodynamics flow, solute transport modeling and water jet, and miscellaneous. The book is a good reference material for scientists and professionals working in the field of fluid dynamics.

This book focuses on droplets and sprays and their applications. It discusses how droplet level transport is central to a multitude of applications and how droplet level manipulation and control can enhance the efficiency and design of multiphase systems. Droplets and sprays are ubiquitous in a variety of multiphase and multiscale applications in surface patterning, oil recovery, combustion, atomization, spray drying, thermal barrier coating, renewable energy, and electronic cooling, to name but a few. This book provides two levels of details pertaining to such applications. Each chapter delves into a specific application and provides not only an overview but also detailed physical insights into the application mechanism from the point of view of droplets and sprays. All chapters provide a mix of cutting-edge applications, new diagnostic techniques and modern computational methodologies, as well as the fundamental physical mechanism involved in each application. Taken together, the chapters provide a translational perspective on these applications, from basic transport processes to optimization, and from design to implementation using droplets or sprays as fundamental building blocks. Given its breadth of coverage, the book will be of interest to students, researchers, and industry professionals alike.

The book is designed for advanced graduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers across several disciplines (e.g., mathematics, physics and engineering), as it provides them with tools and techniques that are essential in performing research on the flow problems of visco-plastic fluids. The following topics are treated: analysis of classical visco-plastic fluid models mathematical modeling of flows of visco-plastic fluids computing flows of visco-plastic fluids rheology of visco-plastic fluids and visco-plastic suspensions application of visco-plastic fluids in engineering sciences complex flows of visco-plastic fluids.

Fluid mechanics is a branch of classical physics that has a rich tradition in applied mathematics and numerical methods. It is at work virtually everywhere, from nature to technology. This broad and fundamental coverage of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) begins with a presentation of basic numerical methods and flows into a rigorous introduction to the subject. A heavy emphasis is placed on the exploration of fluid mechanical physics through CFD, making this book an ideal text for any new course that simultaneously covers intermediate fluid mechanics and computation. Ample examples, problems and computer exercises are provided to allow students to test their understanding of a variety of numerical methods for solving flow physics problems, including the point-vortex method, numerical methods for hydrodynamic stability analysis, spectral methods and traditional CFD topics.

This report describes recent trouble-shooting results in aircraft engineering concerning a self-induced fault mechanism of a hydraulic servo-valve. It presents a possible root cause for past aircraft accidents and as such helps to avoid such malfunction and its fatal consequences in the future.

This book is a monograph on aerodynamics of aero-engine gas turbines focusing on the new progresses on flow mechanism and design methods in the recent 20 years. Starting with basic principles in aerodynamics and thermodynamics, this book systematically expounds the recent research on mechanisms of flows in axial gas turbines, including high pressure and low pressure turbines, inter-turbine ducts and turbine rear frame ducts, and introduces the classical and innovative numerical evaluation methods in different dimensions. This book also summarizes the latest research achievements in the field of gas turbine aerodynamic design and flow control, and the multidisciplinary conjugate problems involved with gas turbines. This book should be helpful for scientific and technical staffs, college teachers, graduate students, and senior college students, who are involved in research and design of gas turbines.

This book highlights plasma science and technology-related research and development work at institutes and universities networked through Asian African Association for Plasma Training (AAAPT) which was established in 1988. The AAAPT, with 52 member institutes in 24 countries, promotes the initiation and intensification of plasma research and development through cooperation and technology sharing. With 13 chapters on fusion-relevant, laboratory and industrial plasmas for wide range of applications and basic research and a chapter on AAAPT network, it demonstrates how, with collaborations, high-quality, industrially relevant academic and scientific research on fusion, industrial and laboratory plasmas and plasma diagnostics can be successfully pursued in small research labs. These plasma sciences and technologies include pioneering breakthroughs and applications in (i) fusion relevant research in the quest for long-term, clean energy source development using high-temperature, high- density plasmas and (ii) multibillion-dollar, low-temperature, non-equilibrium and thermal industrial plasmas used in processing, synthesis and electronics.

This book reflects the latest research results in computer modelling of landslide-induced debris flows. The book establishes an understanding of the initiation and propagation mechanisms of landslides by means of numerical simulations, so that mitigation strategies to reduce the long-term losses from landslide hazards can be devised. In this context, the book employs the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of granular materials involved in landslides - an approach that yields meaningful insights into the flow mechanisms, concerning e.g. the mobilization of sediments, the generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressures, and the evolution of effective stresses. As such, the book provides valuable information, useful methods and robust numerical tools that can be successfully applied in the field of debris flow research.

