This book explores the production and applications of biochar. This material is used to remove contaminants from industrial effluent and to reutilize waste sludge in the production of biofuel/bioenergy. The treatment of wastewater and reuse of waste sludge in value added products manufacturing and environmental clean-up is explored. This book provides a roadmap for future strategies for pollution abatement and sustainable development.

This book shows how nanofabrication techniques and nanomaterials can be used to customize packaging for nano devices with applications to electronics, photonics, biological and biomedical research and products. It covers topics such as bio sensing electronics, bio device packaging, MEMS for bio devices and much more, including: Offers a comprehensive overview of nano and bio packaging and their materials based on their chemical and physical sciences and mechanical, electrical and material engineering perspectives; Discusses nano materials as power energy sources, computational analyses of nano materials including molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and DFT calculations; Analyzes nanotubes, superhydrophobic self-clean Lotus surfaces; Covers nano chemistry for bio sensor/bio material device packaging. This second edition includes new chapters on soft materials-enabled packaging for stretchable and wearable electronics, state of the art miniaturization for active implantable medical devices, recent LED packaging and progress, nanomaterials for recent energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors and their packaging. Nano- Bio- Electronic, Photonic and MEMS Packaging is the ideal book for all biomedical engineers, industrial electronics packaging engineers, and those engaged in bio nanotechnology applications research.

This book highlights the evolution of, and novel challenges currently facing, nanomaterials science, nanoengineering, and nanotechnology, and their applications and development in the biological and biomedical fields. It details different nanoscale and nanostructured materials syntheses, processing, characterization, and applications, and considers improvements that can be made in nanostructured materials with their different biomedical applications. The book also briefly covers the state of the art of different nanomaterials design, synthesis, fabrication and their potential biomedical applications. It will be particularly useful for reading and research purposes, especially for science and engineering students, academics, and industrial researchers.

This book reviews the application of nanosensors in food and agriculture. Nanotechnology has the potential to become transformative technology that will impact almost all sectors. Tools like nanosensors, which detect specific molecular interactions, can be used for on-site, in-situ and online measurements of various parameters in clinical diagnostics, environmental and food monitoring, and quality control. Due to their unprecedented performance and sensitivity, nanobiosensors are gaining importance in precision farming. The book examines the use of nanobiosensors in the monitoring of food additives, toxins and mycotoxins, microbial contamination, food allergens, nutritional constituents, pesticides, environmental parameters, plant diseases and genetically modified organisms. It also discusses the role of biosensors in increasing crop productivity in sustainable agriculture, and nanosensor-based smart delivery systems to optimize the use of natural resources such as water, nutrients and agrochemicals in precision farming.

Typical timelines to go from discovery to impact in the advanced materials sector are between 10 to 30 years. Advances in robotics and artificial intelligence are poised to accelerate the discovery and development of new materials dramatically. This book is a primer for any materials scientist looking to future-proof their careers and get ahead of the disruption that artificial intelligence and robotic automation is just starting to unleash. It is meant to be an overview of how we can use these disruptive technologies to augment and supercharge our abilities to discover new materials that will solve world's biggest challenges. Written by world leading experts on accelerated materials discovery from academia (UC Berkeley, Caltech, UBC, Cornell, etc.), industry (Toyota Research Institute, Citrine Informatics) and national labs (National Research Council of Canada, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs).

This book provides an overview of biocomposite chemistry, chemical modifications, characterization and applications in biomedicine, with emphasis on recent advances in the field. Authored by experts, the chapters discuss the design, development and selection of biomedical composites for a particular therapeutic application, as well as providing insight into the regulatory and clinical aspects of biomedical composite use. While this book is primarily intended for scientists from the fields of medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and biomedical engineering, it is also useful as an advanced text for students and research scholars.

This book is written in honor of Prof. Francisco Rodriguez-Reinoso, who has made significant contributions in the area of porous materials such as active carbons and graphenes. It details the preparation of porous materials, including carbonaceous, zeolitic, and siliceous materials, MOFs, aerogels, and xerogels, describing the characterization techniques and the interpretation of the results, and highlighting common errors that can occur during the process. This book subsequently presents the use of modeling based on thermodynamics to describe the materials. Lastly, it illustrates a number of current environmental protection applications in the context of both water and air.

