Fluctuations in the level and pattern of international trade have a profound effect on the economies of less developed countries. This book explores the relationship between international trade and globl development through a series of essays which relate advances in trade theory to key issues in trade policy. The book, first published in 1991, is in honour of Jagdish Bhagwati and reflects the range and significance of his contributions to international economics.

The book presents a clear and comprehensive review of the current status of the holographic microscopy with discussion of the positive and negative features of classical and holographic methods for solving the problem of three-dimesional (3D) imaging of phase microscopic objects. Classical and holographic methods of phase, interference and polarization contrast are discussed. Combination of the developed holographic methods with the methods of digital image processing allowed creating the digital holographic interference microscope (DHIM). The first 3D images of native phase microscopic objects such as blood cells were obtained using the DHIM. The results of DHIM application for study of blood erythrocytes, thin films, micro-crystals are presented.

This volume is dedicated to a description of the instruments, samples, protocols, and analyses that belong to cryo-EM. It emphasizes the relatedness of the ideas, intrumentation, and methods underlying all cryo-EM approaches which allow practictioners to easily move between them. Within each section, the articles are ordered according to the most common symmetry of the sample to which their methods are applied.

* Includes time-tested core methods and new innovations applicable to any researcher * Methods included are useful to both established researchers and newcomers to the field * Relevant background and reference information given for procedures can be used as a guide

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is the enabling tool for nano(bio)technology, which has opened new vistas in many interdisciplinary research areas. Concomitant with the developments in SPM instrumentation and techniques are new and previously unthought-of opportunities in materials nanofabrication and characterisation. In particular, the developments in addressing and manipulating matter at the level of single atoms or molecules, and studies of biological materials (e.g. live cells, or cell membranes) result in new and exciting discoveries.The rising importance of SPM demands a concise treatment in the form of a book which is accessible to interdisciplinary practitioners. This book highlights recent advances in the field of SPM with sufficient depth and breadth to provide an intellectually stimulating overview of the current state of the art. The book is based on a set of carefully selected original works from renowned contributors on topics that range from atom technology, scanning tunneling spectroscopy of self-assembled nanostructures, SPM probe fabrication, scanning force microscopy applications in biology and materials science down to the single molecule level, novel scanning probe techniques, and nanolithography.The variety of topics underlines the strong interdisciplinary character of SPM related research and the combined expertise of the contributors gives us a unique opportunity to discuss possible future trends in SPM related research. This makes the book not merely a collection of already published material but an enlightening insight into cutting edge research and global SPM research trends.

Detecting Signals at the Single Molecule Level: Pioneering Achievements in Microscopy

Recent advances have led to such remarkable improvements in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy's (FLIM) capacity for contrast and sensitivity that researchers can now employ it to detect signals at the single molecule level. FLIM also offers the additional benefit of independence from fluorophore concentration and excitation intensity. Moreover, its unique sensitivity makes it an excellent reporter of conformational changes and of variations in the molecular surroundings of biological molecules.

Most of this improvement and discovery have occurred during the past decade, and, to date, information that would benefit a broad range of researchers remains scattered in the literature. Edited by two of the top pioneers in the field, FLIM Microscopy in Biology and Medicine presents the fundamentals of FLIM along with a number of advanced considerations so that a wider audience can appreciate recent and potential improvements that make it such a valuable tool.

New Opportunities for Biomedical Researchers... New Challenges for Microscopy Researchers

Discussion sections in all the chapters clearly show the challenges for implementing FLIM for various applications. Certain chapters discuss limits on the number of photons required for highly accurate lifetime determinations, as well as the accuracy with which multiple, closely associated lifetime components can reliably be determined. Such considerations are important for the user when he or she is selecting the most advantageous method of FLIM to use for a particular application.

While this book provides an introduction for those new to FLIM, it gathers a wealth of material to enhance the work of experts involved in pioneering technological improvements, as well as those research opportunities in this unique and promising area of microscopy.

