This book contains 35 review articles on nanoscience and nanotechnology that were first published in "Nature Nanotechnology," "Nature Materials" and a number of other "Nature" journals. The articles are all written by leading authorities in their field and cover a wide range of areas in nanoscience and technology, from basic research (such as single-molecule devices and new materials) through to applications (in, for example, nanomedicine and data storage).

Nanofluids are gaining the attention of scientists and researchers around the world. This new category of heat transfer medium improves the thermal conductivity of fluid by suspending small solid particles within it and offers the possibility of increased heat transfer in a variety of applications. Bringing together expert contributions from across the globe, Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids presents a complete understanding of the application of nanofluids in a range of fields and explains the main techniques used in the analysis of nanofuids flow and heat transfer. Providing a rigorous framework to help readers develop devices employing nanofluids, the book addresses basic topics that include the analysis and measurements of thermophysical properties, convection, and heat exchanger performance. It explores the issues of convective instabilities, nanofluids in porous media, and entropy generation in nanofluids. The book also contains the latest advancements, innovations, methodologies, and research on the subject. Presented in 16 chapters, the text: Discusses the possible mechanisms of thermal conduction enhancement Reviews the results of a theoretical analysis determining the anomalous enhancement of heat transfer in nanofluid flow Assesses different approaches modeling the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids Focuses on experimental methodologies used to determine the thermophysical properties of nanofluids Analyzes forced convection heat transfer in nanofluids in both laminar and turbulent convection Highlights the application of nanofluids in heat exchangers and microchannels Discusses the utilization of nanofluids in porous media Introduces the boiling of nanofluids Treats pool and flow boiling by analyzing the effect of nanoparticles on these complex phenomena Indicates future research directions to further develop this area of knowledge, and more Intended as a reference for researchers and engineers working in the field, Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids presents advanced topics that detail the strengths, weaknesses, and potential future developments in nanofluids heat transfer.

This book contains 35 review articles on nanoscience and nanotechnology that were first published in "Nature Nanotechnology," "Nature Materials" and a number of other "Nature" journals. The articles are all written by leading authorities in their field and cover a wide range of areas in nanoscience and technology, from basic research (such as single-molecule devices and new materials) through to applications (in, for example, nanomedicine and data storage).

The original Handbook of Surface and Interface Analysis: Methods for Problem-Solving was based on the authors' firm belief that characterization and analysis of surfaces should be conducted in the context of problem solving and not be based on the capabilities of any individual technique. Now, a decade later, trends in science and technology appear to have validated their assertions. Major instrumental assets are generally funded and maintained as central facilities to help potential users make informed decisions about their appropriate use in solving analytical problem(s). Building on the popular first edition, this long-awaited second edition was motivated by the increasingly common industry view that it is more cost-effective to contract out analytical services than to maintain in-house facilities. Guided by that trend, this book focuses on developing strategic thinking for those who decide which facilities to access and where to subcontract analytical work. It covers most of the major tactical issues that are relevant at the location in which data are being produced. New Information in this Second Edition Includes: Electron-optical imaging techniques and associated analytical methods Techniques based on synchrotron sources Convenient and versatile scanning probe group methods Scanning tunneling microscopy, biocompatible materials, and nano-structured materials Assessing benefits and limitations of different methodologies, this volume provides the essential physical basis and common modes of operation for groups of techniques. Exploring methods for characterization and analysis of particular types of materials and/or their relevant applications-the text synergizes traditional and novel ideas to help readers develop a versatile and rational approach to surface and interface analysis.

The field of molecular materials research looks at the preparation and characterization of potentially useful materials with enhanced physical, chemical, and biomedical properties. Molecular Materials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications discusses the cutting-edge interdisciplinary research in the area of advanced molecular-based materials. This book explores multiple aspects of molecular materials, including their synthesis and characterization, and gives information on their application in various fields.