Are electrochemical methods like asking the crystal ball? Once you read this book about electrochemistry on the micro- and nanoscale, you know it better. This textbook presents the essentials of electrochemical theory, sheds light on the instrumentation, including details on the electronics, and in the second part, discusses a wide variety of classical and advanced methods. The third part of the book covers how to apply the techniques for selected aspects of material science, microfabrication, nanotechnology, MEMS, NEMS, and energy applications. With this book, you will be able to successfully apply the methods in the fields of sensors, neurotechnology, biomedical engineering, and electrochemical energy systems. Undergraduate or Master students can read the book linearly as a comprehensive textbook. For Ph.D. students, postdoctoral researchers as well as for researchers in industry, the book will help by its clear structure to get fast answers from a specific section. The detailed understanding of the methods helps the reader successfully apply electrochemistry, especially at the micro- and nanoscale. Selected aspects illustrate the application of electrochemical methods in the fields of sensors, neurotechnology, biomedical engineering, and electrochemical energy systems.

This groundbreaking volume covers the significant advantages of wave technologies in the development of innovative machine building where high technologies with appreciable economic effect are applied. These technologies cover many industries, including the oil-and-gas industry, refining and other chemical processing, petrochemical industry, production of new materials, composite and nano-composites including, construction equipment, environmental protection, pharmacology, power generation, and many others. The technological problem of grinding, fine-scale grinding and activation of solid particles (dry blends) is disclosed. This task is common for the production of new materials across these various industries. At present in this sphere the traditional methods have reached their limits and in some cases are economically ineffective from both scientific and practical points of view. The authors have detailed, through their extensive groundbreaking research, how these new methods, based on wave technology, can be used to create new, more efficient and less expensive applications and materials for industry. From increasing oil recovery to building stronger machines more efficiently and creating more productive membrane separation devices, wave technology can be used as a fertile ground for product innovation and more efficient methods of production across a variety of industries. This book is the only one of its kind in the world and offers a unique and invaluable glance into this sophisticated and complicated scientific area that is only now being more fully utilized for its valuable benefits.

This book provides a complete overview of a wide range of nanomaterials from their synthesis and characterization to current and potential applications with special focus on the use of such nano-based products as functional agents in biomedical, environmental and industrial applications. It addresses the intrinsic relationship between aspects involving the synthesis of nanocompounds, their bio-physico-chemical properties and their interactions occurring in biomedical, environmental and industrial matrix. This book is of interest to engineers, academics and research scholars working in these fields.

This book presents peer-reviewed articles from the International Conference on Optics and Electro-optics, ICOL-2019, held at Dehradun in India. It brings together leading researchers and professionals in the field of optics/optical engineering/optical materials and provides a platform to present and establish collaborations in this important area, with the theme "Trends in Electro-optics Instrumentation for Strategic Applications". Topics covered but not limited to are Optical Engineering, Optical Thin Films, Optical Materials, IR Sensors, Image Processing & Systems, Photonic Band Gap Materials, Adaptive Optics, Optical Image Processing & Holography, Lasers, Fiber Lasers & its Applications, Diffractive Optics, Innovative packaging of Optical Systems, Nanophotonics Devices and Applications, Optical Interferometry & Metrology, Terahertz, Millimeter Wave & Microwave Photonics, Fiber, Integrated & Nonlinear Optics and Optics and Electro-optics for Strategic Applications.

Algae are simple, primitive, heterogeneous, autotrophic, eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms that lead a symbiotic, parasitic or free-living mode of life. Microalgae and macroalgae possess great potential in various fields of application. Microalgae are ubiquitous and extremely diverse microorganisms that can accumulate toxic contaminants and heavy metals from wastewater, making them a superior candidate to become a powerful nanofactory. Algae were discovered to reduce the presence of metal ions, and afterwards aid in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Since algae-mediated biogenic nanoparticles are eco-friendly, cost-effective, high-yielding, speedy and energy-efficient, a large number of studies have been published on them in the last few years. This book focuses on recent progress on the utilization of algae for the synthesis of nanoparticles, their characterization and the possible mechanisms involved. Bioprospecting Algae for Nanosized Materials describes the synthesis of algal nanomaterials and its application in various fields for sustainable development. This book outlines the procedures to prepare phyconanomaterials, techniques to utilize the nanomaterials, and applications in agriculture, environment and medicine.

