The natural, biological, medical, and related sciences would not be what they are today without the microscope. After the introduction of the optical microscope, a second breakthrough in morphostructural surface analysis occurred in the 1940s with the development of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), which, instead of light (i. e. , photons) and glass lenses, uses electrons and electromagnetic lenses (magnetic coils). Optical and scanning (or transmission) electron microscopes are called "far-field microscopes" because of the long distance between the sample and the point at which the image is obtained in comparison with the wavelengths of the photons or electrons involved. In this case, the image is a diffraction pattern and its resolution is wavelength limited. In 1986, a completely new type of microscopy was proposed, which, without the use of lenses, photons, or electrons, directly explores the sample surface by means of mechanical scanning, thus opening up unexpected possibilities for the morphostructural and mechanical analysis of biological specimens. These new scanning probe microscopes are based on the concept of near-field microscopy, which overcomes the problem of the limited diffraction-related resolution inherent in conventional microscopes. Located in the immediate vicinity of the sample itself (usually within a few nanometers), the probe records the intensity, rather than the interference signal, thus significantly improving resolution. Since the most we- known microscopes of this type operate using atomic forces, they are frequently referred to as atomic force microscopes (AFMs).

The go-to resource for microscopists on biological applications of field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) The evolution of scanning electron microscopy technologies and capability over the past few years has revolutionized the biological imaging capabilities of the microscope--giving it the capability to examine surface structures of cellular membranes to reveal the organization of individual proteins across a membrane bilayer and the arrangement of cell cytoskeleton at a nm scale. Most notable are their improvements for field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), which when combined with cryo-preparation techniques, has provided insight into a wide range of biological questions including the functionality of bacteria and viruses. This full-colour, must-have book for microscopists traces the development of the biological field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and highlights its current value in biological research as well as its future worth. Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy highlights the present capability of the technique and informs the wider biological science community of its application in basic biological research. Starting with the theory and history of FEGSEM, the book offers chapters covering: operation (strengths and weakness, sample selection, handling, limitations, and preparation); Commercial developments and principals from the major FEGSEM manufacturers (Thermo Scientific, JEOL, HITACHI, ZEISS, Tescan); technical developments essential to bioFEGSEM; cryobio FEGSEM; cryo-FIB; FEGSEM digital-tomography; array tomography; public health research; mammalian cells and tissues; digital challenges (image collection, storage, and automated data analysis); and more. Examines the creation of the biological field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and discusses its benefits to the biological research community and future value Provides insight into the design and development philosophy behind current instrument manufacturers Covers sample handling, applications, and key supporting techniques Focuses on the biological applications of field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), covering both plant and animal research Presented in full colour An important part of the Wiley-Royal Microscopical Series, Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy is an ideal general resource for experienced academic and industrial users of electron microscopy--specifically, those with a need to understand the application, limitations, and strengths of FEGSEM.

This textbook is an excellent guide to microscopy for students and scientists, who use microscopy as one of their primary research and analysis tool in the laboratory. The book covers key microscopy principles and explains the various techniques such as epifluorescence microscopy, confocal/live cell imaging, SIM/light sheet microscopy, and many more. Easy-to-understand protocols provide helpful guidance for practical implementation in various commercially available imaging systems. The reader is introduced to histology and further be guided through advanced image acquisition, classification and analysis. The book is written by experienced imaging specialists from the UK, other EU countries, the US and Asia, and is based on advanced training courses for master students and PhD students. Readers are not expected to be familiar with imaging and microscopy technologies, but are introduced to the subject step by step. This textbook is indented for biomedical and medical students, as well as scientists and postdocs who want to acquire a thorough knowledge of microscopy, or gain a comprehensive overview of modern microscopy techniques used in various research laboratories and imaging facilities. Chapter 4 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

A strange and beautiful world surrounds us, hidden from sight ... An unbelievable abundance of life flourishes on every surface of our planet. In every drop of dew, on every leaf, and even inside each one of us, invisible yet ingenious life thrives. James Weiss, microbe enthusiast and videographer, has spent thousands of hours peeking into this world, and has been astounded by the beauty he finds there. With his captivating photographs and illustrations, James presents this beginner's guide to microscopic life, from the most simple, single-celled organisms to complex micro-animals. Navigate the births, feasts, triumphs, tragedies and deaths of a cast of tiny characters, including the adorable water bear, the immortal Hydra and the dancing Desmid. Learn how these lifeforms work and what lessons they can teach us about our own existence, and discover how seeing the wonder of nature from a new perspective can change your life.