How does the field of optical engineering impact biotechnology? Perhaps for the first time, Applied Optics Fundamentals and Device Applications: Nano, MOEMS, and Biotechnology answers that question directly by integrating coverage of the many disciplines and applications involved in optical engineering, and then examining their applications in nanobiotechnology. Written by a senior U.S. Army research scientist and pioneer in the field of optical engineering, this book addresses the exponential growth in materials, applications, and cross-functional relevance of the many convergent disciplines making optical engineering possible, including nanotechnology, MEMS, (MOEMS), and biotechnology. Integrates Coverage of MOEMS, Optics, and Nanobiotechnology-and Their Market Applications Providing an unprecedented interdisciplinary perspective of optics technology, this book describes everything from core principles and fundamental relationships, to emerging technologies and practical application of devices and systems-including fiber-optic sensors, integrated and electro-optics, and specialized military applications. The author places special emphasis on: Fiber sensor systems Electro-optics and acousto-optics Optical computing and signal processing Optical device performance Thin film magnetic memory MEMS, MOEMS, nano- and bionanotechnologies Optical diagnostics and imaging Integrated optics Design constraints for materials, manufacturing, and application space Bridging the technology gaps between interrelated fields, this reference is a powerful tool for students, engineers and scientists in the electrical, chemical, mechanical, biological, aerospace, materials, and optics fields. Its value also extends to applied physicists and professionals interested in the relationships between emerging technologies and cross-disciplinary opportunities. Author Mark A. Mentzer is a pioneer in the field of optical engineering. He is a senior research scientist at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in Maryland. Much of his current work involves extending the fields of optical engineering and solid state physics into the realm of biochemistry and molecular biology, as well as structured research in biophotonics.

With its unique promise to revolutionize science, engineering, technology, and other fields, nanotechnology continues to profoundly impact associated materials, components, and systems, particularly those used in telecommunications. These developments are leading to easier convergence of related technologies, massive storage data, compact storage devices, and higher-performance computing. Nanotechnology for Telecommunications presents vital technical scientific information to help readers grasp issues and challenges associated with nanoscale telecommunication system development and commercialization-and then avail themselves of the many opportunities to be gleaned. This book provides technical information and research ideas regarding the use of nanotechnology in telecommunications and information processing, reflecting the continuing trend toward the use of optoelectronics. Nanotech will eventually lead to a technology cluster that offers a complete range of functionalities for systems used in domains including information, energy, construction, environmental, and biomedical. Describing current and future developments that hold promise for significant innovations in telecommunications, this book is organized to provide a progressive understanding of topics including: Background information on nanoscience and nanotechnology Specific applications of nanotechnology in telecommunications Nanostructured optoelectronic materials MEMS, NEMS, and their applications in communication systems Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) and its applications in telecommunication systems How nonohmic nonlinear behavior affects both digital and analog signal processing Concepts regarding quantum switching and its applications in quantum networks The scale of the physical systems that use nanoscale electronic devices is still large, and that presents serious challenges to the establishment of interconnections between nanoscale devices and the outside world. Also addressing consequent social implications of nanotech, this book reviews a broad range of the nano concepts and their influence on every aspect of telecommunications. It describes the different levels of interconnections in systems and details the standardized assembly process for a broad specrum of micro-, nano-, bio-, fiber-optic, and optoelectronic components and functions. This book is a powerful tool for understanding how to harness the power of nanotech through integration of materials, processes, devices, and applications.