This edited book serves as a vital resource on the contributions of microorganisms to advances in nanotechnology, establishing their applications in diverse areas of biomedicine, environment, biocatalysis, food and nutrition, and renewable energy. It documents the impacts of microorganisms in nanotechnology leading to further developments in microbial nanobiotechnology. This book appeals to researchers and scholars of microbiology, biochemistry and nanotechnology.

Biomaterials are composed of metallic materials, ceramics, polymers, composites and hybrid materials. Biomaterials used in human beings require safety regulations, toxicity, allergic reaction, etc. When used as implantable materials their biological compatibility, biomechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility must be acessed. This book explores the design and requirements of biomaterials for the use in implantology.

This volume covers various aspects of the fundamentals, synthesis, analysis, design, monitoring, and control of metals, materials, and metallurgical processes and phenomena. Topics represented include but are not limited to: * Experimental, analytical, physical, and computer modeling of physical chemistry and thermodynamics * Modeling of the transport phenomena in materials processing and metallurgical processes involving iron, steel, nonferrous metals, and composites * Second-phase particles in metals and processes and the fundamentals (experimental studies or theoretical studies) on the nucleation, growth, motion, and removal of these particles from the molten metal or reactors * Physical chemistry, thermodynamics, and kinetics for the production and refining of rare-earth metals * Control of industrial processes in the field of extraction and processing of metals and materials

This book discusses new trends in nanotechnology. It covers a wide range of topics starting from applications of nanomaterials in perovskite solar cells, pharmacy, and dentistry to self-assembled growth of GaN nanostructures on flexible metal foils by laser molecular beam epitaxy. It also includes other interesting topics such as advancement in carbon nanotubes; processing techniques, purification and industrial applications, metal di-chalcogenides for waste water treatment and recent advancement in nanostructured-based electrochemical genosensors for pathogen detection and many more. The book will be of great interest to researchers, professionals and students working in the areas of nanomaterials and nanotechnology.

Nanoparticles, products of nanotechnology, are of increasing interest to the pharmaceutical community. They can increase drug solubility, enhance bioavailability, allow tissue targeting, offer decreased side-effects, and improve therapeutic efficacy. Presenting the most pertinent and practical issues in the manufacturing and biological application of nanoparticles, this source presents state-of-the-art scientific contributions by seasoned authorities in the field.

As science pushes closer toward the atomic size scale, new challenges arise to slow the pace of the miniaturization that has transformed our society and fueled the information age. New technologies are necessary to surpass these obstacles and realize the tremendous growth predicted by Moore's law. Assembled from the works of pioneering researchers, Scientific Wet Process Technology for Innovative LSI/FPD Manufacturing presents new developments and technologies for producing the next generation of electronic circuits and displays. This book introduces radical-reaction-based semiconductor manufacturing technologies that overcome the limitations of the existing molecule-reaction-based technologies. It systematically details the procedures and underlying concepts involved in wet process technologies and applications. Following an introduction to semiconductor surface chemical electronics, expert contributors discuss the principles and technology of high-performance wet cleaning; etching technologies and processes; antistatic technology; wet vapor resist stripping technology; and process and safety technologies including waste reclamation, chemical composition control, and ultrapure water and liquid chemical supply systems and materials for fluctuation-free facilities. Currently, large production runs are needed to balance the costs of acquiring and tuning equipment for specialized operating conditions. Scientific Wet Process Technology for Innovative LSI/FPD Manufacturing explains the technologies and processes used to meet the demand for variety and low volumes that exists in today's digital electronics marketplace.