Single Molecule Science (SMS) has emerged from developing, using and combining technologies such as super-resolution microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and optical and magnetic tweezers, alongside sophisticated computational and modelling techniques. This comprehensive, edited volume brings together authoritative overviews of these methods from a biological perspective, and highlights how they can be used to observe and track individual molecules and monitor molecular interactions in living cells. Pioneers in this fast-moving field cover topics such as single molecule optical maps, nanomachines, and protein folding and dynamics. A particular emphasis is also given to mapping DNA molecules for diagnostic purposes, and the study of gene expression. With numerous illustrations, this book reveals how SMS has presented us with a new way of understanding life processes. A must-have for researchers and graduate students, as well as those working in industry, primarily in the areas of biophysics, biological imaging, genomics and structural biology.

A publication of the French Society of Microscopies, Large-Angle Convergent-Beam Electron Diffraction Applications to Crystal Defects is devoted to an important aspect of electron diffraction. Convergent-beam diffraction is capable of furnishing remarkably accurate crystallographic information. In this book, the author goes well beyond a simple presentation of the method. The description of convergent-beam electron diffraction and especially of LACBED is preceded by several preparatory chapters, in which the principles of diffraction and the nature of electron-matter interactions are clearly set out. An entire chapter is concerned with instrumentation. Another on the interpretation of diffraction patterns enables the reader to master all stages in the process. The book ends with a long chapter in which numerous applications concerned with the characterization of crystal defects are examined and analyzed.

This book provides a definitive account of the theory, practice and applications of atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM). The APFIM technique provides a unique method for observing and chemically identifying single atoms on solid surfaces. Recent advances in the method,which are largely due to the present authors, now permit the atomic-scale chemistry of a solid specimen to be recognised in three dimensions. As a result of these developments, new and exciting applications are rapidly emerging in the field of material science, surface science, and catalysis. The book is a state-of-the art account of this important field, and is intended for a graduate-level readership.

This essential explains what distinguishes light sheet microscopy from ordinary light microscopy. The author briefly examines the history of such principles, focusing on the technical concepts. Finally, current manifestations are presented without descending into the depths of the art of engineering. The unusual feature of light-sheet microscopy is not only that observation and illumination take place at a right angle, but also that this type of microscopy gains in particular from the fact that the type of illumination only passes through a very small part of the specimen. The appropriate selection of optical elements ensures that the observed image no longer contains any blurred parts. This Springer essential is a translation of the original German 1st edition essentials, Die Lichtblattmikroskopie by Rolf Theodor Borlinghaus, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2017. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.

This book highlights the first systematic synthesis of various research approaches in forensic medical diagnosis of the morphological and polycrystalline structure of human biological tissues and biological fluids. One of the global challenges in such diagnosis is the assessment of actual time of death. The relevance and objectivity of such studies are given by the innovative use of complex multifunctional methods using lasers and Mueller-matrix polarimetry, which is presented in this book. As a result, within the framework of the statistical, correlation and fractal approaches, diagnostic relationships were established between the time parameters of the transformation of the topographic structure of polarization-inhomogeneous microscopic images of biological preparations and necrotic changes in the morphological structure of biological tissues of the deceased. On this foundation, new forensic medicine criteria have been developed for objective determination of time of death.

This book explains the operating principles of atomic force microscopy with the aim of enabling the reader to operate a scanning probe microscope successfully and understand the data obtained with the microscope. This enhanced second edition to "Scanning Probe Microscopy" (Springer, 2015) represents a substantial extension and revision to the part on atomic force microscopy of the previous book. Covering both fundamental and important technical aspects of atomic force microscopy, this book concentrates on the principles the methods using a didactic approach in an easily digestible manner. While primarily aimed at graduate students in physics, materials science, chemistry, nanoscience and engineering, this book is also useful for professionals and newcomers in the field, and is an ideal reference book in any atomic force microscopy lab.

Microscopy, which has served as a fundamental scientific technique for centuries, remains an invaluable tool in chemistry, biology, healthcare, and forensics. Increasingly, it is being integrated into modern chemical instrumentation and is of value as a powerful analytical tool across many scientific disciplines.