Microfluidics-based biochips combine electronics with biochemistry, providing access to new application areas in a wide variety of fields. Continued technological innovations are essential to assuring the future role of these chips in functional diversification in biotech, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Revolutionary guidance on design, optimization, and testing of low-cost, disposable biochips Microfluidic Biochips: Design Automation and Optimization comprehensively covers the appropriate design tools and in-system automation methods that will help users adapt to new technology and progress in chip design and manufacturing. Based on results from several Duke University research projects on design automation for biochips, this book uses real-life bioassays as examples to lay out an automated design flow for creating microfluidic biochips. It also develops solutions to the unique problems associated with that process. Highlights the design of the protein crystallization chip to illustrate the benefits of automated design flowIn addition to covering automated design, the authors provide a detailed methodology for the testing, use, and optimization of robust, cost-efficient, manufacturable digital microfluidic systems used in protein crystallization and other areas. The invaluable tools and practices presented here will help readers to: Address optimization problems related to layout, synthesis, droplet routing, and testing for digital microfluidic biochips Make routing-aware, architectural-level design choices and defect-tolerant physical design decisions simultaneously Achieve the optimization goal, which includes minimizing time-to-response, chip area, and test complexity Effectively deal with practical issues such as defects, fabrication cost, physical constraints, and application-driven design The authors present specialized pin-constrained design techniques for making biochips with a focus on cost and disposability. They also discuss chip testing to ensure dependability, which is key to optimizing safety-critical applications such as point-of-care medical diagnostics, on-chip DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. This book is an optimal reference for academic and industrial researchers in the areas of digital microfluidic biochips and electronic design automation.

Chirality is widely studied and omnipresent in biological molecules. However, how the retention of enantiomeric forms persists in many life processes without racemization is still unclear, and the molecular understanding of the stringent chiral specificity in enzymatic reactions is sparse. An overview of the influence of chirality in driving reactions within enzymatic cavities, Chirality in Biological Nanospaces: Reactions in Active Sites covers: Influences of molecular chirality on the structure of the active site and network of interactions to drive reactions with improved speed, accuracy, and efficiency The conserved features of the organization of the active site structures of enzymes The intricate interplay of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals interactions Interactions between the active site residues and the substrate molecules Despite being time-consuming and expensive, trial-and-error is often the primary method used to develop synthetic enzymes. This book describes methods that combine crystallographic studies with electronic structure-based computational analysis. These methods may lead to future elucidation of new drugs that can target biological active sites with better efficacy and can be used to design custom-made novel biocytes with improved efficiency.

The proceedings present the latest achievements in one dimensional materials as presented at the 4th international conference on one-dimensional nanomaterials. The scope of the proceedings covers the inventions in controllable synthesis, structure and property characterizations, nanodamage, modeling and simulation, device fabrication and novel applications of 1D nanomaterials, such as electro-optical devices, electro-mechanical devices, bio-sensors and solar cells, etc.

This book provides information on synthesis, properties, and applications of carbon nanomaterials. With novel materials, such as graphene (atomically flat carbon) or carbon onions (carbon nanospheres), the family of carbon nanomaterials is rapidly growing. This book provides a state-of-the-art overview and in-depth analysis of the most important carbon nanomaterials. Each chapter is written by a leading expert in the field which ensures that both, a review on the subject along with emerging perspectives are provided to the reader.

Connecting theory with real-life applications, this is the first ever textbook to equip students with a comprehensive knowledge of all the key concepts in bionanotechnology. By bridging the interdisciplinary gap from which bionanotechnology emerged, it provides a systematic introduction to the subject, accessible to students from a wide variety of backgrounds. Topics range from nanomaterial preparation, properties and biofunctionalisation, and analytical methods used in bionanotechnology, to bioinspired and DNA nanotechnology, and applications in biosensing, medicine and tissue engineering. Throughout the book, features such as 'Back to basics' and 'Research report' boxes enable students to build a strong theoretical knowledge and to link this to practical applications and up-to-date research. With over 200 detailed, full-colour illustrations and more than 100 end-of-chapter problems, this is an essential guide to bionanotechnology for any student studying this exciting, fast-developing and interdisciplinary field.