The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to structure, dynamics, and function barely matched by any other single scientific instrument. It is also poised to contribute much new spatially-resolved and time-resolved insights of central importance in the exploration of most aspects of condensed matter, ranging from the physical to the biological sciences.Whereas in all conventional EM methods, imaging, diffraction, and chemical analyses have been conducted in a static - time-integrated - manner, now it has become possible to unite the time domain with the spatial one, thereby creating four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy. This advance is based on the fundamental concept of timed, coherent single-electron packets, or electron pulses, which are liberated with femtosecond durations. Structural phase transitions, mechanical deformations, and the embryonic stages of melting and crystallization are examples of phenomena that can now be imaged in unprecedented structural detail with high spatial resolution, and ten orders of magnitude as fast as hitherto.No monograph in existence attempts to cover the revolutionary dimensions that EM in its various modes of operation nowadays makes possible. The authors of this book chart these developments, and also compare the merits of coherent electron waves with those of synchrotron radiation. They judge it prudent to recall some important basic procedural and theoretical aspects of imaging and diffraction so that the reader may better comprehend the significance of the new vistas and applications now afoot.This book is not a vade mecum - numerous other texts are available for the practitioner for that purpose. It is instead an in-depth expose of the paradigm concepts and the developed techniques that can now be executed to gain new knowledge in the entire domain of biological and physical science, and in the four dimensions of space and time.

The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to structure, dynamics, and function barely matched by any other single scientific instrument. It is also poised to contribute much new spatially-resolved and time-resolved insights of central importance in the exploration of most aspects of condensed matter, ranging from the physical to the biological sciences.Whereas in all conventional EM methods, imaging, diffraction, and chemical analyses have been conducted in a static - time-integrated - manner, now it has become possible to unite the time domain with the spatial one, thereby creating four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy. This advance is based on the fundamental concept of timed, coherent single-electron packets, or electron pulses, which are liberated with femtosecond durations. Structural phase transitions, mechanical deformations, and the embryonic stages of melting and crystallization are examples of phenomena that can now be imaged in unprecedented structural detail with high spatial resolution, and ten orders of magnitude as fast as hitherto.No monograph in existence attempts to cover the revolutionary dimensions that EM in its various modes of operation nowadays makes possible. The authors of this book chart these developments, and also compare the merits of coherent electron waves with those of synchrotron radiation. They judge it prudent to recall some important basic procedural and theoretical aspects of imaging and diffraction so that the reader may better comprehend the significance of the new vistas and applications now afoot.This book is not a vade mecum - numerous other texts are available for the practitioner for that purpose. It is instead an in-depth expose of the paradigm concepts and the developed techniques that can now be executed to gain new knowledge in the entire domain of biological and physical science, and in the four dimensions of space and time.

This new volume, Microscopy Applied to Materials Sciences and Life Sciences. focuses on recent theoretical and practical advances in polymers and their blends, composites, and nanocomposites related to their microscopic characterization. It highlights recent accomplishments and trends in the field of polymer nanocomposites and filled polymers related to microstructural characterization. This book gives an insight and better understanding into the development in microscopy as a tool for characterization. The book emphasizes recent research work in the field of microscopy in life sciences and materials sciences mainly related to its synthesis, characterizations, and applications. The book explains the application of microscopic techniques in life sciences and materials sciences, and their applications and state of current research carried out. The book aims to foster a better understanding of the properties of polymer composites by describing new techniques to measure microstructure property relationships and by utilizing techniques and expertise developed in the conventional filled polymer composites. Characterization techniques, particularly microstructural characterization, have proven to be extremely difficult because of the range of length-scales associated with these materials. Topics include: *Instrumentation and Techniques: advances in scanning probe microscopy, SEM, TEM, OM. 3D imaging and tomography, electron diffraction techniques and analytical microscopy, advances in sample preparation techniques in-situ microscopy, correlative microscopy in life and material sciences, low voltage electron microscopy. *Life Sciences: Structure and imaging of biomolecules, live cell imaging, neurobiology, organelles and cellular dynamics, multi-disciplinary approaches for medical and biological sciences, microscopic application in plants, microorganism and environmental science, super resolution microscopy in biological sciences. *Materials Sciences: materials for nanotechnology, metals alloys and inter-metallic, ceramics, composites, minerals and microscopy in cultural heritage, thin films, coatings, surfaces and interfaces, carbon based materials, polymers and soft materials and self-assembled materials, semiconductors and magnetic materials. Polymers and inorganic nanoparticles. The volume will be of significant interest to scientists working on the basic issues surrounding polymers, nanocomposites, and nanoparticulate-filled polymers, as well as those working in industry on applied problems, such as processing. Because of the multidisciplinary nature of this research, the book will be valuable to chemists, materials scientists, physicists, chemical engineers, and processing specialists who are involved and interested in the future frontiers of blends.