Designed to serve as a primary resource for undergraduate or graduate students, An Introduction to Microscopy helps students master the foundational principles of microscopy. Intentionally concise, this text does not attempt to cover all aspects of all types of microscopy such as polarizing light and fluorescence. Instead, the authors' intent is to provide students with the basic knowledge necessary to explore and understand these more advanced techniques. The authors draw from their own extensive backgrounds in forensic identification to explain the methods and ways in which microscopy shapes every investigation.

All nine chapters include questions and most include simple exercises related to the material covered. Numerous figures and photographs supplement the text and explain the procedures and principles introduced. A glossary is included as well as a convenient list of abbreviations, and references to more in-depth readings.

Offers a Fundamental Approach for Students in all Fields

The material assumes basic mathematics skill through algebra and a basic knowledge of fundamental chemistry and physics (essential for understanding optics). Although the authors used the high-quality microscopes found in their laboratories to produce the images found in the book, the information and methods can be applied to any type of microscope to which students have access.

Understanding the fundamentals of microscopy provides students with a relevant and marketable skill that can be readily applied in many fields, even if the students have not had significant academic training in the subject. Furthermore, by understanding various aspects of microscopy, students will begin to understand the science behind other related areas, such as spectroscopy, optics, and any number of applications involving analytical instrumentation.

This technology has proved indispensable as a characterization tool with applications in surface physics, chemistry, materials science, bio-science, and data storage media. It has also shown great potential in areas such as the semiconductor and optical quality control industries.

This revised edition updates the earlier such survey of the many rapidly developing subjects concerning the mapping of a variety of forces across surfaces, including basic theory, instrumentation, and applications. It also includes important new research in SFM and a thoroughly revised bibliography. Academic and industrial researchers using SFM or wishing to know more about its potential, will find this book an excellent introduction to this rapidly developing field.

In recent years, imaging has rapidly become a tremendously valuable approach in nearly every field of biological research. Finding the right method and optimizing it for data collection can be a daunting process, even for an established imaging laboratory. Imaging: A Laboratory Manual is the cornerstone of a new laboratory manual series, designed as an essential guide for investigators who need these visualization techniques. This first volume is meant as a general reference for all fields, and describes the theory and practice of a wide array of imaging methods. From the basic chapters on optics, equipment and labeling to detailed explanations of advanced, cutting-edge methods like PALM, STORM, light sheet and high speed microscopy, Imaging: A Laboratory Manual is a vital resource for the modern biology laboratory.

This is a practical book for health and IT professionals who need to ensure that patient safety is prioritized in the design and implementation of clinical information technology. Healthcare professionals are increasingly reliant on information technology to deliver care and inform their clinical decision making. Health IT provides enormous benefits in efficiency, communication and decision making. However a number of high-profile UK and US studies have concluded that when Health IT is poorly designed or sub-optimally implemented then patient safety can be compromised. Manufacturers and healthcare organizations are increasingly required to demonstrate that their Health IT solutions are proactively assured. Surprisingly the majority of systems are not subject to regulation so there is little in the way of practical guidance as to how risk management can be achieved. The book fills that gap. The author, a doctor and IT professional, harnesses his two decades of experience to characterize the hazards that health technology can introduce. Risk can never be eliminated but by drawing on lessons from other safety-critical industries the book systematically sets out how clinical risk can be strategically controlled. The book proposes the employment of a Safety Case to articulate and justify residual risk so that not only is risk proactively managed but it is seen to be managed. These simple techniques drive product quality and allow a technology's benefits to be realized without compromising patient safety.

Contents:
Preface; Abbreviations; 1. Microscopy with Light and Electrons 2. Electrons and Their Interaction with the Specimen 3. Electron Diffraction 4. The Transmission Electron Microscope 5. The Scanning Electron Microscope 6. Chemical Analysis in the Electron Microscope 7. Electron Microscopy and Other Techniques; Further Reading; Index

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Large-Scale Scientific Computations, LSSC 2015, held in Sozopol, Bulgaria, in June 2015. The 49 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. The general theme for LSSC 2015 was Large-Scale Scientific Computing with a particular focus on the organized special sessions: enabling exascale computation; control and uncertain systems; computational microelectronics - from monte carlo to deterministic approaches; numerical methods for multiphysics problems; large-scale models: numerical methods, parallel computations and applications; mathematical modeling and analysis of PDEs describing physical problems; a posteriori error control and iterative methods for maxwell type problems; efficient algorithms for hybrid HPC systems; multilevel methods on graphs; and applications of metaheuristics to large-scale problems.