Nanoelectronic Device Applications Handbook gives a comprehensive snapshot of the state of the art in nanodevices for nanoelectronics applications. Combining breadth and depth, the book includes 68 chapters on topics that range from nano-scaled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices through recent developments in nano capacitors and AlGaAs/GaAs devices. The contributors are world-renowned experts from academia and industry from around the globe. The handbook explores current research into potentially disruptive technologies for a post-CMOS world. These include: Nanoscale advances in current MOSFET/CMOS technology Nano capacitors for applications such as electronics packaging and humidity sensors Single electron transistors and other electron tunneling devices Quantum cellular automata and nanomagnetic logic Memristors as switching devices and for memory Graphene preparation, properties, and devices Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), both single CNT and random network Other CNT applications such as terahertz, sensors, interconnects, and capacitors Nano system architectures for reliability Nanowire device fabrication and applications Nanowire transistors Nanodevices for spintronics The book closes with a call for a new generation of simulation tools to handle nanoscale mechanisms in realistic nanodevice geometries. This timely handbook offers a wealth of insights into the application of nanoelectronics. It is an invaluable reference and source of ideas for anyone working in the rapidly expanding field of nanoelectronics.

This book presents invited reviews and original short notes of recent results obtained in studies concerning the fabrication and application of nanostructures, which hold great promise for the new generation of electronic, optoelectronic and energy conversion devices. They present achievements discussed at Special Sessions 'Frontiers of Two-Dimensional Crystals', 'Nanoelectromagnetics' and Belarus-Korea Workshop 'Frontiers of Advanced Nanodevices' organized within Nanomeeting 2015.Governing exciting and relatively new topics such as fast-progressing nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, molecular electronics and spintronics, nanophotonics, nanosensorics and nanoenergetics as well as nanotechnology and quantum processing of information, this book gives readers a more complete understanding of the practical uses of nanotechnology and nanostructures.

Sensor technologies are a rapidly growing area of interest in science and product design, embracing developments in electronics, photonics, mechanics, chemistry, and biology. Their presence is widespread in everyday life, where they are used to sense sound, movement, and optical or magnetic signals. The demand for portable and lightweight sensors is relentless in several industries, from consumer electronics to biomedical engineering to the military. Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications brings together the latest research in smart sensors technology and exposes the reader to myriad applications that this technology has enabled. Organized into five parts, the book explores: Photonics and optoelectronics sensors, including developments in optical fibers, Brillouin detection, and Doppler effect analysis. Chapters also look at key applications such as oxygen detection, directional discrimination, and optical sensing. Infrared and thermal sensors, such as Bragg gratings, thin films, and microbolometers. Contributors also cover temperature measurements in industrial conditions, including sensing inside explosions. Magnetic and inductive sensors, including magnetometers, inductive coupling, and ferro-fluidics. The book also discusses magnetic field and inductive current measurements in various industrial conditions, such as on airplanes. Sound and ultrasound sensors, including underwater acoustic modem, vibrational spectroscopy, and photoacoustics. Piezoresistive, wireless, and electrical sensors, with applications in health monitoring, agrofood, and other industries. Featuring contributions by experts from around the world, this book offers a comprehensive review of the groundbreaking technologies and the latest applications and trends in the field of smart sensors.

Increased demand for and developments in micromanufacturing have created a need for a resource that covers both the science and technology of this rapidly growing area. With contributions from eminent professors and researchers actively engaged in teaching, research, and development, Micromanufacturing Processes details the basic principles, tools, techniques, and latest advances in micromanufacturing processes. It includes coverage of measurement techniques and research trends as well as a large number of cross-references, making it useful to the students and researchers alike. The book outlines the challenges faced not only in micromanufacturing but also in meso- and nanomanufacturing, exploring topics such as micromachining, micro welding, microforming, micromolding, nanofinishing and micro-/nano-metrology. It includes examples that demonstrate the capabilities of fabricating micro- / nano-products and micro- / nano-features on the macro and micro products. The text also discusses nanofinishing techniques giving surface finish in the domain of sub-nano level, micro welding techniques, namely, laser beam micro welding, electron beam micro welding, micro / nano patterning in large quantities, and micro / nano metrology principles and equipments. It goes on to describe devices such as nano spring, micro mixer, micro cantilever, to name just a few. Unique in its level of coverage, the book highlights new challenges in manufacturing and covers several different types of micromanufacturing processes, such as micromachining, microforming, microcasting, microjoining, nanofinishing, and micrometrology. The level of details, extensive references, figures, and diagrams make the book a reference that will become the standard for this field.

Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology demonstrates the capabilities of finite element methods in nanotechnology for a range of fields. Bringing together contributions from researchers around the world, it covers key concepts as well as cutting-edge research and applications to inspire new developments and future interdisciplinary research. In particular, it emphasizes the importance of finite element methods (FEMs) for computational tools in the development of efficient nanoscale systems. The book explores a variety of topics, including: A novel FE-based thermo-electrical-mechanical-coupled model to study mechanical stress, temperature, and electric fields in nano- and microelectronics The integration of distributed element, lumped element, and system-level methods for the design, modeling, and simulation of nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (N/MEMS) Challenges in the simulation of nanorobotic systems and macro-dimensions The simulation of structures and processes such as dislocations, growth of epitaxial films, and precipitation Modeling of self-positioning nanostructures, nanocomposites, and carbon nanotubes and their composites Progress in using FEM to analyze the electric field formed in needleless electrospinning How molecular dynamic (MD) simulations can be integrated into the FEM Applications of finite element analysis in nanomaterials and systems used in medicine, dentistry, biotechnology, and other areas The book includes numerous examples and case studies, as well as recent applications of microscale and nanoscale modeling systems with FEMs using COMSOL Multiphysics (R) and MATLAB (R). A one-stop reference for professionals, researchers, and students, this is also an accessible introduction to computational FEMs in nanotechnology for those new to the field.

Metallic Spintronic Devices provides a balanced view of the present state of the art of metallic spintronic devices, addressing both mainstream and emerging applications from magnetic tunneling junction sensors and spin torque oscillators to spin torque memory and logic. Featuring contributions from well-known and respected industrial and academic experts, this cutting-edge work not only presents the latest research and developments but also: Describes spintronic applications in current and future magnetic recording devices Discusses spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (STT-MRAM) device architectures and modeling Explores prospects of STT-MRAM scaling, such as detailed multilevel cell structure analysis Investigates spintronic device write and read optimization in light of spintronic memristive effects Considers spintronic research directions based on yttrium iron garnet thin films, including spin pumping, magnetic proximity, spin hall, and spin Seebeck effects Proposes unique solutions for low-power spintronic device applications where memory is closely integrated with logic Metallic Spintronic Devices aims to equip anyone who is serious about metallic spintronic devices with up-to-date design, modeling, and processing knowledge. It can be used either by an expert in the field or a graduate student in course curriculum.

The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is an essential tool in modeling inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and dispersive media with random, multilayered, and periodic fundamental (or device) nanostructures due to its features of extreme flexibility and easy implementation. It has led to many new discoveries concerning guided modes in nanoplasmonic waveguides and continues to attract attention from researchers across the globe. Written in a manner that is easily digestible to beginners and useful to seasoned professionals, Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain describes the key concepts of the computational FDTD method used in nanotechnology. The book discusses the newest and most popular computational nanotechnologies using the FDTD method, considering their primary benefits. It also predicts future applications of nanotechnology in technical industry by examining the results of interdisciplinary research conducted by world-renowned experts. Complete with case studies, examples, supportive appendices, and FDTD codes accessible via a companion website, Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain not only delivers a practical introduction to the use of FDTD in nanotechnology but also serves as a valuable reference for academia and professionals working in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, material science, quantum science, electrical and electronic engineering, electromagnetics, photonics, optical science, computer science, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and aerospace engineering.