Comprises four parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topics that are developed from fundamental principles to more advanced levels in the other parts. Presents in the second part an in-depth introduction to the relevant background in molecular and cellular biology and in physical chemistry, which should be particularly useful for students without a formal background in these subjects. Provides in the third part a detailed treatment of microscopy techniques and optics, again starting from basic principles. Introduces in the fourth part modern statistical approaches to the determination of parameters of interest from microscopy data, in particular data generated by single molecule microscopy experiments. Uses two topics related to protein trafficking (transferrin trafficking and FcRn-mediated antibody trafficking) throughout the text to motivate and illustrate microscopy techniques

While new discoveries have led to much dramatic growth in cryo-electron microscopy, researchers will never be able to take full advantage if they lack access to the details that make these techniques understandable and applicable. The Handbook of Cryo-Preparation Methods for Electron Microscopy provides researchers with a complete reference that will show them how to equip their labs with the right materials and methods to take full advantage of the latest advances. This pioneering work brings together a group of internationally renowned researchers, some the very inventors of the methods they describe, to share their knowledge and recipes. Taking care to explain the history behind the techniques and to demonstrate their use, this book presents the latest theory, principles, and protocols supplemented by hundreds of illustrations. Contributions to this handbook - OE Describe cryo-methods aimed at perfect preservation for fine structural analysis OE Teach how to arrest physiological processes by cryo-fixation OE Reveal the secrets for high-resolution snapshots of life by CEMOVIS OE Cover applications of cryo-methods such as electron crystallography, 2D/3D structure analysis, protein localization, and cryo-electron tomography OE Demonstrate the use of vitreous water as an intermediate step for localization of biological ions and molecules OE Present hybrid methods of freeze-substitution and freeze-drying for immunolabeling and determining molecular geography OE Illustrate freeze-fracture, cryo-ultramicrotomy, and resin embedding OE Highlight the Tokuyasu method and the new rehydration technique for highly efficient immunolabeling OE Include summary tables to compare and obtain appropriate criteria Includes a wealth of immediate reference material for daily use With clear, step-by-step recipes and lists of tools, ingredients, and suppliers, this handbookprovides researchers with the knowledge and techniques to adopt the latest cryo-methods to their current research.

In situ hybridization is a technique that allows for the visualization of specific DNA and RNA sequences in individual cells, and is an especially important method for studying nucleic acids in heterogeneous cell populations. in situ Hybridization in Electron Microscopy reviews the three main methods developed for the ultrastructural visualization of genes: ° hybridization on ultrathin sections of tissue embedded in hydrophilic resin (post-embedding method) ° hybridization prior to embedding (pre-embedding) ° hybridization on ultrathin sections of frozen tissue (frozen tissue method). For each technique, the different stages are described in detail: the preparation of tissue, pretreatment, hybridization, and visualization of the hybridization products. The book combines theory and practice, starting with the basic principles, then breaking down the experimental process into successive steps illustrated by numerous diagrams, detailed protocols, and tables. This is all done in a format that uses parallel columns to convey useful comments next to the theory and practical details alongside each stage of the protocol. Additionally, the summary tables provide the criteria for choosing the probe type and technique, and a detailed index aids in the search for information. in situ Hybridization In Electron Microscopy is an essential companion for applying these methods at the electron microscopic level.