Encompassing both practical applications and recent research developments, this book takes the reader from fundamental physics, through cutting-edge new designs of ejectors for refrigeration. The authors' unique vision marries successful design, system optimization, and operation experience with insights on the application of cutting-edge Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. This robust treatment leads the way forward in developing improved ejector technologies. The book covers ejectors used for heat powered refrigeration and for expansion work recovery in compression refrigerators, with special emphasis on two-phase flows of "natural" fluids within the ejector, i.e. steam and carbon dioxide. It features worked examples, detailed research results, and analysis tools.

The book is written for engineers and students who wish to address the preliminary design of gas turbine engines, as well as the associated performance calculations, in a practical manner. A basic knowledge of thermodynamics and turbomachinery is a prerequisite for understanding the concepts and ideas described. The book is also intended for teachers as a source of information for lecture materials and exercises for their students. It is extensively illustrated with examples and data from real engine cycles, all of which can be reproduced with GasTurb (TM). It discusses the practical application of thermodynamic, aerodynamic and mechanical principles. The authors describe the theoretical background of the simulation elements and the relevant correlations through which they are applied, however they refrain from detailed scientific derivations.

This volume provides an overview of the recent advances in the field of paper microfluidics, whose innumerable research domains have stimulated considerable efforts to the development of rapid, cost-effective and simplified point-of-care diagnostic systems. The book is divided into three parts viz. theoretical background of paper microfluidics, fabrication techniques for paper-based devices, and broad applications. Each chapter of the book is self-explanatory and focuses on a specific topic and its relation to paper microfluidics and starts with a brief description of the topic's physical background, essential definitions, and a short story of the recent progress in the relevant field. The book also covers the future outlook, remaining challenges, and emerging opportunities. This book shall be a tremendous up-to-date resource for researchers working in the area globally.

Environmental Fluid Mechanics provides comprehensive coverage of a combination of basic fluid principles and their application in a number of different situations-exploring fluid motions on the earth's surface, underground, and in oceans-detailing the use of physical and numerical models and modern computational approaches for the analysis of environmental processes. Environmental Fluid Mechanics covers novel scaling methods for a variety of environmental issues; equations of motion for boundary layers; hydraulic characteristics of open channel flow; surface and internal wave theory; the advection diffusion equation; sediment and associated contaminant transport in lakes and streams; mixed layer modeling in lakes; remediation; transport processes at the air/water interface; and more.

This thesis first reveals the mechanism of Goertler instabilities and then demonstrates how transitions at hypersonic flows can be effectively controlled (either promoted or suppressed) with Goertler or Klebanoff modes. It focuses on understanding and controlling flow transitions from mild laminar to fully turbulent flows at high speeds-aspects that have become crucial at the dawn of an incredible era, in which hypersonic vehicles are becoming available. Once this occurs, it will be possible to travel from Beijing to Los Angeles within just 2 hours, and we will all live in a genuinely global village-and not just virtually, but physically. Goertler instabilities have often been used to promote flow transition in hypersonic vehicles. However, how Goertler instabilities are excited and how they evolve in hypersonic flows are questions that have yet to be answered.

Computational Techniques for Multiphase Flows, Second Edition, provides the latest research and theories covering the most popular multiphase flows The book begins with an overview of the state-of-the-art techniques for multiple numerical methods in handling multiphase flow, compares them, and finally highlights their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, it covers more straightforward, conventional theories and governing equations in early chapters, moving on to the more modern and complex computational models and tools later in the book. It is therefore accessible to those who may be new to the subject while also featuring topics of interest to the more experienced researcher. Mixed or multiphase flows of solid/liquid or solid/gas are commonly found in many industrial fields, and their behavior is complex and difficult to predict in many cases. The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding fluid mechanics in multiphase reactors, which are widely used in the chemical, petroleum, mining, food, automotive, energy, aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. This revised edition is an ideal reference for scientists, MSc students and chemical and mechanical engineers in these areas.

This book provides essential information on and case studies in the fields of energy technology, clean energy, energy efficiency, sustainability and the environment relevant to academics, researchers, practicing engineers, technologists and students. The individual chapters present cutting-edge research on key issues and recent developments in thermo-fluid processes, including but not limited to: energy technologies in process industries, applications of thermo-fluid processes in mining industries, applications of electrostatic precipitators in thermal power plants, biofuels, energy efficiency in building systems, etc. Helping readers develop an intuitive understanding of the relevant concepts in and solutions for achieving sustainability in medium and large-scale industries, the book offers a valuable resource for undergraduate, honors and postgraduate research students in the field of thermo-fluid engineering.