Light on physics and math, with a heavy focus on practical applications, Optical, Acoustic, Magnetic, and Mechanical Sensor Technologies discusses the developments necessary to realize the growth of truly integrated sensors for use in physical, biological, optical, and chemical sensing, as well as future micro- and nanotechnologies. Used to pick up sound, movement, and optical or magnetic signals, portable and lightweight sensors are perpetually in demand in consumer electronics, biomedical engineering, military applications, and a wide range of other sectors. However, despite extensive existing developments in computing and communications for integrated microsystems, we are only just now seeing real transformational changes in sensors, which are critical to conducting so many advanced, integrated tasks. This book is designed in two sections-Optical and Acoustic Sensors and Magnetic and Mechanical Sensors-that address the latest developments in sensors. The first part covers: Optical and acoustic sensors, particularly those based on polymer optical fibers Potential of integrated optical biosensors and silicon photonics Luminescent thermometry and solar cell analyses Description of research from United States Army Research Laboratory on sensing applications using photoacoustic spectroscopy Advances in the design of underwater acoustic modems The second discusses: Magnetic and mechanical sensors, starting with coverage of magnetic field scanning Some contributors' personal accomplishments in combining MEMS and CMOS technologies for artificial microsystems used to sense airflow, temperature, and humidity MEMS-based micro hot-plate devices Vibration energy harvesting with piezoelectric MEMS Self-powered wireless sensing As sensors inevitably become omnipresent elements in most aspects of everyday life, this book assesses their massive potential in the development of interfacing applications for various areas of product design and sciences-including electronics, photonics, mechanics, chemistry, and biology, to name just a few.

Featuring contributions by leading researchers in the field, Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow explores heat transfer and fluid flow processes in nanomaterials and nanofluids, which are becoming increasingly important across the engineering disciplines. The book covers a wide range, from biomedical and energy conversion applications to materials properties, and addresses aspects that are essential for further progress in the field, including numerical quantification, modeling, simulation, and presentation. Topics include: A broad review of nanofluid applications, including industrial heat transfer, biomedical engineering, electronics, energy conversion, membrane filtration, and automotive An overview of thermofluids and their importance in biomedical applications and heat-transfer enhancement A deeper look at biomedical applications such as nanoparticle hyperthermia treatments for cancers Issues in energy conversion from dispersed forms to more concentrated and utilizable forms Issues in nanofluid properties, which are less predictable and less repeatable than those of other media that participate in fluid flow and heat transfer Advances in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of membrane filtration at the microscale The role of nanofluids as a coolant in microchannel heat transfer for the thermal management of electronic equipment The potential enhancement of natural convection due to nanoparticles Examining key topics and applications in nanoscale heat transfer and fluid flow, this comprehensive book presents the current state of the art and a view of the future. It offers a valuable resource for experts as well as newcomers interested in developing innovative modeling and numerical simulation in this growing field.

Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Nanostructures: Techniques and Applications offers a comprehensive review of groundbreaking research in nanofabrication technology and explores myriad applications that this technology has enabled. The book examines the historical evolution and emerging trends of nanofabrication and supplies an analytical understanding of some of the most important underlying nanofabrication technologies, with an emphasis on graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanowires. Featuring contributions by experts from academia and industry around the world, this book presents cutting-edge nanofabrication research in a wide range of areas. Topics include: CNT electrodynamics and signal propagation models Electronic structure calculations of a graphene-hexagonal boron nitride interface to aid the understanding of experimental devices based on these heterostructures How a laser field would modify the electronic structure and transport response of graphene, to generate bandgaps The fabrication of transparent CNT electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes Direct graphene growth on dielectric substrates, and potential applications in electronic and spintronic devices CNTs as a promising candidate for next-generation interconnect conductors CMOS-CNT integration approaches, including the promising localized heating CNT synthesis method CNTs in electrochemical and optical biosensors The synthesis of diamondoids by pulsed laser ablation plasmas generated in supercritical fluids, and possible applications The use of DNA nanostructures in lithography CMOS-compatible silicon nanowire biosensors The use of titanium oxide-B nanowires to detect explosive vapors The properties of protective layers on silver nanoparticles for ink-jet printing Nanostructured thin-film production using microreactors A one-stop reference for professionals, researchers, and graduate students working in nanofabrication, this book will also be useful for investors who want an overview of the current nanofabrication landscape.

This volumes presents recent results in the physics and chemistry of nanostructures, nano-technology, and nano-size optical and electron devices. The level of understanding of the nanoworld is apparent from the book.