Detecting Signals at the Single Molecule Level: Pioneering Achievements in Microscopy Recent advances have led to such remarkable improvements in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy's (FLIM) capacity for contrast and sensitivity that researchers can now employ it to detect signals at the single molecule level. FLIM also offers the additional benefit of independence from fluorophore concentration and excitation intensity. Moreover, its unique sensitivity makes it an excellent reporter of conformational changes and of variations in the molecular surroundings of biological molecules. Most of this improvement and discovery have occurred during the past decade, and, to date, information that would benefit a broad range of researchers remains scattered in the literature. Edited by two of the top pioneers in the field, FLIM Microscopy in Biology and Medicine presents the fundamentals of FLIM along with a number of advanced considerations so that a wider audience can appreciate recent and potential improvements that make it such a valuable tool. New Opportunities for Biomedical Researchers... New Challenges for Microscopy Researchers Discussion sections in all the chapters clearly show the challenges for implementing FLIM for various applications. Certain chapters discuss limits on the number of photons required for highly accurate lifetime determinations, as well as the accuracy with which multiple, closely associated lifetime components can reliably be determined. Such considerations are important for the user when he or she is selecting the most advantageous method of FLIM to use for a particular application. While this book provides an introduction for those new to FLIM, it gathers a wealth of material to enhance the work of experts involved in pioneering technological improvements, as well as those research opportunities in this unique and promising area of microscopy.

This dissertation examines the cultural and educational history of central Missouri between 1820 and 1860, and in particular, the issue of master-slave relationships and how they affected education (broadly defined as the transmission of Southern culture). Although Missouri had one of the lowest slave populations during the Antebellum period, Central Missouri - or what became known as Little Dixie - had slave percentages that rivaled many regions and counties of the Deep South. However, slaves and slave owners interacted on a regular basis, which affected cultural transmission in the areas of religion, work, and community. Generally, slave owners in Little Dixie showed a pattern of paternalism in all these areas, but the slaves did not always accept their masters' paternalism, and attempted to forge a life of their own.

Electron microscopy is now a mainstay characterization tool for solid state physicists and chemists as well as materials scientists. Containing the proceedings from the Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group (EMAG) conference in September 2003, this volume covers current developments in the field, primarily in the UK. These conferences are biennial events organized by the EMAG of the Institute of Physics to provide a forum for discussion of the latest developments in instrumentation, techniques, and applications of electron and scanning probe microscopies.

This book provides an in-depth description of x-ray microanalysis in the electron microscope. It is sufficiently detailed to ensure that novices will understand the nuances of high-quality EDX analysis. Includes information about hardware design as well as the physics of x-ray generation, absorption and detection, and most post-detection data processing. Details on electron optics and electron probe formation allow the novice to make sensible adjustments to the electron microscope in order to set up a system which optimises analysis. It also helps the reader determine which microanalytical method is more suitable for their planned application.

Autoradiography is the localization within a solid specimen of a radiolabel by placing the specimen against a layer of detector material. Many types of specimen can be studied, from whole organisms to ultra-this cryosections. Indeed, rather than being a single technique, autoradiography is a collection of methods with certain features in common. Between them, these techniques can supply information at the macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural levels, and their use is important to biological scientists in a variety of research areas. In this handbook, the author provides a comprehensive overview of the major techniques of autoradiography. With the aid of numerous illustrations, the various methods are clearly described, and the information which they can provide is discussed. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of most chapters. The student involved in biological or biomedical research will find this an invaluable introduction to the theory and techniques of autoradiography, and a clear guide to choosing the correct approach for his or her particular application. It will also be of interest to more experienced researchers, who are already familiar with one particular method, and wish to broaden their approach to another level.