This book covers fundamental microscopic techniques for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and other microscopic tools. It provides step-by-step instructions and explanations of the basic fundamental concepts and mechanisms and guides the reader on resolving queries related to taking and analyzing microscopy images. The latest advancements and developments in microscopic equipment are described. Theoretical background on microscopy is also provided to enhance the reader's understanding of microscopy techniques and tools. Microscopic Techniques for the Non-Expert is an ideal book for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as researchers with a background in environmental science, materials science, biomedicine, engineering, or bio-nanotechnology.

A detailed presentation of the physics of electron beam-specimen interactions Electron microscopy is one of the most widely used characterisation techniques in materials science, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences. This book examines the interactions between the electron beam and the specimen, the fundamental starting point for all electron microscopy. Detailed explanations are provided to help reinforce understanding, and new topics at the forefront of current research are presented. It provides readers with a deeper knowledge of the subject, particularly if they intend to simulate electron beam-specimen interactions as part of their research projects. The book covers the vast majority of commonly used electron microscopy techniques. Some of the more advanced topics (annular bright field and dopant atom imaging, atomic resolution chemical analysis, band gap measurements) provide additional value, especially for readers who have access to advanced instrumentation, such as aberration-corrected and monochromated microscopes. Electron Beam-Specimen Interactions and Simulation Methods in Microscopy offers enlightening coverage of: the Monte-Carlo Method; Multislice Simulations; Bloch Waves in Conventional and Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy; Bloch Waves in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy; Low Energy Loss and Core Loss EELS. It also supplements each chapter with clear diagrams and provides appendices at the end of the book to assist with the pre-requisites. A detailed presentation of the physics of electron beam-specimen interactions Each chapter first discusses the background physics before moving onto simulation methods Uses computer programs to simulate electron beam-specimen interactions (presented in the form of case studies) Includes hot topics brought to light due to advances in instrumentation (particularly aberration-corrected and monochromated microscopes) Electron Beam-Specimen Interactions and Simulation Methods in Microscopy benefits students undertaking higher education degrees, practicing electron microscopists who wish to learn more about their subject, and researchers who wish to obtain a deeper understanding of the subject matter for their own work.

Focusing on the two seventeenth-century pioneers of microscopic discovery, the Dutchmen Jan Swammerdam and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, the author demonstrates that their uneasiness with their social circumstances spurred their discoveries. Ruestow argues that while aspects of Dutch culture impeded serious research with the microscope, the contemporary culture shaped how Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek responded to what they saw through the lens. For those interested in the history of science, this book considers the impact of institutionalization on microscopic research, and dissects the cultural, social and emotional circumstances that shaped early microscopic discovery.

High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) has become a most powerful method for investigating the internal structure of materials on an atomic scale of around 0.1 nm. The authors clearly explain both the theory and practice of HREM for materials science. In addition to a fundamental formulation of the imaging process of HREM, there is detailed explanation of image simulationindispensable for interpretation of high-resolution images. Essential information on appropriate imaging conditions for observing lattice images and structure images is presented, and methods for extracting structural information from these observations are clearly shown, including examples in advanced materials. Dislocations, interfaces, and surfaces are dealt with, and materials such as composite ceramics, high-Tc superconductors, and quasicrystals are also considered. Included are sections on the latest instruments and techniques, such as the imaging plate and quantitative HREM.

This 1993 book gives a comprehensive account of both experimental and theoretical aspects of electron microprobe analysis, and is an extensively updated version of the seminal first edition, published in 1975. The design and operation of the instrument, including the electron column and both wavelength- and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers, are covered in the first part of the book. Experimental procedures for qualitative and quantitative analysis, using both types of spectrometer, are then discussed. Matrix ('ZAF') corrections, as required for quantitative analysis, are treated in some detail from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. Special considerations applying to the analysis of 'light' elements (atomic number below 10) are covered in a separate chapter. The emphasis throughout is on a sound understanding of principles and the treatment is applicable equally to the electron microprobe in its 'classical' form and to scanning electron microscopes fitted with X-ray spectrometers.

Focusing on the two seventeenth-century pioneers of microscopic discovery, the Dutchmen Jan Swammerdam and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, the author demonstrates that their uneasiness with their social circumstances spurred their discoveries. Ruestow argues that while aspects of Dutch culture impeded serious research with the microscope, the contemporary culture shaped how Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek responded to what they saw through the lens. For those interested in the history of science, this book considers the impact of institutionalization on microscopic research, and dissects the cultural, social and emotional circumstances that shaped early microscopic discovery.