This book provides a consolidated description of the process of electro-spinning and detailed properties and applications of electro-spun electrodes and electrolytes in energy storage devices. It discusses the preparation, structure and electrochemical properties of nanofiber electrode and electrolyte materials. It focuses exclusively on Lithium Ion batteries, with the contents discussing different aspects of electrospinning in storage systems. This book aims to provide a comprehensive resource to help researchers choose the best electrodes and electrolyte materials based on the properties required for their desired commercial applications. It will be a useful guide to graduate students and researchers working in solid-state chemistry, physics, materials chemistry, and chemical engineering on aspects of energy storage.

This book highlights emerging trends in terahertz engineering and system technologies, mainly, devices, advanced materials, and various applications in THz technology. It includes advanced topics such as terahertz biomedical imaging, pattern recognition and tomographic reconstruction for THz biomedical imaging by use of machine learning and artificial intelligence, THz imaging radars for autonomous vehicle applications, THZ imaging system for security and surveillance. It also discusses theoretical, experimental, established and validated empirical work on these topics and the intended audience is both academic and professional.

This book assesses the current development and potential applications of nanoparticle technology in oil industry and explores new research directions in this frontier field. It outlines the theory and practical challenges of the nanoparticle colloidal behavior in oil matrixes and aqueous solutions, the interactions between rock and nanofluid, nanoparticles and asphaltenes, and the surface phenomena relevant to the application of this technology. The book also describes the transport behavior of nanoparticles in oil/sand media for in-situ upgrading and recovery of heavy oil. Currently, the main objectives of applying nanoscale materials in oil industry are the remediation of formation damage, the improvement of energy efficiency, the abatement of environmental footprints and the increment of recovery factors of oil reservoirs, to name a few. The book consists of 15 chapters with contributions by leading experts in the topics of fabrication methods, opportunities and challenges in the oil & gas industry, modeling and application of nanofluids in the field and environmental applications of nanoparticles. The growing demand for oil has led to the need to exploit unconventional oil resources, such as heavy and extra-heavy crude oil. However, in the current context, upgrading and recovery of heavy oil are highly energy and water intensive, which consequently results in environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new ideas and alternatives in the field of in-situ and ex-situ upgrading and recovery to improve current technologies and make them both environmentally sound and cost-effective. Research conducted by the authors and numerous other researchers has shown that nanoparticle technology could be successfully employed for enhancing the upgrading and recovery of heavy oil with cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches. Examples on the applications of nanoparticles in heavy oil include the adsorption, oxidation, and gasification/cracking of asphaltenes, a problematic constituent present in heavy oils; in-situ upgrading of the Athabasca bitumen by multi-metallic in-situ prepared nanocatalysts; the inhibition of precipitation and deposition of asphaltnes; and the enhanced perdurability against asphaltene damage in oil sands porous media by injection of nanofluids; sequestration of oil from spilled by nanoparticles, cleaning up oil sand process affected water by integrating nanoparticle with conventional treatment processes, etc.

This book focuses on polymer/silver nanocomposites as the main component in bioengineering systems. It describes in detail the synthesis and characterization (morphological, thermal, mechanical & dynamic mechanical properties), as well as the different applications of these composites. A special chapter is dedicated to the toxicity aspects of silver nanoparticles

As our knowledge of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) continues to grow, so does The MEMS Handbook. The field has changed so much that this Second Edition is now available in three volumes. Individually, each volume provides focused, authoritative treatment of specific areas of interest. Together, they comprise the most comprehensive collection of MEMS knowledge available, packaged in an attractive slipcase and offered at a substantial savings. This best-selling handbook is now more convenient than ever, and its coverage is unparalleled. The third volume, MEMS: Applications, offers a broad overview of current, emerging, and possible future MEMS applications. It surveys inertial sensors, micromachined pressure sensors, surface micromachined devices, microscale vacuum pumps, reactive control for skin-friction reduction, and microchannel heat sinks, among many others. Two new chapters discuss microactuators and nonlinear electrokinetic devices. This book is vital to understanding the current and possible capabilities of MEMS technologies. MEMS: Applications comprises contributions from the foremost experts in their respective specialties from around the world. Acclaimed author and expert Mohamed Gad-el-Hak has again raised the bar to set a new standard for excellence and authority in the fledgling fields of MEMS and nanotechnology.