This book is published on behalf of the Biological Stain Commission.
For 75 years "Conn's Biological Stains "has been a standard reference for all those who used dyes and colorants in the biological and medical sciences. This long-awaited Tenth Edition appears 25 years after R.D. Lillie's Ninth Edition and has been completely rewritten to reflect the increase in range of uses. Although the staining of microscopical preparations continues to expand the uses of dyes and fluorochromes now extend far beyond this traditional application.
This book provides the first critical overview of the whole range of low molecular weight fluorescent probes, outside the catalog literature. The first ten chapters are essays, by leading experts, on the important aspects of colorants and their uses. Most of the remainder of the book consists of descriptions by Dr. Horobin of the properties and recent applications of hundreds of individual compounds, in about twenty chemical classes. The last chapter reviews the procedures employed at the Biological Stain Commission's laboratory to assay and test dyes and certify them as suitable for their intended applications.

An introductory level guide to electron diffraction in the TEM - This book is a practical guide to electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Case studies and examples are used to provide an invaluable introduction to the subject for those new to the technique. The book explains the basic methods used to obtain diffraction patterns with the TEM. The numerous illustrations aid the understanding of the conclusions reached. * Gives useful case studies and examples to guide the new user * User-friendly approach with simple explanations and informative illustrations Explains the basic methods of how to obtain images and patterns with the TEM, and how to interpret them. TAMs are used in many labs, and allow users to explore the structure of a specimen of interest (e.g. a section through a particular material, crystal or tissue). The TEM is used to pass electrons through a sample, and the electrons are scattered or diffracted in order to produce an image. This book looks at the patterns produced by diffracted electrons to study the appearance, orientation and structure of the sample.

Choice Recommended Title, March 2020 Optical microscopy is used in a vast range of applications ranging from materials engineering to in vivo observations and clinical diagnosis, and thanks to the latest advances in technology, there has been a rapid growth in the number of methods available. This book is aimed at providing users with a practical guide to help them select, and then use, the most suitable method for their application. It explores the principles behind the different forms of optical microscopy, without the use of complex maths, to provide an understanding to help the reader utilise a specific method and then interpret the results. Detailed physics is provided in boxed sections, which can be bypassed by the non-specialist. It is an invaluable tool for use within research groups and laboratories in the life and physical sciences, acting as a first source for practical information to guide less experienced users (or those new to a particular methodology) on the range of techniques available. Features: The first book to cover all current optical microscopy methods for practical applications Written to be understood by a non-optical expert with inserts to provide the physical science background Brings together conventional widefield and confocal microscopy, with advanced non-linear and super resolution methods, in one book To learn more about the author please visit here.

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) is a high resolution technique used for the analysis of thin samples of material. The technique is used in many modern transmission electron microscopes to characterise materials. This book provides an up-to-date introduction to the principles and applications of EELS. Specific topics covered include, theory of EELS, elemental quantification, EELS fine structure, EELS imaging and advanced techniques.

With IC technology continuing to advance, the analysis of very small structures remains critically important. Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials provides an overview of advances in semiconductor studies using microscopy. The book explores the use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, ultrafine electron probes, and EELS to investigate semiconducting structures. It also covers specimen preparation using focused ion beam milling and advances in microscopy techniques using different types of scanning probes, such as AFM, STM, and SCM. In addition, the book discusses a range of materials, from finished devices to partly processed materials and structures, including nanoscale wires and dots.
This volume provides an authoritative reference for all academics and researchers in materials science, electrical and electronic engineering and instrumentation, and condensed matter physics.

This volume describes why a microscope is necessary, the interactions of light with matter and the use of the stereo low-power microscope. It examines the high-power compound microscope, detailing both the older stands with separate lamp, as well as the latest research models with integral illumination and infinity-corrected optics.

This practical handbook provides an introduction for all scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) users, but with complete background information concerning features and advantages of the technology. The text is without rigorous mathematical treatment of the fundamentals of STEM, yet comprehensive in its qualitative descriptions.

This practical handbook describes the basic principles and applications of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Information is given on the purpose of, and practical requirements for, the different imaging modes. Guidance is also provided on sample preparation and imaging protocols. The limitations and sensitivity of each method are discussed, imaging applications are illustrated and recent developments in the field are described.

This book covers the fundamental principles of fluorescence and their application to fluorescence microscopy, and presents applications to immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and photomicrography. It provides troubleshooting guidance to guide the user through commonly encountered problems.